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65-596: Established in 1993, the Inter-Tajik Dialogue was fostered by international interest, and was chaired alternately between the Russians and Americans. The Inter-Tajik Dialogue met 35 times by their tenth anniversary in 2003. The first joint memorandum was released by dialogue participants in March 1994. Official negotiations began the next month. The May 1996 joint memorandum states: "Participants believe that

130-421: A cult of personality . Political opponents are repressed, violations of human rights and freedoms are severe, elections are not free and fair, and corruption and nepotism are rampant. Various important government positions are occupied by his family members, such as his 36-year-old son Rustam Emomali , who is the chairman of the country's parliament and the mayor of its capital city, Dushanbe . Rahmon

195-593: A business person providing legal services on the basis of a license issued by the Ministry of Justice." While there is evidence of female lawyers on account of the League of Women Lawyers of Tajikistan's existence, there is no indication as to how women have fared in the legal field once the country declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions . These are

260-555: A completely different culture. You have to take that into account". During a 2010 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation session in Dushanbe , Rahmon spoke against what he called the misuse of Islam for political ends, claiming that "Terrorism, terrorists, have no nation, no country, no religion... Using the name 'Islamic terrorism' only discredits Islam and dishonors the pure and harmless religion of Islam." Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir ,

325-536: A five-year term. Of the 63 members of the Assembly of Representatives, 22 are elected by party, in proportion to the number of votes received by each party gaining at least 5 percent of total votes, and the remaining members are elected from single-member constituencies. In the National Assembly, three-fourths of the members are chosen by the deputies of the local representative assemblies ( majlisi ) in

390-560: A militant Islamic party that aims to overthrow secular governments and unify Muslims under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) is a banned Islamist political party and has been designated a terrorist organization since 2015. In 2017 the government of Tajikistan passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular

455-565: A nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The liberal, pro-market Democratic Party also has lost support. In 1997 Rahmon weakened his chief opposition emerging from the civil war, the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), by naming movement leader Akbar Turajonzoda a deputy prime minister. In the ensuing years, the UTO was eclipsed politically by its main component organization,

520-703: A relentless campaign against public displays of Islamic devotion. His suppression of Islamic expression includes banning beards, attendance at mosque for women and children under 18, hajj for people under 40, studying in Islamic schools outside Tajikistan , the production, import or export of Islamic books without permission, implemented in 2017, using loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan , veils , madrassas , Islamist political parties and Arabic -sounding names, implemented in 2016. Furthermore, mosques are heavily regulated, providing unofficial Islamic teaching can lead to up to 12 years of imprisonment, and an arduous process

585-655: Is a Tajik politician who has served as the President of Tajikistan since 1994, having previously led the country as Chairman of the Supreme Assembly from 1992 to 1994 (the post of president was temporarily abolished during this period). Since 18 March 1998, he has also served as the leader of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan , which dominates the Parliament of Tajikistan . On 30 September 1999, he

650-553: Is a neopatrimonial regime, characterized by a high degree of clientelism , corruption , and poor governance. In a diplomatic cable that was leaked in 2010, the U.S. ambassador in Tajikistan, reported that Rahmon and his family control the country's major businesses, including the largest bank. In November 2018, Rahmon launched a hydroelectric station to solve energy problems. During his presidency Tajikistan in 2011 cedes about 1,000 or 1,122 sq km or about 0,8% of its land to

715-420: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Politics of Tajikistan The politics of Tajikistan nominally takes place in a framework of a presidential republic , whereby the President is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Legislative power is vested in both the executive branch and the two chambers of parliament. In practice, Tajikistan

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780-410: Is commonplace. The court system has local, district, regional, and national levels, with each higher court serving as an appellate court for the level below. Appeals of court decisions are rare because the populace generally does not trust the judicial system. Constitutional guarantees to the right to an attorney and to a prompt and public trial often are ignored. The Soviet-era presumption of the guilt of

845-466: Is divided into representative and executive branches. The representative branch in provinces, towns, and districts is the assembly ( majlis ) of people's deputies, who are elected locally for a five-year term. The executive power in provinces, towns, and districts is vested in the head of local administration, who is directly appointed by the President, with the approval of the local majlis . Suffrage

910-429: Is governed by President Emomali Rahmon who has headed an authoritarian regime with elements of a cult of personality since 1994. Political opponents are repressed, violations of human rights and freedoms are severe, elections are not free and fair, and corruption and nepotism are rampant. Various important government positions are occupied by his family members, such as his 35-year-old son Rustam Emomali , who

975-469: Is required to obtain a permit to establish an Islamic organisation, publish an Islamic book, or go on pilgrimage to Mecca. In January 2016, Rahmon performed an Umrah with a number of his children and senior members of his government. That was Rahmon's fourth pilgrimage to Mecca. His reply to critics of the election standards of the 2006 Tajikistani presidential elections was: "In Tajikistan, more than 99 percent of those residing here are Muslim. We have

1040-700: Is slowly rebuilding itself with an integrated government and continues to permit a Russian military presence to guard their border with Afghanistan and the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Both Tajikistan's presidential and parliamentary elections, in 1999 and 2000, respectively, were widely considered to be flawed and unfair but peaceful. The inclusion of an Islamist party committed to secular government (Islamic Renaissance Party) and several other parties in

1105-581: Is the chairman of the country's parliament and the mayor of its capital city, Dushanbe . The August 1991 putsch widened the rift. Frustrated by daily demonstrations in front of the Supreme Soviet and the erosion of the government's authority, the regime appeared to support the Moscow putschists. Qadriddin Aslonov , then the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan, went on record in defence of

1170-422: Is thus a presidential republic . Tajikistan held a constitutional referendum on 22 June 2003 and the 2003 Constitution , among other amendments, set a limit of two seven-year terms for the president. Emomali Rahmon 's election to the office of the president in 2006 counts as his first 7-year term under the 2003 Constitution, and was re-elected for a second term in 2013, remaining in office until 2020. Rahmon holds

1235-559: Is universal for citizens 18 years of age and older. A new election law passed in 2004 has received international criticism for its restrictive candidate registration requirements. Election requires an absolute majority of votes; if no candidate gains a majority, a second round is held between the top two vote getters. By controlling the Central Election Commission, the Rahmon regime has gained substantial influence over

1300-598: The China as part of a deal of the 1999, which essentially constitutes the Treason by the regime. By the year 2024 the Salafi movement , which essentially are terrorists is widespread in the republic, in all corners of it, including the law enforcers, etc. governmental agencies, despite the organization being officially banned in the republic by the regimes's court since year 2009. Most open movement members can be seen on

1365-614: The Google Maps , and are supressed in the media, ignored by the regime. Since time the republic was declared independent from the Soviet Union , civil war and the Rahmonov presidency there is increasing trend of leaving the Tajikistan by its citizens primarily to Russia , since very tough living conditions made by the regime, the family of the president. The migrations in general have three phases: Tajikistan under Rahmon

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1430-592: The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan used Tajikistan as a staging ground for an insurgency campaign against the government of Uzbekistan . At the same time, Taliban advances in northern Afghanistan threatened to inundate Tajikistan with thousands of refugees. A constant flow of illegal narcotics continues to transit Tajikistan from Afghanistan on its way to Russian and European markets, leaving widespread violent crime, corruption, increased HIV incidence, and economic distortions in its wake. During 2002, stability in

1495-496: The United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993. By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik government and the UTO successfully negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Tajikistan

1560-579: The civil unrest . That same month, the Supreme Soviet met in Khujand for its 16th session and declared Tajikistan a parliamentary republic. Rahmon was then elected by the members of the Supreme Soviet as its chairman—as the Parliamentary republican system adopted by Tajikistan did not provide for a ceremonial president, he was also Head of State—and the head of government. Former Interior Minister Yaqub Salimov later recalled that Rahmon's appointment

1625-426: The (Soviet) status quo when complaining to a journalist of Izvestia that the country is falling into chaos. This statement encapsulated the feeling of the republican leadership. Support for the putschists exasperated the already galvanised intelligentsia. A flood of demonstrators blocked roads adjacent to the building of the Supreme Soviet and forced Kahar Mahkamov to resign on 31 August 1991. Demonstrators, encouraged by

1690-522: The 2000 and 2005 parliamentary elections, although in both cases observers reported state interference with the process and with opposition candidates' access to the media. Rahmon easily won re-election in November 2006, gaining 79 percent of the vote against four little-known opponents; international monitors again found the election unfair. Three major opposition parties—the Democratic Party,

1755-546: The 63 seats in the Assembly of Representatives. In 2006, 11 women sat in the Assembly of Representatives, and five sat in the National Assembly. Opposition factions in the Supreme Assembly have clashed with pro-government members over some issues. The constitution provides for an independent judiciary. The Supreme Court is the highest court. Other high courts include the Supreme Economic Court and

1820-500: The 63-seat Assembly of Representatives ( Majlisi namoyandagon ), which meets year-round (from November through end of June), and the 33-seat National Assembly ( Majlisi milli ), which meets at least twice per year. The bicameral legislature was introduced in the September 1999 Constitution and prior to that Tajikistan had a unicameral legislature. The members of the Assembly of Representatives are chosen by direct popular election for

1885-527: The Constitutional Court, which decides questions of constitutionality. The president appoints the judges of these three courts, with the approval of the legislature. There is also a Military Court. The judges of all courts are appointed to 10-year terms. Though the judiciary is nominally independent, the executive branch and criminal groups have considerable influence on judicial functions. Bribery of judges, who are poorly paid and poorly trained,

1950-705: The Danghara Sovkhoz , Rahmon was appointed chairman of the sovkhoz in 1987. In 1990, Rahmon was elected a people's deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR . President Rahmon Nabiyev was forced to resign in the first months of the Civil War in August 1992. Akbarsho Iskandrov , Speaker of the Supreme Soviet, became acting president. Iskandarov resigned in November 1992 in an attempt to end

2015-416: The Democratic Party, were banned, and a total of eight parties were registered. In 2005 Mahmadruzi Iskandarov, head of the Democratic Party, received a long prison term for terrorism after being abducted from exile, and in 2006 his party was replaced on the official list by a government-backed splinter group, Vatan. In recent years, some Tajiks in eastern Uzbekistan (especially Samarkand and Bukhara and

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2080-533: The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP). In 2003 the IRP lost its chief opposition issue as the ban on religious parties ended. Nevertheless, in 2006 parties still could not receive aid from religious institutions, and tension remained between the government and Islamic factions. In 2006 the IRP was the most influential opposition party in Tajikistan and the only religiously affiliated party represented in

2145-518: The Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan,

2210-502: The Nation", in full — "Founder of peace and national Unity — Leader of the Nation". Following the results of the last national constitutional referendum in 2016 , amendments were adopted that lifted the restrictions on the number of re-elections to the post of President of Tajikistan and lowered the age limit for those running for the post of president from 35 to 30 years. Rahmon heads an authoritarian regime in Tajikistan with elements of

2275-579: The Parliamentary elections represented an improvement in the Tajik people's right to choose their government. Tajikistan is the only Central Asian country in which a religiously affiliated political party is represented in Parliament. President Emomali Rahmon , while no longer specifically obliged—as he was under the peace accords—to allocate one-third of government positions to the UTO, has kept some former UTO officials in senior cabinet-level positions. While

2340-648: The capital of Khatlon is Bokhtar (formerly Qurghonteppa), and the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan is Khorugh (formerly Khorog). The national capital Dushanbe is also the administrative center of the Region of Republican Subordination. Each region is divided into several districts ( Tajik : ноҳия , nohiya or raion ), which in turn are subdivided into jamoats (village-level self-governing units). As of 2008, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan. In addition, subregional units included 17 towns and 54 urban-type settlements ( Tajik : шаҳрак ). Local government

2405-435: The country continued to increase, and the year was largely free of the assassinations and outbreaks of violence perpetrated by unreformed opposition members that plagued the country in previous years. The president, who is directly elected , is both the head of state and the head of government. The president appoints the prime minister and all the members of the government, without the need of parliamentary approval. Tajikistan

2470-405: The country's four main administrative divisions and in the cities subordinated directly to central government; each of these subnational jurisdictions is entitled to equal representation. The remaining members are appointed directly by the president. The pro-government People’s Democratic Party continued to control both houses of the parliament after the elections of 2005; that party gained 52 of

2535-606: The defendant remains in force. The procurator’s office conducts all criminal investigations. Trials are heard by juries except in cases of national security. The Republic Bar Association (also called the Bar Association of the Republic of Tajikistan) gained its independence in 1995. Yet, according to a source, it was not until 1998 that "the concept of a lawyer-attorney was introduced [in Tajikistan], being defined as

2600-466: The election, Rahmon abolished 10 ministries and five state committees and reappointed Oqil Oqilov as prime minister. Rahmon is said to have accumulated substantial informal power through patronage. In October 2020, Tajikistan's authoritarian President Emomali Rahmon was reelected for a fifth term with nearly 91 percent of the vote, following a tightly controlled and largely ceremonial election. The bicameral Supreme Assembly ( Majlisi Oli ) includes

2665-547: The governing party as appointments by Rahmon left the opposition with only 5 percent of major government positions. This event followed the expiration of the 1997 peace guarantee that the United Tajik Opposition (UTO) would occupy at least 30 percent of top government positions. Prior to the 2006 election, the Council of Ministers, which executes the decisions of the president, included two deputy prime ministers, 19 ministers, nine committee heads, and several ex officio members. After

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2730-533: The government and the now incorporated former opposition continue to distrust each other, they have often found a way to work with each other and are committed to peacefully resolving their differences. Prior to the overthrow of the Taliban in 2001, the civil war in Afghanistan produced cross-border effects that threatened to destabilize Tajikistan's fragile and hard-won peace. In the summers of 1999 and 2000,

2795-533: The latter builds building for the Government , Parliament . In July 2021, over 1,000 Afghan troops and civilians fled to Tajikistan after the Taliban insurgents took control of many parts of Afghanistan . In response, Rahmon ordered 20,000 reserve servicemen of the country's Ground Forces to be sent to the Afghan–Tajik border . In December 2015, a law passed by the Tajikistan's parliament gave Rahmon

2860-404: The law also gave him a number of other lifelong privileges, including veto powers over all major state decisions, the freedom to address the nation and parliament on all matters he deems important, and the privilege of attending all government meetings and parliament sessions. Rahmon is a Sunni Muslim and has frequently stressed his Muslim background even though his administration is engaged in

2925-434: The national legislature of a Central Asian country. After the death of long-time IRP leader Said Abdullo Nuri in 2006, a possible split emerged from the struggle for party leadership. Some antigovernment sentiment has been channeled into radical Islamic organizations such as Hizb ut-Tahrir, which is outlawed as a terrorist organization, rather than into conventional political parties. In 2006 six parties, including one faction of

2990-532: The opposition parties but not entirely controlled by them, had far-reaching demands: the banning of the Communist party and the nationalization of its assets, the resignation of the entire government, the dissolution of the legislature and new elections. During this turmoil Tajikistan declared its independence from Soviet Union, on September 9, 1991 and promptly fell into a civil war from 1992–1997 between old-guard regits, and Islamists loosely organized as

3055-410: The other. Five times (in the elections of 1994 , 1999 , 2006 , 2013 and 2020 ), Rahmon won undemocratic presidential elections; in addition, he extended and reformed his powers based on the results of the national constitutional referendums of 1999 and 2003 . Since 25 December 2015, Emomali Rahmon has held the lifetime title of Peshvoyi Millat ( Tajik : Пешвои Миллат ), which means "Leader of

3120-549: The primary obstacle to peace in Tajikistan is the absence of an adequate understanding on sharing power among the regions, political parties and movements, and nationalities in Tajikistan." The Inter-Tajik Dialogue met until 2000. Observers are unsure of just how much impact the Dialogue had on cementing the final peace, but agree that it was an important component. This article about government and politics in Tajikistan

3185-590: The provinces ( viloyat ) of Sughd and Khatlon , the autonomous province ( viloyati mukhtor ) of Gorno-Badakhshan (in Tajik : Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon ), and the Region of Republican Subordination ( Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in transliteration from Russian or in Tajik : Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ ; formerly known as Karotegin Province ). The capital of Sughd is Khujand (formerly Leninabad),

3250-436: The registration of parties, the holding of referendums, and election procedures. In 1999 and 2003, referendums of dubious fairness made constitutional changes that strengthened Rahmon's hold on power. International observers also found substantial irregularities in the conduct of the 1999 presidential election, in which only one opposition candidate was permitted to register, and the media were censored. Six parties participated in

3315-413: The removal of the outlawed Islamic Revival Party from Tajikistan's politics, and reduced the minimum eligibility age for presidential candidates from 35 to 30, enabling Rahmon's older son, Rustam Emomali , to run for president any time after 2017. In January 2017, Rustam Emomali was appointed Mayor of Dushanbe, a key position, which some analysts see as the next step to the top of the government. Since

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3380-539: The son of the Rakhmonov Rustam Emomali was appointed as the new mayor of the city of Dushanbe - the capital, historical buildings was demolished, the city essentially was demolished. Homes of the city residents was forcefully taken by builder companies connected to the family of the Rakhmonov. New high rising buildings was build and continues to build, which can be seen in the satellite images of

3445-424: The streets of the cities wearing their Hijabs , which was not known to the republic earlier. Polygamy became norm as well in the republic during the regime as dominating religion - Sunni Islam and the Salafi movement do not forbid it, however, it is not official, legal. Most recent, during 2023-2024 development of his "presidency", in addition to the large infrastructure projects made by Government of China ,

3510-492: The style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head. He is married to Azizmo Asadullayeva and has nine children. Two of his children, Rustam Emomali and Ozoda Rahmon , are senior officials in his administration, while another, Zarina Rahmon, was appointed deputy head of Orienbank in January 2017. Rustam is widely believed to be his father's successor. In

3575-583: The summer of 2021, coronavirus ravaged the country , and Emomali Rahmon's sister reportedly died in a hospital of COVID-19 on 20 July. According to local media, her sons physically assaulted the national health minister and a senior doctor. In March 2007, Rahmonov changed his surname to Rahmon , getting rid of the Russian-style "-ov" ending . He also removed the patronymic, Sharipovich , from his name altogether. Rahmon explained that he had done so out of respect for his cultural heritage. Following

3640-816: The surrounding areas) have called to join Tajikistan . Tajiks are a main minority in Uzbekistan , and historically Tajiks lived in a larger area in Central Asia than now. AsDB , CCC , CIS , EAPC , EBRD , ECE , ECO , ESCAP , FAO , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , ILO , IMF , Intelsat , IOC , IOM , ITU , OIC , OPCW , OSCE , UN , UNCTAD , UNESCO , UNIDO , UPU , WFTU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO (observer) Emomali Rahmon President of Tajikistan Government parliamentary election Family Emomali Rahmon ( Tajik : Эмомали Раҳмон ; born Emomali Sharipovich Rahmonov , born 5 October 1952)

3705-465: The title "Founder Of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation", in Tajik : Асосгузори сулҳу ваҳдати миллӣ – Пешвои миллат, Asosguzori sulhu vahdati millî – Peshvo'i millat ; in Russian : Основатель мира и национального единства – Лидер нации, Osnovatel mira i natsionalnogo yedinstva – Lider natsii ). A shorter version of the title, "Leader of the Nation," is used frequently. In addition to granting Rahmon lifelong immunity from prosecution,

3770-412: The title of 'Leader of the Nation' and is therefore exempt from presidential term limits. This title also grants him and his family legal immunity . In this geographically divided country, the ceremonial position of prime minister traditionally is held by a person from the north to nominally balance President Emomali Rahmon’s southern origin. In 2004 the executive branch fell further under the control of

3835-515: The war. He survived an assassination attempt on 30 April 1997 in Khujand, as well as two attempted coups in August 1997 and in November 1998. Following constitutional changes, he was re-elected on 6 November 1999 to a seven-year term, officially taking 97% of the vote. On 22 June 2003, he won a referendum that would allow him to run for two more consecutive seven-year terms after his term expired in 2006. The opposition alleges that this amendment

3900-521: Was born as Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov to Sharif Rahmonov ( c.  1912 –1992) and Mayram Sharifova (1910–2004), a peasant family in Danghara , Kulob Oblast (present-day Khatlon Region ). His father was a Red Army veteran of World War II , being a recipient of the Order of Glory in the 2nd and 3rd degrees. From 1971–74, Rahmon served in the Soviet Union 's Pacific Fleet , during which he

3965-531: Was elected vice-president of the UN General Assembly for a one-year term. He became widely known in 1992 after the abolition of the post of president in the country, when at the dawn of the civil war (1992–1997) he became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Parliament) of Tajikistan as a compromise candidate between communists and neo-communists on the one hand and liberal-democratic, nationalist and Islamist forces (the United Tajik Opposition ) on

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4030-589: Was hidden in a way that verged upon electoral fraud . Rahmon was re-elected to a seven-year term in a controversial election on 6 November 2006, with about 79% of the vote, according to the official results. On 6 November 2013, he was re-elected for the second seven-year term in office, with about 84% of the vote, in an election that the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe said lacked "genuine choice and meaningful pluralism". In October 2020, he

4095-432: Was made because he was "nondescript", in which other field commanders thought that he could be cast aside "when he had served his purpose." In 1994, a new constitution re-established the presidency. Rahmon was elected to the post on 6 November 1994 and sworn in ten days later. During the civil war that lasted from 1992 to 1997, Rahmon's rule was opposed by the United Tajik Opposition . As many as 100,000 people died during

4160-439: Was once again re-elected as president for a fifth term with a margin of 90.92%, amid allegations of the fraud. On 22 May 2016, a nationwide referendum approved a number of changes to the country's constitution . One of the main changes lifted the limit on presidential terms, effectively allowing Rahmon to stay in power for as many terms as he wishes. Other key changes outlawed faith-based political parties, thus finalizing

4225-610: Was stationed in the Primorsky Krai . After completing military service, Rahmon returned to his native village where he worked for some time as an electrician. As a rising apparatchik in Tajikistan, he became a chairman of the collective state farm of his native Danghara . According to his official biography, Rahmon graduated from the Tajik State National University with a specialist's degree in economics in 1982. After working for several years in

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