99-670: The Lewis and Clark Viaduct (previously the Intercity Viaduct and historically the Interstate Viaduct ; also known as the 6th Street Viaduct or Woodsweather Bridge ) are two nine span viaducts that cross the Kansas River in the United States. Designed by Waddell and Hedrick , the first viaduct, a four-lane, deck truss bridge , opened to the public on January 29, 1907, the second bridge, also of
198-647: A rigid bus (a bus trailer ) or hauled as a trailer by a truck (a trailer bus ). Smaller midibuses have a lower capacity and open-top buses are typically used for leisure purposes. In many new fleets, particularly in local transit systems, a shift to low-floor buses is occurring, primarily for easier accessibility. Coaches are designed for longer-distance travel and are typically fitted with individual high-backed reclining seats, seat belts, toilets, and audio-visual entertainment systems, and can operate at higher speeds with more capacity for luggage. Coaches may be single- or double-deckers, articulated, and often include
297-418: A summer camp . Schools often hire charter bus services on regular basis for transportation of children to and from their homes. Chartered buses are also used by education institutes for transport to conventions , exhibitions, and field trips . Entertainment or event companies may also hire temporary shuttles buses for transport at events such as festivals or conferences . Party buses are used by companies in
396-477: A French corn-mill owner named Stanislas Baudry [ fr ] in Richebourg, a suburb of Nantes . A by-product of his mill was hot water, and thus next to it he established a spa business. In order to encourage customers he started a horse-drawn transport service from the city centre of Nantes to his establishment. The first vehicles stopped in front of the shop of a hatter named Omnés, which displayed
495-693: A chassis produced by another manufacturer. Transit buses used to be mainly high-floor vehicles. However, they are now increasingly of low-floor design and optionally also 'kneel' air suspension and have ramps to provide access for wheelchair users and people with baby carriages , sometimes as electrically or hydraulically extended under-floor constructs for level access. Prior to more general use of such technology, these wheelchair users could only use specialist para-transit mobility buses. Accessible vehicles also have wider entrances and interior gangways and space for wheelchairs. Interior fittings and destination displays may also be designed to be usable by
594-408: A common component of the wider package holiday industry, providing private airport transfers (in addition to general airport buses ) and organised tours and day trips for holidaymakers on the package. Tour buses can also be hired as chartered buses by groups for sightseeing at popular holiday destinations. These private tour buses may offer specific stops, such as all the historical sights, or allow
693-644: A complementary to the viaduct, it was built in 1990 to the north. The great flood of 1903 inundated all of the West Bottoms, leaving only one of 17 bridges in place that spanned the Kansas River sound enough for use. The need for an viaduct high enough above the flood level, that crossed the Kansas River from Kansas City, Missouri, with bluffs, to the high ground on the Wyandotte County side was recognized. Following this, plans were considered for
792-517: A converted bus as a command post while those in cold climates might retain a bus as a heated shelter at fire scenes. Many are drawn from retired school or service buses. Buses are often used for advertising, political campaigning , public information campaigns , public relations , or promotional purposes. These may take the form of temporary charter hire of service buses, or the temporary or permanent conversion and operation of buses, usually of second-hand buses. Extreme examples include converting
891-485: A fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus, are free. In many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special large vehicle licence above and beyond a regular driving license . Buses may be used for scheduled bus transport , scheduled coach transport , school transport , private hire, or tourism ; promotional buses may be used for political campaigns and others are privately operated for
990-543: A landscape, usually by bridging a river valley or other eroded opening in an otherwise flat area. Often such valleys had roads descending either side (with a small bridge over the river, where necessary) that become inadequate for the traffic load, necessitating a viaduct for "through" traffic. Such bridges also lend themselves for use by rail traffic, which requires straighter and flatter routes. Some viaducts have more than one deck, such that one deck has vehicular traffic and another deck carries rail traffic. One example of this
1089-532: A large sign inscribed "Omnes Omnibus", a pun on his Latin-sounding surname, omnes being the male and female nominative, vocative and accusative form of the Latin adjective omnis/-e ("all"), combined with omnibus , the dative plural form meaning "for all", thus giving his shop the name "Omnés for all", or "everything for everyone". His transport scheme was a huge success, although not as he had intended as most of his passengers did not visit his spa. He turned
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#17327808616411188-552: A new roadway underneath the viaduct all the way to East Ohio Avenue. With this project, it became possible to increase the speed limit of the upper deck, and in late 1931 legislation was passed to adjust the speed limit from 30 to 40 miles per hour (48 to 64 km/h); this went into effect later that year. The viaduct's original designers had provided extra space for potential expansion of the deck, though whether it would be for roadway or streetcar expansion had not been determined. In August 1933, city planners began planning to modernize
1287-498: A novel weight-saving integral design, it also introduced for the first time on a bus independent front suspension , power steering , a fully automatic gearbox , and power-hydraulic braking . Formats include single-decker bus , double-decker bus (both usually with a rigid chassis ) and articulated bus (or 'bendy-bus') the prevalence of which varies from country to country. High-capacity bi-articulated buses are also manufactured, and passenger-carrying trailers—either towed behind
1386-626: A pair of streetcar tracks. The viaduct was built in 17 months, and traveled from 6th and Bluff streets in Kansas City, Missouri, to 4th and Minnesota Avenue in Kansas City, Kansas, a distance of 8,400 feet (2,600 m). Of that, 4,031 feet (1,229 m) were in Missouri and 3,742 feet (1,141 m) in Kansas. When it opened, it was 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 miles (2.8 km) long. It was constructed with v-lacing and has lattice built-up members. Just
1485-456: A public transport operator that might maintain a separate fleet or use surplus buses, coaches, and dual-purpose coach-seated buses. Many private taxicab companies also operate larger minibus vehicles to cater for group fares. Companies, private groups, and social clubs may hire buses or coaches as a cost-effective method of transporting a group to an event or site, such as a group meeting, racing event, or organised recreational activity such as
1584-481: A related project to rehabilitate the James Street Bridge, the lower deck of the bridge began to be raised upward, lowering the clearance in the process. This was completed in 1959. Soon after this, a second viaduct began to be built, as the first bridge was inadequate to accommodate the increased traffic that it would likely carry on its own. On November 12, 1962, the new Intercity Viaduct was opened, with
1683-607: A repurposed rail viaduct provides a garden promenade on top and workspace for artisans below. The garden promenade is called the Coulée verte René-Dumont while the workspaces in the arches below are the Viaduc des Arts . The project was inaugurated in 1993. Manhattan's High Line , inaugurated in 2009, also uses an elevated train line as a linear urban park . In Indonesia viaducts are used for railways in Java and also for highways such as
1782-460: A ribbon-cutting ceremony led by Mayors Paul F. Mitchum and H. Roe Bartle. It was named in honor of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark , who led the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804. It was built to the north of the first viaduct and had multiple differences. It was named in honor of Lewis and Clark. It was taller, used bolted truss connections, and only contained a single deck. Additionally, it had
1881-399: A separate luggage compartment under the passenger floor. Guided buses are fitted with technology to allow them to run in designated guideways, allowing the controlled alignment at bus stops and less space taken up by guided lanes than conventional roads or bus lanes . Bus manufacturing may be by a single company (an integral manufacturer), or by one manufacturer's building a bus body over
1980-533: A short time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno , Wales. Germany's Daimler Motors Corporation also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, selling a double-decker bus to the Motor Traction Company which was first used on the streets of London on 23 April 1898. The vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 km/h (11.2 mph) and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With
2079-584: A similar manner to limousine hire, for luxury private transport to social events or as a touring experience. Sleeper buses are used by bands or other organisations that tour between entertainment venues and require mobile rest and recreation facilities. Some couples hire preserved buses for their wedding transport, instead of the traditional car. Buses are often hired for parades or processions . Victory parades are often held for triumphant sports teams, who often tour their home town or city in an open-top bus . Sports teams may also contract out their transport to
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#17327808616412178-594: A small single-lane truss that stuck out from the side near the Broadway Boulevard intersection; this served as an exit ramp onto the Fairfax Trafficway. It only has three lanes, one less than the eastbound structure, though they are wider. The second span had cost $ 8 million (equivalent to $ 61.7 million in 2023) to construct. After westbound traffic began moving over the Lewis and Clark Viaduct,
2277-662: A specially manufactured trailer bus . After the Second World War, manufacturers in Europe and the Far East, such as Mercedes-Benz buses and Mitsubishi Fuso expanded into other continents influencing the use of buses previously served by local types. Use of buses around the world has also been influenced by colonial associations or political alliances between countries. Several of the Commonwealth nations followed
2376-700: A stopped school bus in the process of loading or offloading children passengers. These school buses may have school bus yellow livery and crossing guards . Other countries may mandate the use of seat belts . As a minimum, many countries require a bus carrying students to display a sign , and may also adopt yellow liveries. Student transport often uses older buses cascaded from service use, retrofitted with more seats or seatbelts. Student transport may be operated by local authorities or private contractors. Schools may also own and operate their own buses for other transport needs, such as class field trips or transport to associated sports, music, or other school events. Due to
2475-494: A suspender thrown at intervals from one side of the street to the other, and two wires hanging from these suspenders; allowing contact rollers to run on these two wires, the current could be conveyed to the tram-car, and back again to the dynamo machine at the station, without the necessity of running upon rails at all." The first such vehicle, the Electromote , was made by his brother Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to
2574-694: A team bus, for travel to away games , to a competition or to a final event . These buses are often specially decorated in a livery matching the team colours. Private companies often contract out private shuttle bus services, for transport of their customers or patrons, such as hotels, amusement parks , university campuses , or private airport transfer services. This shuttle usage can be as transport between locations, or to and from parking lots . High specification luxury coaches are often chartered by companies for executive or VIP transport. Charter buses may also be used in tourism and for promotion (See Tourism and Promotion sections). Many organisations, including
2673-441: A tour guide, although the driver or a recorded audio commentary may also perform this function. The tour operator may be a subsidiary of a company that operates buses and coaches for other uses or an independent company that charters buses or coaches. Commuter transport operators may also use their coaches to conduct tours within the target city between the morning and evening commuter transport journey. Buses and coaches are also
2772-465: A way so that the old ones did not need to be immediately demolished. They were also more complex, larger, and wider than the old ones. The bridge's lighting was upgraded and expanded across the bridge, previously only he concrete segments had it. Lighting was also added to the Kansa River segment, and the piers were widened to add an adequate shoulder, additionally, repairs were made to other parts of
2871-455: A wide range of purposes, including rock and pop band tour vehicles. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, and electric trolleybuses in 1882. The first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses , fuel cell buses , and electric buses , as well as buses powered by compressed natural gas or biodiesel . As of
2970-533: A year later the Truss span proved its resistant design and survived its first flood. Rather than be forced to pay a toll, drivers simply shunpiked the viaduct. Most did this by traveling on the nearby James Street Bridge , which had no tolls, in order to travel through West Bottoms to 6th and Bluff streets. This caused the bond holders to foreclose, and the enterprise went bankrupt in 1911, effectively closing it to vehicular traffic. The bondholders proposed to demolish
3069-404: A year to keep in a state of competence. They were also considered functionally obsolete due to lacking emergency shoulders among many other things, resulting in the snarling of traffic when an accident or other obstruction occurred. On February 4, 2018, phase 1 of the project was started, and the westbound span was closed in order to demolish and rebuild a 0.58-mile (0.93 km) segment of it, from
Lewis and Clark Viaduct - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-627: Is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts . Like the Roman aqueducts , many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length. The longest viaduct in antiquity may have been the Pont Serme which crossed wide marshes in southern France. At its longest point, it measured 2,679 meters with a width of 22 meters. Viaducts are commonly used in many cities that are railroad hubs , such as Chicago, Birmingham, London and Manchester . These viaducts cross
3267-472: Is a specific type of bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles. The term viaduct is derived from the Latin via meaning "road", and ducere meaning "to lead". It
3366-507: Is built across land rather than water, the space below the arches may be used for businesses such as car parking, vehicle repairs, light industry, bars and nightclubs. In the United Kingdom, many railway lines in urban areas have been constructed on viaducts, and so the infrastructure owner Network Rail has an extensive property portfolio in arches under viaducts. In Berlin the space under the arches of elevated subway lines ( S-Bahn )
3465-503: Is dangerous, as a high number of unfamiliar drivers cause accidents due to its confusing left hand exit and lack of shoulders. The westbound viaduct layover was planned during its reconstruction, however, it was not done due to funding constraints. This is not an issue that the eastbound on-ramp has, due to its lower grade, warning beacons, and being a right hand exit. However, it is only one lane wide, meaning it does not meet current Interstate Highway standards . Viaduct A viaduct
3564-471: Is sometimes staffed by promotions personnel, giving out free gifts. Campaign buses are often specially decorated for a political campaign or other social awareness information campaign, designed to bring a specific message to different areas, or used to transport campaign personnel to local areas/meetings. Exhibition buses are often sent to public events such as fairs and festivals for purposes such as recruitment campaigns, for example by private companies or
3663-908: Is the Prince Edward Viaduct in Toronto, Canada, that carries motor traffic on the top deck as Bloor Street , and metro as the Bloor-Danforth subway line on the lower deck, over the steep Don River valley . Others were built to span settled areas, crossing over roads beneath—the reason for many viaducts in London. Viaducts over water make use of islands or successive arches. They are often combined with other types of bridges or tunnels to cross navigable waters as viaduct sections, while less expensive to design and build than tunnels or bridges with larger spans, typically lack sufficient horizontal and vertical clearance for large ships. See
3762-570: Is the homes of celebrities , such as tours based near Hollywood . There are several such services between 6000 and 7000 Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles. In some countries, particularly the US and Canada, buses used to transport schoolchildren have evolved into a specific design with specified mandatory features. American states have also adopted laws regarding motorist conduct around school buses, including large fines and possibly prison for passing
3861-509: Is the largest operator of local tour buses, operating on a franchised basis all over the world. Specialist tour buses are also often owned and operated by safari parks and other theme parks or resorts . Longer-distance tours are also carried out by bus, either on a turn up and go basis or through a tour operator , and usually allow disembarkation from the bus to allow touring of sites of interest on foot. These may be day trips or longer excursions incorporating hotel stays. Tour buses often carry
3960-407: Is used for several different purposes, including small eateries or bars. Elevated expressways were built in major cities such as Boston ( Central Artery ), Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seoul , Tokyo and Toronto ( Gardiner Expressway ). Some were demolished because they were unappealing and divided the city. In other cases, viaducts were demolished because they were structurally unsafe, such as
4059-470: The 1951 Great Kansas City flood ; it was also the only bridge on the river to remain open to traffic during it. Beginning in the late 1940s, various proposals were made to connect the viaduct to a grade-separated freeway. By the 1950s, construction began on this highway, I-70, which was a part of the newly formed Interstate Highway System , allowing drivers to cross high stretches of land easily without crossing any at-grade intersections . In 1957, as part of
Lewis and Clark Viaduct - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-542: The Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel . The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed road-bridge that spans the valley of the river Tarn near Millau in southern France. It opened in 2004 and is the tallest vehicular bridge in the world, with one pier's summit at 343 metres (1,125 ft). The viaduct Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China was the longest bridge in the world as of 2011 . Where a viaduct
4257-645: The Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco, which was damaged by an earthquake in 1989. However, in developing nations such as Thailand ( Bang Na Expressway , the world's longest road bridge ), India ( Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway ), China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nicaragua, elevated expressways have been built and more are under construction to improve traffic flow, particularly as a workaround of land shortage when built atop surface roads. Other uses have been found for some viaducts. In Paris, France,
4356-574: The Great Flood of 1993 . In 1992, a project began to reconstruct the viaducts near the Buck O'Neil Bridge. It involved narrowing the roadway near the I-35 overpass to two lanes westbound and three lanes eastbound, though with new shoulders added. Work was completed in 1994. In 1999, construction work was started on a project to redeck the lower level of the eastbound viaduct to serve pedestrian traffic. It
4455-609: The Jakarta Inner Ring Road . In January 2019, the Alaskan Way Viaduct in Seattle was closed and replaced with a tunnel after several decades of use because it was seismically unsafe. Bus A bus (contracted from omnibus , with variants multibus , motorbus , autobus , etc.) is a motor vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van , but fewer than
4554-475: The Leyland National where the two are practically inseparable. Specialist builders also exist and concentrate on building buses for special uses or modifying standard buses into specialised products. Integral designs have the advantages that they have been well-tested for strength and stability, and also are off-the-shelf . However, two incentives cause use of the chassis+body model. First, it allows
4653-712: The London General Omnibus Company —it entered service in 1910, and almost 3,000 had been built by the end of the decade. Hundreds of them saw military service on the Western Front during the First World War . The Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company , which rapidly became a major manufacturer of buses in the US, was founded in Chicago in 1923 by John D. Hertz . General Motors purchased a majority stake in 1925 and changed its name to
4752-530: The armed forces . Complex urban planning proposals may be organised into a mobile exhibition bus for the purposes of public consultation. In some sparsely populated areas, it is common to use brucks, buses with a cargo area to transport both passengers and cargo at the same time. They are especially common in the Nordic countries . Historically, the types and features of buses have developed according to local needs. Buses were fitted with technology appropriate to
4851-409: The visually impaired . Coaches generally use wheelchair lifts instead of low-floor designs. In some countries, vehicles are required to have these features by disability discrimination laws . Buses were initially configured with an engine in the front and an entrance at the rear. With the transition to one-man operation, many manufacturers moved to mid- or rear-engined designs, with a single door at
4950-453: The 1830s by Walter Hancock and by associates of Sir Goldsworthy Gurney , among others, running reliable services over road conditions which were too hazardous for horse-drawn transportation. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833. Steam carriages were much less likely to overturn, they travelled faster than horse-drawn carriages, they were much cheaper to run, and caused much less damage to
5049-478: The 1920s has been the diesel engine . Early buses, known as trolleybuses, were powered by electricity supplied from overhead lines . Nowadays, electric buses often carry their own battery, which is sometimes recharged on stops/stations to keep the size of the battery small/lightweight. Currently, interest exists in hybrid electric buses , fuel cell buses , electric buses , and ones powered by compressed natural gas or biodiesel . Gyrobuses , which are powered by
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#17327808616415148-459: The 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised , with the same designs appearing around the world. The word bus is a shortened form of the Latin adjectival form omnibus ("for all"), the dative plural of omnis/omne ("all"). The theoretical full name is in French voiture omnibus ("vehicle for all"). The name originates from a mass-transport service started in 1823 by
5247-493: The 3rd Street intersection to the end of crossing the railroad tracks. In addition, modifications were made to the nearby roadway from there to Broadway Boulevard. After already removing the concrete segment, the Kansas River truss was demolished with explosives at around 8:30 on June 2, 2018. Work transitioned from deconstructing to reconstructing in November 2018. it was delayed due to the 2019 Midwestern U.S. floods . The bridge
5346-472: The British lead and sourced buses from British manufacturers, leading to a prevalence of double-decker buses . Several Eastern Bloc countries adopted trolleybus systems, and their manufacturers such as Trolza exported trolleybuses to other friendly states. In the 1930s, Italy designed the world's only triple decker bus for the busy route between Rome and Tivoli that could carry eighty-eight passengers. It
5445-431: The Fairfax Trafficway and westbound ramp onto Minnesota Avenue were repaired. In 1988, after one of its supports was damaged by arson, the eastbound viaduct was closed for emergency repairs. In 1989, the eastbound ramp, onto the Fairfax Trafficway and westbound ramp onto Washington Boulevard were reconstructed. In 1990, the eastbound bridge's deck was repaired. In 1991, the viaduct became part of US 169. Both viaducts survived
5544-504: The Intercity viaduct was closed for a significant renovation. This involved tubbing off all of the old steel piers and replacing them with modern concrete piers, replacing its deck, completely demolishing part of the land span on the Kansas side order to construct an interchange, and demolishing then reconstructing parts of the viaduct in order to allow for the addition of on-ramps to serve as exits for I-70. On December 11, 1963, at 11 a.m.,
5643-654: The Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company. GM purchased the balance of the shares in 1943 to form the GM Truck and Coach Division . Models expanded in the 20th century, leading to the widespread introduction of the contemporary recognizable form of full-sized buses from the 1950s. The AEC Routemaster , developed in the 1950s, was a pioneering design and remains an icon of London to this day. The innovative design used lightweight aluminium and techniques developed in aircraft production during World War II . As well as
5742-575: The average rail transport . It is most commonly used in public transport , but is also in use for charter purposes, or through private ownership. Although the average bus carries between 30 and 100 passengers, some buses have a capacity of up to 300 passengers. The most common type is the single-deck rigid bus , with double-decker and articulated buses carrying larger loads, and midibuses and minibuses carrying smaller loads. Coaches are used for longer-distance services. Many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge
5841-704: The bi-articulated bus or tram-style buses such as the Wright StreetCar and the Irisbus Civis. Buses and coach services often operate to a predetermined published public transport timetable defining the route and the timing, but smaller vehicles may be used on more flexible demand responsive transport services. Buses play a major part in the tourism industry. Tour buses around the world allow tourists to view local attractions or scenery. These are often open-top buses , but can also be regular buses or coaches. In local sightseeing , City Sightseeing
5940-678: The bridge and sell its trusses for scrap metal; these plans were ultimately rejected. In January 1917, roughly 10 years after the bridge opened, the Kansas Legislature passed a bill giving the Kansas side authority to contract with Kansas City, Missouri. With this act, Kansas City, Kansas, could issue bonds for the purpose of purchasing the Interstate Viaduct for free traffic, this was also done so street car service could be restored. The purchase cost $ 1,775,000 (equivalent to $ 27.8 million in 2023) in bargain money, half of
6039-571: The building of a new viaduct. Data secured showed there was enough traffic to warrant the building of the viaduct by a private enterprise and capital investment. The bridge design was finalized by the engineering firm Waddell and Hedrick in August 1903. Franchises were secured in September 1904 and successfully financed in early 1905. Groundbreaking ceremonies for construction of the Kansas River west pier began on August 9, 1905. By November, concrete for
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#17327808616416138-465: The bus with displays and decorations or awnings and fittings. Interiors may be fitted out for exhibition or information purposes with special equipment or audio visual devices. Bus advertising takes many forms, often as interior and exterior adverts and all-over advertising liveries. The practice often extends into the exclusive private hire and use of a bus to promote a brand or product, appearing at large public events, or touring busy streets. The bus
6237-417: The buyer and manufacturer both to shop for the best deal for their needs, rather than having to settle on one fixed design—the buyer can choose the body and the chassis separately. Second, over the lifetime of a vehicle (in constant service and heavy traffic), it will likely get minor damage now and again, and being able easily to replace a body panel or window etc. can vastly increase its service life and save
6336-411: The city also replaced the old lighting with new sodium-vapor illumination cast on cross arms 26 feet (7.9 m) over the vehicle deck. In 1939, part of the viaduct was modernized. In 1942, the land adjacent to the viaduct was relandscaped as part of a beautification project. In 1950, the bridge approaches were modified, in addition, four emergency telephones were placed onto it. The viaduct survived
6435-509: The closure of eastbound traffic in a similar manner to the westbound span when it was rebuilt. It would also build a dedicated span to act as a walkway that will lie underneath the rebuilt bridge's pier. The second of these will build dual two lane flyover ramps onto I-70, which will replace the existing left hand exit westbound and one lane entrance eastbound. After completion, the old left hand exit westbound and one lane turn on-ramp eastbound will be demolished. The westbound offramp in particular
6534-514: The controlled alignment at bus stops and less space taken up by guided lanes than conventional roads or bus lanes . Guidance can be mechanical, optical, or electromagnetic. Extensions of the guided technology include the Guided Light Transit and Translohr systems, although these are more often termed 'rubber-tyred trams' as they have limited or no mobility away from their guideways. Transit buses are normally painted to identify
6633-610: The cost and inconvenience of removing it from service. As with the rest of the automotive industry , into the 20th century, bus manufacturing increasingly became globalized, with manufacturers producing buses far from their intended market to exploit labour and material cost advantages. A typical city bus costs almost US$ 450,000. Transit buses , used on public transport bus services , have utilitarian fittings designed for efficient movement of large numbers of people, and often have multiple doors. Coaches are used for longer-distance routes. High-capacity bus rapid transit services may use
6732-402: The costs involved in owning, operating, and driving buses and coaches, much bus and coach use comes from the private hire of vehicles from charter bus companies, either for a day or two or on a longer contract basis, where the charter company provides the vehicles and qualified drivers. Charter bus operators may be completely independent businesses, or charter hire may be a subsidiary business of
6831-677: The country. In parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires . The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, collaborated on the development of the trolleybus concept. Sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an "...arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus...would have
6930-415: The customers to choose their own itineraries. Tour buses come with professional and informed staff and insurance, and maintain state governed safety standards. Some provide other facilities like entertainment units , luxurious reclining seats, large scenic windows, and even lavatories. Public long-distance coach networks are also often used as a low-cost method of travel by students or young people travelling
7029-555: The deck truss design, opened to the public on November 12, 1962. It rises above the West Bottoms , and several sets of railroad tracks . The 1907 viaduct is notable for being the first roadway bridge to connect Kansas City, Missouri , with Kansas City, Kansas , non-stop all the way across. It is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and carries Interstate 70 / U.S. Route 24 / U.S. Route 40 / U.S. Route 169 (I-70/US 24/US 40/US 169). The I-670 Viaduct serves as
7128-487: The early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911. In Siegerland , Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria . Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for
7227-545: The eastbound I-70 ramp was repaired. In 2006, repairs were made to the expansion joints of both viaducts. On January 29, 2007, the eastbound viaduct celebrated its centennial; several people gathered from West Bottoms on that day, holding lights to honor the bridge. In 2012, a deck patching and overlay project was started on the eastbound span. It was completed in fall 2012. By the late 2000s, both viaducts had deteriorated significantly, while maintenance did not decrease their structural integrity, they required nearly $ 1,000,000
7326-571: The far east has led to the adoption of high capacity long multi-axle buses , often double-deckers while South America and China are implementing large numbers of articulated buses for bus rapid transit schemes. Euro Bus Expo is a trade show , which is held biennially at the UK's National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham. As the official show of the Confederation of Passenger Transport ,
7425-545: The front or multiple doors. The move to the low-floor design has all but eliminated the mid-engined design, although some coaches still have mid-mounted engines. Front-engined buses still persist for niche markets such as American school buses, some minibuses, and buses in less developed countries, which may be derived from truck chassis, rather than purpose-built bus designs. Most buses have two axles , while articulated buses have three. Guided buses are fitted with technology to allow them to run in designated guideways, allowing
7524-498: The large railroad yards that are needed for freight trains there, and also cross the multi-track railroad lines that are needed for heavy rail traffic. These viaducts provide grade separation and keep highway and city street traffic from having to be continually interrupted by the train traffic. Likewise, some viaducts carry railroads over large valleys, or they carry railroads over cities with many cross-streets and avenues. Many viaducts over land connect points of similar height in
7623-580: The local climate or passenger needs, such as air conditioning in Asia, or cycle mounts on North American buses. The bus types in use around the world where there was little mass production were often sourced secondhand from other countries, such as the Malta bus , and buses in use in Africa. Other countries such as Cuba required novel solutions to import restrictions, with the creation of the "camellos" ( camel bus ),
7722-443: The momentum stored by a flywheel , were tried in the 1940s. United Kingdom and European Union: United States, Canada and Mexico: Early bus manufacturing grew out of carriage coach building , and later out of automobile or truck manufacturers. Early buses were merely a bus body fitted to a truck chassis. This body+chassis approach has continued with modern specialist manufacturers, although there also exist integral designs such as
7821-463: The old viaduct opened to eastbound I-70 traffic. The renovations had cost $ 1,900,000. On January 25, 1969, both structures were officially rededicated as the Lewis and Clark Viaduct, as an act of legislation between Kansas and Missouri. This was first suggested in January 1966, though was delayed a couple of years. In 1972, modifications were made to eastbound viaduct in order to prevent traffic onto
7920-448: The operator or a route, function, or to demarcate low-cost or premium service buses. Liveries may be painted onto the vehicle, applied using adhesive vinyl technologies, or using decals . Vehicles often also carry bus advertising or part or all of their visible surfaces (as mobile billboard ). Campaign buses may be decorated with key campaign messages; these can be to promote an event or initiative. The most common power source since
8019-441: The original cost to construct the viaduct. Of the money, Kansas City, Missouri, paid 56 percent, while Kansas City, Kansas paid only 44 percent. In a short ceremony on October 30, 1918, a ribbon-cutting ceremony was held at the state line was led by Mayor Harry Mendenhall of Kansas City, Kansas, and Acting Mayor F.G. Robinson of Kansas City, Missouri, formally reopening the viaduct to traffic. In 1919, intersections with side roads on
8118-426: The piers carrying the deck truss over the Kansas River were already being poured. On February 22, 1906, the first steel land span was completed. By April, the deck truss bridge over the Kansas River was largely completed. On December 18, the final of the viaducts girder spans were completed. The Intercity (Sixth Street) Viaduct was opened on January 29, 1907. It had a pedestrian walkway, two lanes for wagon traffic, and
8217-871: The police, not for profit , social or charitable groups with a regular need for group transport may find it practical or cost-effective to own and operate a bus for their own needs. These are often minibuses for practical, tax and driver licensing reasons, although they can also be full-size buses. Cadet or scout groups or other youth organizations may also own buses. Companies such as railroads, construction contractors, and agricultural firms may own buses to transport employees to and from remote job sites. Specific charities may exist to fund and operate bus transport, usually using specially modified mobility buses or otherwise accessible buses (See Accessibility section). Some use their contributions to buy vehicles and provide volunteer drivers. Airport operators make use of special airside airport buses for crew and passenger transport in
8316-399: The project. At this point, the westbound viaduct was closed so it could be redecked and have its I-70 ramp reconstructed with a third beam; the former was completed in 1982, making it a redundant structure. Additionally, the westbound ramps onto the Fairfax Trafficway, Washington Boulevard, and Minnesota Avenue, and the eastbound ramp onto the Fairfax Trafficway were given major repairs. Work on
8415-486: The public in 1882 in Halensee , Germany . Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the technical criteria of a typical trolleybus, it was dismantled in the same year after the demonstration. Max Schiemann opened a passenger-carrying trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden , in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In
8514-416: The redecking the westbound span was completed in 1984. In 1986, the eastbound I-70 ramp was reconstructed with a third beam, like its westbound equivalent two years earlier; this made it a redundant structure. In addition, the westbound ramp onto Washington Avenue was repaired again, alongside its eastbound equivalent. In 1987, the eastbound span was rehabilitated, also as part of this, the eastbound ramp onto
8613-563: The road surface due to their wide tyres. However, the heavy road tolls imposed by the turnpike trusts discouraged steam road vehicles and left the way clear for the horse bus companies, and from 1861 onwards, harsh legislation virtually eliminated mechanically propelled vehicles from the roads of Great Britain for 30 years, the Locomotive Act 1861 imposing restrictive speed limits on "road locomotives" of 5 mph (8.0 km/h) in towns and cities, and 10 mph (16 km/h) in
8712-547: The secure airside parts of an airport. Some public authorities, police forces, and military forces make use of armoured buses where there is a special need to provide increased passenger protection. The United States Secret Service acquired two in 2010 for transporting dignitaries needing special protection. Police departments make use of police buses for a variety of reasons, such as prisoner transport , officer transport, temporary detention facilities, and as command and control vehicles . Some fire departments also use
8811-485: The success and popularity of this bus, DMG expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm and Speyer . Daimler Motors Corporation also entered into a partnership with the British company Milnes and developed a new double-decker in 1902 that became the market standard. The first mass-produced bus model was the B-type double-decker bus , designed by Frank Searle and operated by
8910-563: The transport service into his principal lucrative business venture and closed the mill and spa. Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname "omnibus" to the vehicle. Having invented the successful concept Baudry moved to Paris and launched the first omnibus service there in April 1828. A similar service was introduced in Manchester in 1824 and in London in 1829. Regular intercity bus services by steam-powered buses were pioneered in England in
9009-480: The viaduct began to be permanently closed in order to increase safety. The last of these were closed in 1922. In 1929 announced a plan to add a second level to the truss portion. Construction on a new lower roadway began in early 1930, and would serve as a truck bypass of the upper deck, which would allow the remaining automobiles to have their speed limit raised to be higher than before. This new roadway opened on September 23, 1930. The project also involved constructing
9108-441: The viaduct, widening the auto roadway to have two extra lanes that did not exist before. In March 1936, work began on this project. It would also involve removing pedestrian walkway and streetcar tracks to allow for the extra two lanes; the latter had already been replaced by a contemporary bus system however. All four lanes were concurrently open by November 30, 1936. With this upgrade, US 40 and US 27 could be routed over it. Later,
9207-512: The viaduct. The eastbound span was closed for resurfacing in October 2021, and emergency repairs to its Gusset plates in September 2024. Two future construction projects are currently planned for the crossing. The first of these would rebuild the eastbound viaducts truss over the Kansas River. Like the original westbound truss, it is considered functionally obsolete, with structure lacking shoulders, and narrow travel lanes. This will result in
9306-499: The westbound one. In 1978, the viaduct became part of the Lewis and Clark Trail . In October 1979, work to redeck the eastbound viaduct began. In May 1981, a 1,000-foot (300 m) stretch of the westbound viaduct was reconstructed, despite only being 18 years old, it was not designed the same way as the other sections, did not meet modern steel standards, and had prematurely deteriorated because of this. Two eastobund lanes were reopened in October 1981, generally completing its part of
9405-549: The world. Some companies such as Topdeck Travel were set up specifically to use buses to drive the hippie trail or travel to places such as North Africa. In many tourist or travel destinations, a bus is part of the tourist attraction , such as the North American tourist trolleys , London's AEC Routemaster heritage routes , or the customised buses of Malta, Asia, and the Americas. Another example of tourist stops
9504-453: Was completed in 2000. In 2002, the eastbound viaduct was repaired, the eastbound and westbound ramps onto Washington Boulevard, Fairfax Trafficway and I-70, in addition the westbound ramp on Minnesota Avenue were repaired. In 2003, the both viaducts' had their deck drainage extended to the lower chord in certain areas to reduce water damage. In 2004, the westbound viaduct had numerous cracks repaired, and its piers were coated in concrete. In 2005,
9603-439: Was federally funded and $ 6,500,000 million was state paid (equivalent to $ 64.8 million and $ 7.21 million in 2023, respectively). The reconstruction required approximately 8,800,000 pounds (4,000,000 kg) of structural steel, 5,400 feet (1,600 linealm) of concrete girders, 21,000 cubic yards (16,000 m) of concrete and 310,000,000 pounds (140,000,000 kg) of reinforcing steel. These new piers were constructed in
9702-442: Was reopened on January 23, 2021. Only one week after reopening, one of the westbound viaducts extant approaches were damaged by a truck that crashed into a guardrail at a sharp angle, along with other cars that fell off. On March 15, 2021, a reopening ceremony was held by KDOT representative Julie Lorenz and Secretary Sharince Davids. The project ultimately cost $ 65,000,000 (equivalent to $ 72.1 million in 2023), of which $ 58,400,000
9801-503: Was unique not only in being a triple decker but having a separate smoking compartment on the third level. The buses to be found in countries around the world often reflect the quality of the local road network, with high-floor resilient truck-based designs prevalent in several less developed countries where buses are subject to tough operating conditions. Population density also has a major impact, where dense urbanisation such as in Japan and
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