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73-606: The first president, Eduard Imhof of Switzerland was heavily involved in founding the association. The Secretary-General and Treasurer is responsible for the administration and the general running of the Association. On 20 July 2019 member nations elected the new Executive Committee (EC) of the ICA for the 2019–2023 term. New ICA president is Tim Trainor. To coordinate international cartographic work Commissions and Working Groups have been established. These are chaired by experts in

146-485: A Mount Ararat valley glacier of Pleistocene, possibly in the Last Glacial Period , downvalley from Lake Balık . The higher moraine lies at an altitude of about 2,200 meters (7,200 ft) and the lower moraine lies at an altitude of about 1,800 meters (5,900 ft). The lower moraine occurs about 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) downstream from Lake Balık. Both moraines are about 30 meters (98 ft) high. It

219-481: A Tibetan monastery in 1930 while he was measuring the height and position of Minya Konka . On this expedition he was accompanied by Paul Nabholz and Arnold Heim. In 1951 he travelled to Ankara to work on surveying Turkey for the Turkish Office for Land Surveying (Harita Genel Müdürlügü). In 1954 he married Viola May and that same year made an ascent of Mount Ararat . In 1959 he was instrumental in founding

292-677: A Turkish embassy for a special "Ararat visa", and it is mandatory to hire an official guide from the Turkish Federation for Alpinism. Ararat ( Western Armenian : Ararad ) is the Biblical Hebrew name ( אררט ʾrrṭ ) cognate with Assyrian Urartu , of a kingdom that existed in the Armenian Highlands in the 9th–6th centuries BC. The mountain is known as Ararat in European languages, however, none of

365-617: A bottle, considering the water holy. On 8 November [ O.S. 27 October] 1829, Parrot and Abovian together with the Akhuri hunter Sahak's brother Hako, acting as a guide, climbed up Lesser Ararat. Other early notable climbers of Ararat included Russian climatologist and meteorologist Kozma Spassky-Avtonomov (August 1834), Karl Behrens (1835), German mineralogist and geologist Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich (29 July 1845), British politician Henry Danby Seymour (1848) and British army officer Major Robert Stuart (1856). Later in

438-644: A corrupted version of the Kurdish girê , meaning hill, or Agirî , and dax , which is the Turkish dağ , meaning mountain. The traditional Armenian name is Masis ( Մասիս [maˈsis] ; sometimes Massis ). However, nowadays, the terms Masis and Ararat are both widely, often interchangeably, used in Armenian. The folk etymology found in Movses Khorenatsi 's History of Armenia derives

511-516: A few basaltic lava flows . These volcanic rocks were erupted from approximately north northwest–south southeast-trending extensional faults and fissures prior to the development of Mount Ararat. Second, a cone-building phase began when the volcanic activity became localized at a point along a fissure. During this phase, the eruption of successive flows of lava up to 150 meters (490 ft) thick and pyroclastic flows of andesite and dacite composition and later eruption of basaltic lava flows, formed

584-535: A letter from Naples : " Etna and Vesuvius are still smoking; is there no fire left in the old volcano of Ararat?" Theodore Edward Dowling wrote in 1910 that Ararat and Etchmiadzin are the "two great objects of Armenian veneration". He noted that the "noble snowy mountain takes the place, in the estimation of the Armenians, that Mount Sinai and the traditional Mount Zion do among the adherents of other Eastern Christians ". Jonathan Smele called Ararat and

657-642: A lieutenant of artillery. During the Second World War he would return to military service in 1939 and serve occasionally until 1945, eventually gaining the rank of major. Upon earning his diploma as a surveyor in 1919 Imhof began working as a faculty member at the Institute of Geodesy at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology . In 1922 he married Agnes Untersander and between 1922 and 1935 they had four children together. In 1925 he

730-485: A nationalizing discourse, is ubiquitous in everyday material culture in Armenia. Tsypylma Darieva argues that Armenians have "a sense of possession of Ararat in the sense of symbolic cultural property ". There is historical and modern mountain worship around it among Armenians. Ararat is known as the " holy mountain " of the Armenian people. It was principal to the pre-Christian Armenian mythology , where it

803-417: A relationship between the mountain's name and a village on its slopes called Ağori that was decimated after a landslide in 1840. The exact meaning of these related names remains unknown. The Kurdish name of the mountain is Çiyayê Agirî ( [t͡ʃɪjaːˈje aːgɪˈriː] ), which translates to "fiery mountain". An alternative Kurdish name is Grîdax , which is composed of the word grî , presumably

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876-530: A sacred mountain by Armenians. It has featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism . It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark. Mount Ararat forms a near- quadripoint between Turkey , Iran , Armenia , and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan . Its summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of both the Iranian border and

949-556: A specific field of cartography and comprise members from the international Cartography and GIScience community. ICA allows two types of memberships: International Cartographic Conferences (ICC) take place every second year in one of the member countries. At every second conference (every fourth year) it hosts the General Assembly of the ICA. The Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal honours cartographers of outstanding merit who have made significant contributions of an original nature to

1022-449: A wide north–south-trending crack. This crack is the surface expression of an extensional fault . Numerous parasitic cones and lava domes have been built by flank eruptions along this fault and on the flanks of both of the main volcanic cones. Mount Ararat lies within a complex, sinistral pull-apart basin that originally was a single, continuous depression. The growth of Mount Ararat partitioned this depression into two smaller basins,

1095-602: Is کوه نوح ( [ˈkuːhe ˈnuːh] , Kūh-e Nūḥ ), literally the "mountain of Noah". In classical antiquity , particularly in Strabo 's Geographica , the peaks of Ararat were known in ancient Greek as Ἄβος ( Abos ) and Νίβαρος ( Nibaros ). Mount Ararat is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, between the provinces of Ağrı and Iğdır , near the border with Iran , Armenia and Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan , between

1168-651: Is a snow-capped and dormant compound volcano in Eastern Turkey . It consists of two major volcanic cones: Greater Ararat and Little Ararat . Greater Ararat is the highest peak in Turkey; Little Ararat's elevation is 3,896 m (12,782 ft). The Ararat massif is about 35 km (22 mi) wide at ground base. The first recorded efforts to reach Ararat's summit were made in the Middle Ages, and Friedrich Parrot , Khachatur Abovian , and four others made

1241-514: Is a steep-sided volcanic cone that is larger and higher than the eastern volcanic cone. Greater Ararat is about 25 kilometers (16 mi) wide at the base and rises about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) above the adjacent floors of the Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. The eastern volcanic cone, Lesser Ararat, is 3,896 meters (12,782 ft) high and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) across. These volcanic cones, which lie 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) apart, are separated by

1314-502: Is depicted along with the ark on its peak on the shield on an orange background. The emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) was created by the painters Martiros Saryan and Hakob Kojoyan in 1921. Mount Ararat is depicted in the center and makes up a large portion of it. It is also depicted on the emblem and flag of Yerevan since 2004. It is portrayed on the breast of

1387-482: Is inaccessible, both by reason of its great height, and of the snow which perpetually covers it." Archaeological expeditions, sometimes supported by evangelical and millenarian churches, have been conducted since the 19th century in search of the ark. According to a 1974 book, around 200 people from more than 20 countries claimed to have seen the Ark on Ararat since 1856. A fragment from the ark supposedly found on Ararat

1460-411: Is not surprising that there is no archaeological evidence for the existence of an impossibly large boat dating to 5,000 years ago." Despite lying outside the borders of modern Armenia, Ararat has historically been associated with Armenia, and Armenians have been called the "people of Ararat". It is widely considered the country's principal national symbol . The image of Ararat, usually framed within

1533-530: Is on display at the museum of Etchmiadzin Cathedral , the center of the Armenian Church. Despite numerous reports of ark sightings (e.g. Ararat anomaly ) and rumors, "no scientific evidence of the ark has emerged". Searches for Noah's Ark are considered by scholars an example of pseudoarchaeology . Kenneth Feder writes: "As the flood story itself is unsupported by any archaeological evidence, it

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1606-422: Is probably more accurate. The current elevation may be as low as 5,125 m (16,814 ft) due to the melting of its snow -covered ice cap . The ice cap on the summit of Mount Ararat has been shrinking since at least 1957. In the late 1950s, Blumenthal observed that there existed 11 outlet glaciers emerging from a summit snow mass that covered about 10 km (3.9 sq mi). At that time, it

1679-703: Is suspected that Lake Balık occupies a glacial basin. Mount Ararat is a polygenic, compound stratovolcano . Covering an area of 1,100 km (420 sq mi), it is the largest volcanic edifice within the region. Along its northwest–southeast trending long axis, Mount Ararat is about 45 kilometers (28 mi) long and is about 30 kilometers (19 mi) long along its short axis. It consists of about 1,150 km (280 cu mi) of dacitic and rhyolitic pyroclastic debris and dacitic, rhyolitic, and basaltic lavas . Mount Ararat consists of two distinct volcanic cones, Greater Ararat and Lesser Ararat ( Little Ararat ). The western volcanic cone, Greater Ararat,

1752-543: Is the Hebrew name of Urartu , the geographical predecessor of Armenia; they argue that the word referred to the wider region at the time and not specifically to Mount Ararat. The phrase is translated as "mountains of Armenia" ( montes Armeniae ) in the Vulgate . Nevertheless, Ararat is traditionally considered the resting-place of Noah's Ark, and, thus, regarded as a biblical mountain. Mount Ararat has been associated with

1825-597: Is the third most prominent mountain in West Asia . An elevation of 5,165 m (16,946 ft) for Mount Ararat is given by some encyclopedias and reference works such as Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary and Encyclopedia of World Geography . However, a number of sources, such as the United States Geological Survey and numerous topographic maps indicate that the alternatively widespread figure of 5,137 m (16,854 ft)

1898-442: Is usually considered the earliest reference for the tradition of Mount Ararat as the landing place of the ark in European literature. John Mandeville is another early author who mentioned Mount Ararat, "where Noah's ship rested, and it is still there". The ark on Ararat was often depicted in mappae mundi as early as the 11th century. Most Christians, including most of Western Christianity , identify Mount Ararat with

1971-616: The Aras and Murat rivers. The Serdarbulak lava plateau , at 2600 meters of elevation, separates the peaks of Greater and Little Ararat. There are Doğubayazıt Reeds on the western slopes of Mount Ararat. Mount Ararat's summit is located some 16 km (10 mi) west of the Turkey-Iran border and 32 km (20 mi) south of the Turkey-Armenia border. The Ararat plain runs along its northwest to western side. Ararat

2044-677: The International Cartographic Association , becoming their first president from 1961 to 1964. He retired from teaching academically in 1965, but continued to give lectures and accept many awards for his lifetime of achievement until his death in 1986 in Erlenbach , following a short illness. Source: Mount Ararat Mount Ararat ( / ˈ ær ə r æ t / , ARR -ə-rat ; Armenian : Արարատ , romanized :  Ararat ) or Mount Ağrı ( Turkish : Ağrı Dağı ; Kurdish : Çiyayê Agirî )

2117-673: The Māšu (Mashu) mountain mentioned in the Epic of Gilgamesh , which sounded like Māsu in Assyrian. The name meant "twin", referring to the twin peaks of the mountain. Erkuahi , a land mentioned in Urartian texts and identified with Mt. Ararat, could reflect the native Armenian form of this same name (compare to Armenian erku (երկու, "two")). Today, both Ararat and Masis are common male first names among Armenians. The traditional Persian name

2190-586: The University of Dorpat arrived at Etchmiadzin in mid-September 1829, almost two years after the Russian capture of Yerevan , for the sole purpose of exploring Ararat. The prominent Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian , then a deacon and translator at Etchmiadzin, was assigned by Catholicos Yeprem, the head of the Armenian Church, as interpreter and guide. Parrot and Abovian crossed the Aras River into

2263-566: The late Middle Ages . Although the word "ağrı" literally translates to "pain" the current name is considered a derivative of the mountain's initial Turkish name "Ağır Dağ" which translates as "heavy mountain". The 17th century explorer Evliya Çelebi referred to it as Ağrî in the Seyahatnâme . Despite the supposed meaning in Turkish Ağrı Dağı as "pain mountain" and Kurdish Çiyayê Agirî as "fiery mountain", some linguists underline

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2336-477: The sacred mountain was "to tie the womb of the mother of all mankind in a dragonish mode". By contrast, in the 21st century to climb Ararat is "the most highly valued goal of some of the patriotic pilgrimages that are organized in growing number from Armenia and the Armenian diaspora". The first recorded ascent of the mountain in modern times took place on 9 October [ O.S. 27 September] 1829. The Baltic German naturalist Friedrich Parrot of

2409-737: The 16th century until 1828 the range was part of the Ottoman-Persian border; Great Ararat's summit and the northern slopes, along with the eastern slopes of Little Ararat were controlled by Persia. Following the 1826–28 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay , the Persian controlled territory was ceded to the Russian Empire. Little Ararat became the point where the Turkish, Persian, and Russian imperial frontiers converged. The current international boundaries were formed throughout

2482-496: The 1958 glacier tongues. Blumenthal explained the absence of such moraines by the lack of confining ridges to control glaciers, insufficient debris load in the ice to form moraines, and their burial by later eruptions. Years later, Birman observed on the south-facing slopes a possible moraine that extends at least 300 meters (980 ft) in altitude below the base of the 1958 ice cap at an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft). He also found two morainal deposits that were created by

2555-687: The 19th century, two British politicians and scholars— James Bryce (1876) and H. F. B. Lynch (1893) —climbed the mountain. The first winter climb was by Turkish alpinist Bozkurt Ergör, the former president of the Turkish Mountaineering Federation , who climbed the peak on 21 February 1970. According to the Book of Genesis of the Old Testament , Noah's Ark landed on the " mountains of Ararat " ( Genesis 8:4 ). Historians and Bible scholars generally agree that "Ararat"

2628-518: The 20th century. The mountain came under Turkish control during the 1920 Turkish–Armenian War . It formally became part of Turkey according to the 1921 Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars . In the late 1920s, Turkey crossed the Iranian border and occupied the eastern flank of Lesser Ararat as part of its effort to quash the Kurdish Ararat rebellion , during which the Kurdish rebels used

2701-524: The Arabian platform with Laurasia closed and eliminated the Tethys Ocean from the area of what is now Anatolia. The closure of these masses of continental crust collapsed this ocean basin by middle Eocene and resulted in a progressive shallowing of the remnant seas, until the end of the early Miocene. Post-collisional tectonic convergence within the collision zone resulted in the total elimination of

2774-486: The Genesis account since the 11th century, and Armenians began to identify it as the ark's landing place during that time. F. C. Conybeare wrote that the mountain was "a center and focus of pagan myths and cults… and it was only in the eleventh century, after these had vanished from the popular mind, that the Armenian theologians ventured to locate on its eternal snows the resting-place of Noah's ark". William of Rubruck

2847-504: The Greater Ararat cone with a low conical profile. Third, during a climatic phase , copious flows of andesitic and basaltic lavas were erupted. During this phase, the current cones of Greater and Lesser Ararat were formed as eruptions along subsidiary fissures and cracks and flank occurred. Finally, the volcanic eruptions at Mount Ararat transitioned into a flank eruption phase , during which a major north–south-trending fault offset

2920-517: The Iğdir and Doğubeyazıt basins. This pull-apart basin is the result of strike-slip movement along two en-echelon fault segments, the Doğubeyazıt–Gürbulak and Iğdir Faults , of a sinistral strike–slip fault system. Tension between these faults not only formed the original pull-apart basin, but created a system of faults, exhibiting a horsetail splay pattern, that control the position of the principal volcanic eruption centers of Mount Ararat and

2993-504: The Russian Orthodox Church, also mentioned it as the resting-place of Noah's Ark in his speech at Etchmiadzin Cathedral in 2010. Those critical of this view-point out that Ararat was the name of the country at the time when Genesis was written, not specifically the mountain. Arnold wrote in his 2008 Genesis commentary, "The location 'on the mountains' of Ararat indicates not a specific mountain by that name, but rather

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3066-452: The area around Mount Ararat, where he established the roots of the Armenian nation. He is thus considered the legendary founding father (patriarch) and the name giver of the Armenian people. According to Razmik Panossian , this legend "makes Armenia the cradle of all civilisation since Noah's Ark landed on the 'Armenian' mountain of Ararat. [...] it connects Armenians to the biblical narrative of human development. [...] it makes Mount Ararat

3139-457: The area as a safe haven against the Turkish state. Iran eventually agreed to cede the area to Turkey in a territorial exchange . The Iran-Turkey boundary skirts east of Lesser Ararat (or Little Ararat), the lower peak of the Ararat massif. As of 2004 the mountain was open to climbers only with "military permission". The procedure to obtain the permission involves submitting a formal request to

3212-508: The area of Mount Ararat in 139, 368, 851–893, and 1319 AD. During the 139 AD earthquake, a large landslide that caused many casualties and was similar to the 1840 AD landslide originated from the summit of Mount Ararat. A phreatic eruption occurred on Mount Ararat on July 2, 1840 and pyroclastic flow from radial fissures on the upper north flank of the mountain and a possibly associated earthquake of magnitude 7.4 that caused severe damage and numerous casualties. Up to 10,000 people died in

3285-646: The associated linear belt of parasitic volcanic cones. The strike-slip fault system within which Mount Ararat is located is the result of north–south convergence and tectonic compression between the Arabian Platform and Laurasia that continued after the Tethys Ocean closed during the Eocene epoch along the Bitlis–Zagros suture . During the early Eocene and early Miocene , the collision of

3358-847: The best entries. This competition is organized every two years at the ICC. In a national round in all participating ICA member countries, the national winners are selected, which are exhibited during the International Cartographic Conference, where the international winners are selected. ICA offers a number of publications. Its official journal is the International Journal of Cartography (print ISSN   2372-9333 ; online ISSN   2372-9341 ), published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of ICA. It also has three affiliated journals: Eduard Imhof Eduard Imhof (25 January 1895 – 27 April 1986)

3431-631: The biblical mountains of Ararat "largely because it would have been the first peak to emerge from the receding flood waters". H. G. O. Dwight wrote in 1856 that it is "the general opinion of the learned in Europe" that the Ark landed on Ararat. James Bryce wrote that the ark rested upon a "mountain in the district which the Hebrews knew as Ararat, or Armenia" in an 1878 article for the Royal Geographical Society , and he added that

3504-528: The biblical writer must have had Mount Ararat in mind because it is so "very much higher, more conspicuous, and more majestic than any other summit in Armenia". In 2001 Pope John Paul II declared in his homily in Yerevan's St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral : "We are close to Mount Ararat, where tradition says that the Ark of Noah came to rest." Patriarch Kirill of Moscow , the head of

3577-494: The border of the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan, and 32 km (20 mi) south of the Armenian border. The Turkish-Armenian-Azerbaijani and Turkish-Iranian-Azerbaijani tripoints are some 8 km (5 mi) apart, separated by a narrow strip of Turkish territory containing the E99 road which enters Nakhchivan at 39°39′19″N 44°48′12″E  /  39.6553°N 44.8034°E  / 39.6553; 44.8034 . From

3650-524: The continuing north–south shortening deformation of Anatolia. In their detailed study and summary of the Quaternary volcanism of Anatolia, Yilmaz et al. recognized four phases to the construction of Mount Ararat from volcanic rocks exposed in glacial valleys deeply carved into its flanks. First, they recognized a fissure eruption phase of Plinian-subPlinian fissure eruptions that deposited more than 700 meters (2,300 ft) of pyroclastic rocks and

3723-666: The district of Surmali and headed to the Armenian village of Akhuri on the northern slope of Ararat, 1,220 metres (4,000 ft) above sea level. They set up a base camp at the Armenian monastery of St. Hakob some 730 metres (2,400 ft) higher, at an elevation of 1,943 metres (6,375 ft). After two failed attempts, they reached the summit on their third attempt at 3:15 p.m. on October 9, 1829. The group included Parrot, Abovian, two Russian soldiers – Aleksei Zdorovenko and Matvei Chalpanov – and two Armenian Akhuri villagers – Hovhannes Aivazian and Murad Poghosian. Parrot measured

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3796-628: The earthquake, including 1,900 villagers in the village of Akhuri (Armenian: Akori, modern Yenidoğan ) who were killed by a gigantic landslide and subsequent debris flow . In addition, this combination of landslide and debris flow destroyed the Armenian monastery of St. Jacob near Akori, the town of Aralik , several villages, and Russian military barracks. It also temporarily dammed the Sevjur (Metsamor) River. The 13th century missionary William of Rubruck wrote that "Many have tried to climb it, but none has been able." The Armenian Apostolic Church

3869-470: The elevation at 5,250 metres (17,220 ft) using a mercury barometer. This was not only the first recorded ascent of Ararat, but also the second highest elevation climbed by man up to that date outside of Mount Licancabur in the Chilean Andes. Abovian dug a hole in the ice and erected a wooden cross facing north. Abovian also picked up a chunk of ice from the summit and carried it down with him in

3942-472: The field of cartography. It is awarded only on rare occasions. The award is named after the Swedish cartographer, Carl Mannerfelt, who in 1981 won the prize named after him. The ICA Honorary Fellowship is for cartographers of international reputation who have made special contribution to the ICA. It includes a bronze medal. At the biennial International Map Exhibitions at the ICC an international jury selects

4015-574: The first recorded ascent in 1829. In Europe, the mountain has been called by the name Ararat since the Middle Ages , as it began to be identified with " mountains of Ararat " described in the Bible as the resting-place of Noah's Ark , despite contention that Genesis 8:4 does not refer specifically to a Mount Ararat. Although lying outside the borders of modern Armenia , the mountain is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has been considered

4088-412: The ice cap on top of Mount Ararat had lost 29% of its total area at an average rate of ice loss of 0.07 km (0.027 sq mi) per year over 35 years. This rate is consistent with the general rates of retreat of other Turkish summit glaciers and ice caps that have been documented by other studies. According to a 2020 study by Yalcin, "if the glacial withdrawals continue with the same acceleration,

4161-443: The medieval capital of Ani the "most cherished symbols of Armenian identity". The Genesis flood narrative was linked to the Armenian myth of origin by the early medieval historian Movses Khorenatsi . In his History of Armenia , he wrote that Noah and his family first settled in Armenia and later moved to Babylon . Hayk , a descendant of Japheth , a son of Noah, revolted against Bel (the biblical Nimrod ) and returned to

4234-572: The middle-late Miocene. During the late Miocene– Pliocene period, widespread volcanism blanketed the entire East Anatolian–Iranian plateau under thick volcanic rocks. This volcanic activity has continued uninterrupted until historical times. Apparently, it reached a climax during the latest Miocene–Pliocene, 6 to 3 Ma. During the Quaternary , the volcanism became restricted to a few local volcanoes such as Mount Ararat. These volcanoes are typically associated with north–south tensional fractures formed by

4307-470: The mountainous region of the land of Ararat". Ararat has traditionally been the main focus of the searches for Noah's Ark . Augustin Calmet wrote in his 1722 biblical dictionary: "It is affirmed, but without proof, that there are still remains of Noah's ark on the top of this mountain; but M. de Tournefort , who visited this spot, has assured us there was nothing like it; that the top of mount Ararat

4380-491: The name from king Amasya, the great-grandson of the legendary Armenian patriarch Hayk , who is said to have called it after himself. Various scholarly etymologies have been proposed. Anatoly Novoseltsev suggested that Masis derives from Middle Persian masist , "the largest". According to Sargis Petrosyan the mas root in Masis means "mountain", cf. Proto-Indo-European *mņs-. Armen Petrosyan suggested an origin from

4453-523: The national symbol of all Armenians, and the territory around it the Armenian homeland from time immemorial ." Mount Ararat has been depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia consistently since 1918. The First Republic 's coat of arms was designed by architect Alexander Tamanian and painter Hakob Kojoyan . This coat of arms was readopted by the legislature of the Republic of Armenia on April 19, 1992, after Armenia regained its independence. Mount Ararat

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4526-637: The native peoples have traditionally referred to the mountain by that name. This mountain was not called by the name Ararat until the Middle Ages ; early Armenian historians considered the biblical Ararat to be in Corduene . Ayrarat , the central province of the Greater Armenia , is believed to originate from the same name. The Turkish name Mount Ağrı ( Ağrı Dağı , [aːɾɯ da.ɯ] ; Ottoman Turkish : آغـر طﺎﻍ , romanized :  Āġır Ṭāġ , [aːɣæɾ taɣ] ), has been known since

4599-479: The northwest flank of Mount Ararat destroyed and buried at least one Kura–Araxes culture settlement and caused numerous fatalities in 2500–2400 BC. Oral histories indicated that a significant eruption of uncertain magnitude occurred in 550 BC and minor eruptions of uncertain nature might have occurred in 1450 AD and 1783 AD. According to the interpretation of historical and archaeological data, strong earthquakes not associated with volcanic eruptions also occurred in

4672-486: The permanent glacier will likely turn into a temporary glacier by 2065." Blumenthal estimated that the snow line had been as low as 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) in elevation during the Late Pleistocene . Such a snow line would have created an ice cap of 100 km (39 sq mi) in extent. However, he observed a lack of any clear evidence of prehistoric moraines other than those which were close to

4745-602: The remaining seas from East Anatolia at the end of early Miocene, crustal shortening and thickening across the collision zone, and uplift of the East Anatolian–Iranian plateau. Accompanying this uplift was extensive deformation by faulting and folding, which resulted in the creation of numerous local basins. The north–south compressional deformation continues today as evidenced by ongoing faulting, volcanism, and seismicity. Within Anatolia, regional volcanism started in

4818-690: The two cones that developed along with a number of subsidiary fissures and cracks on the volcano's flanks. Along this fault and the subsidiary fissures and cracks, a number of parasitic cones and domes were built by minor eruptions. One subsidiary cone erupted voluminous basalt and andesite lava flows. They flowed across the Doğubeyazıt plain and along the southerly flowing Sarısu River. These lava flows formed black ʻaʻā and pāhoehoe lava flows that contain well preserved lava tubes . The radiometric dating of these lava flows yielded radiometric ages of 0.4, 0.48 and 0.81 Ma. Overall, radiometric ages obtained from

4891-512: The volcanic rocks erupted by Mount Ararat range from 1.5 to 0.02 Ma. The chronology of Holocene volcanic activity associated with Mount Ararat is documented by either archaeological excavations, oral history, historical records, or a combination of these data, which provide evidence that volcanic eruptions of Mount Ararat occurred in 2500–2400 BC, 550 BC, possibly in 1450 AD and 1783 AD, and definitely in 1840 AD. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that explosive eruptions and pyroclastic flows from

4964-480: Was a professor of cartography at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zürich , from 1925 to 1965. His fame, which extends far beyond the Institute of Technology, stems from his relief shading work on school maps and atlases. Between 1922 and 1973 Imhof worked on many school maps. He drew and shaded maps of Switzerland as well her various cantons and the Austrian province of Vorarlberg . Eduard Imhof

5037-964: Was appointed the first Swiss Professor of Cartography and founded the Cartographic Institute in Zurich. In 1927 Imhof was tasked with revising the Schweizerischer Mittelschulatlas , the atlas used in Swiss high schools. All editions of the Schweizerischer Mittelschulatlas published from 1932 until 1976 were under his direction. The Swiss primary school atlas, the Schweizerischer Sekundarschulatlas , published between 1934 and 1975, were also produced under his direction. Imhof spent several weeks living in

5110-417: Was born in Schiers , a town in eastern Switzerland . His father, also Eduard Imhof, was a geographer who taught at a local college. In 1902 the family moved to Zurich, were Imhof continued his schooling. In 1914 he began studying surveying at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , continuing until 1919. Whilst a student his studies where sometimes interrupted by military duty guarding the Swiss border as

5183-572: Was found that the present glaciers on the summit of Ararat extend as low as an elevation of 3,900 meters (12,800 ft) on the north-facing slope, and an elevation of 4,200 meters (13,800 ft) on its south-facing slope. Using pre-existing aerial imagery and remote sensing data, Sarıkaya and others studied the extent of the ice cap on Mount Ararat between 1976 and 2011. They discovered that this ice cap had shrunk to 8.0 km (3.1 sq mi) by 1976 and to 5.7 km (2.2 sq mi) by 2011. They calculated that between 1976 and 2011,

5256-455: Was historically opposed to ascents of Ararat on religious grounds. Thomas Stackhouse , an 18th-century English theologian, noted that "All the Armenians are firmly persuaded that Noah's ark exists to the present day on the summit of Mount Ararat, and that in order to preserve it, no person is permitted to approach it." In response to its first ascent by Parrot and Abovian, one high-ranking Armenian Apostolic Church clergyman commented that to climb

5329-501: Was the home of the gods. With the rise of Christianity, the mythology associated with pagan worship of the mountain was lost. Ararat was the geographical center of ancient Armenia . In the 19th-century era of romantic nationalism , when an Armenian state did not exist, Ararat symbolized the historical Armenian nation-state. In 1861 Armenian poet Mikael Nalbandian , witnessing the Italian unification , wrote to Harutiun Svadjian in

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