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43-536: At least 1 in 3 women around the world are subject to sexual , physical or other abuse during their life, per estimates by the United Nations Development Fund for Women . Not only does violence against women prevent mothers from raising healthy children, it also affects the economic progress and stability within the country in which they live. The International Violence Against Women Act of 2015 (I-VAWA) ( S. 713 , H.R. 1340 )

86-473: A propaganda tactic, using repetitive blaming behaviors, innuendos , and hyperbole in order to assign negative status to normative humans. When innocent people are blamed fraudulently for nonexistent psychological states and nonexistent behaviors, and there is no qualifying deviance for the blaming behaviors, the intention is to create a negative valuation of innocent humans to induce fear, by using fear mongering . For centuries, governments have used blaming in

129-428: A risk aversive approach, which prevent organizations and their agents from adequately assessing risks. According to Mary Douglas , blame is systematically used in the micro-politics of institutions, with three latent functions: explaining disasters, justifying allegiances, and stabilizing existing institutional regimes. Within a politically stable regime, blame tends to be asserted on the weak or unlucky one, but in

172-605: A boyfriend or romantic partner in a sexual context and then proceed to euphemistically describe bad experiences. The use of such code language can also lead to confusion and embarrassment for those who are unfamiliar with the intended meaning. Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well, for example, among the Adélie penguins . Self-blame Blame is the act of censuring , holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible,

215-418: A child to sexually stimulate any of the involved. The use of a child for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse and, for pubescent or post-pubescent individuals younger than the age of consent , statutory rape . Sexual abuse can be perpetrated against other vulnerable populations like the elderly, a form of elder abuse , or those with developmental disabilities . Spousal sexual abuse

258-474: A family member is a form of incest , which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma , especially in the case of parental incest. Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood. The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both. Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of

301-633: A hierarchy until the lowest rung (the "dog"). A 2009 experimental study has shown that blaming can be contagious even for uninvolved onlookers. In complex international organizations, such as enforcers of national and supranational policies and regulations, the blame is usually attributed to the last echelon, the implementing actors. Labeling theory accounts for blame by postulating that when intentional actors act out to continuously blame an individual for nonexistent psychological traits and for nonexistent variables, those actors aim to induce irrational guilt at an unconscious level. Blame in this case becomes

344-480: A less stable regime, blame shifting may involve a battle between rival factions. Douglas was interested in how blame stabilizes existing power structures within institutions or social groups. She devised a two-dimensional typology of institutions, the first attribute being named "group", which is the strength of boundaries and social cohesion, the second "grid", the degree and strength of the hierarchy. According to Douglas, blame will fall on different entities depending on

387-560: A living victim of sexual abuse or assault. For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust . Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve

430-450: A major feature of victim status . The victim gets trapped into a self-image of victimization . The psychological profile of victimization includes a pervasive sense of helplessness, passivity, loss of control, pessimism, negative thinking, strong feelings of guilt , shame , remorse , self-blame, and depression . This way of thinking can lead to hopelessness and despair . Two main types of self-blame exist: Behavioral self-blame

473-637: A number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church . A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk factors for abuse. Captive breeding activities are sometimes described as sexual abuse. People for

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516-422: A primary indicator of that organization's robustness and integrity . Blame flowing downwards, from management to staff, or laterally between professionals or partner organizations, indicates organizational failure. In a blame culture, problem-solving is replaced by blame-avoidance. Blame coming from the top generates "fear, malaise, errors, accidents, and passive-aggressive responses from the bottom", with those at

559-638: A primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children. People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989). Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other residents but staff also offended. It

602-601: A student submitting to the sexual advances of a person in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a failing grade. Several sexual abuse scandals have involved religious abuse or religious settings and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist Convention , Catholic Church , Episcopalian religion, Islam , Jehovah's Witnesses , Lutheran church, Methodist Church, Anabaptist/Mennonite Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ,

645-499: Is cognitive restructuring or cognitive–behavioral therapy . Cognitive reprocessing is the process of taking the facts and forming a logical conclusion from them that is less influenced by shame or guilt. Victim blaming is holding the victims of a crime , an accident , or any type of abusive maltreatment to be entirely or partially responsible for the incident that has occurred. The fundamental attribution error concept explains how people tend to blame negative behavior more on

688-412: Is a form of domestic violence . When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape , depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault. Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent. It includes direct sexual contact ,

731-544: Is a risk factor for attempting suicide. Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men. Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine cues. Sexual abuse by

774-458: Is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults . The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser . Live streaming sexual abuse involves trafficking and coerced sexual acts , and/or rape , in real time on webcam . Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child. The perpetrator is called (often pejoratively ) a molester . The term also covers behavior by an adult or older adolescent towards

817-459: Is associated with feelings of guilt within the victim. While the belief that one had control during the abuse (past control) is associated with greater psychological distress, the belief that one has more control during the recovery process (present control) is associated with less distress, less withdrawal, and more cognitive reprocessing. Counseling responses found helpful in reducing self-blame include: A helpful type of therapy for self-blame

860-441: Is suspected some care homes may deliberately overlook these offenses. People in poverty , including those from developing countries , are vulnerable to forced prostitution , live streaming sexual abuse , and other forms of molestation. Victims who come from families in poverty often have less connections, power, protection, and education about sex crimes . Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007,

903-677: The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints , Orthodox Judaism , other branches of Judaism , various buddhist schools such as Zen and Tibetan , Yoga classes , and various cults . In October 2020, a powerful member of the United Arab Emirates ' royal family, Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan , was accused of exploiting his authority by a British citizen, Caitlin McNamara, who

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946-430: The temporoparietal junction (TPJ). The amygdala has been found to contribute when we blame others, but not when we respond to their positive actions. Humans—consciously and unconsciously—constantly make judgments about other people. The psychological criteria for judging others may be partly ingrained, negative, and rigid, indicating some degree of grandiosity . Blaming provides a way of devaluing others, with

989-413: The 1970s and originally delivered to children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long. In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed. The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim, including victims of non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the strength of an individual to heal, in particular

1032-595: The Act "constitutes a 5-year redirection of foreign aid funds in order to insert politically-correct feminism into the structure of other nations" and "revictimizes every male victim by denying his existence." Many organizations support the I-VAWA Act, some of which are: Sexual abuse Sexual abuse or sex abuse is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using physical force, or by taking advantage of another. Sexual abuse

1075-622: The Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has specifically objected, for example, to SeaWorld 's breeding of orcas ( Orcinus orca ). Captive breeding of animals led to the idea of capturing and enslaving women for involuntary breeding according to Charles Patterson . In the emergency department , contraceptive medications are offered to women raped by men because about 5% of such rapes result in pregnancy. Preventative medication against sexually transmitted infections are given to victims of all types of sexual abuse (especially for

1118-687: The adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography. Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame , depression , anxiety , post-traumatic stress disorder , self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction , chronic pelvic pain , addiction, self-injury , suicidal ideation , borderline personality disorder , and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood. Child sexual abuse

1161-435: The behaviors of blame avoidance, both at the individual and institutional levels, as is observed in various domains such as politics and healthcare. Indeed, institutions tend to be risk-averse and blame-averse, and where the management of societal risks (the threats to society) and institutional risks (threats to the organizations managing the societal risks) are not aligned, there may be organizational pressures to prioritize

1204-424: The bottom feeling powerless and lacking emotional safety . Employees have expressed that organizational blame culture made them fear prosecution for errors and/or accidents and thus unemployment, which may make them more reluctant to report accidents, since trust is crucial to encourage accident reporting. This makes it less likely that weak and/or long-term indicators of safety threats get picked up, thus preventing

1247-441: The child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls. Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have

1290-440: The concept of blame as one of the reactive attitudes, a term coined by P. F. Strawson , which includes attitudes like blame, praise, gratitude, resentment, and forgiveness . In contrast to physical or intellectual concepts, reactive attitudes are formed from the point of view of an active participant regarding objects. This is to be distinguished from the objective standpoint. Blaming appears to relate to include brain activity in

1333-465: The development of psychotic symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also be involved in sexual abuse treatment. In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during

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1376-404: The form of demonization to influence public perceptions of various other governments, as well as to induce feelings of nationalism in the public. Blame can objectify people, groups, and nations, typically negatively influencing the intended subjects of propaganda, compromising their objectivity. Blame is utilized as a social-control technique. The flow of blame in an organization may be

1419-418: The institutional type. For markets, blame is used in power struggles between potential leaders. In bureaucracies , blame tends to flow downwards and is attributed to a failure to follow rules. In a clan , blame is asserted on outsiders or involves allegations of treachery , to suppress dissidence and strengthen the group's ties. In the 4th type, isolation, the individuals are facing the competitive pressures of

1462-452: The management of institutional risks at the expense of societal risks. Furthermore, "blame-avoidance behaviour at the expense of delivering core business is a well-documented organizational rationality". The willingness of maintaining one's reputation may be a key factor explaining the relationship between accountability and blame avoidance. This may produce a "risk colonization", where institutional risks are transferred to societal risks, as

1505-472: The marketplace alone; in other words, there is a condition of fragmentation with a loss of social cohesion , potentially leading to feelings of powerlessness and fatalism , and this type was renamed by various other authors into "donkey jobs". It is suggested that the progressive changes in managerial practices in healthcare is leading to an increase in donkey jobs. The requirement of accountability and transparency, assumed to be key for good governance, worsen

1548-500: The most common diseases like chlamydia , gonorrhea , trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis ) and a blood serum is collected to test for STIs (such as HIV , hepatitis B and syphilis ). Any survivor with abrasions are immunized for tetanus if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with acute anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of PTSD , depression and panic attacks. Sexual abuse has been linked to

1591-451: The opposite of praise . When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, it may be said that their action is praiseworthy . There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sense. Philosophers discuss

1634-423: The organization from taking adequate measures to prevent minor problems from escalating into uncontrollable situations. Several issues identified in organizations with a blame culture contradict the best practices adopted by high reliability organizations . Organisational chaos, such as confused roles and responsibilities, is strongly associated with blame culture and workplace bullying . Blame culture promotes

1677-404: The result that the blamer feels superior, seeing others as less worthwhile and/or making the blamer "perfect". Off-loading blame means putting the other person down by emphasizing their flaws. Victims of manipulation and abuse frequently feel responsible for causing negative feelings in the manipulator/abuser towards them and the resultant anxiety in themselves. This self-blame often becomes

1720-440: The victims traits than the situation at the time of the event. In sociology, individual blame is the tendency of a group or society to hold the individual responsible for their situation, whereas system blame is the tendency to focus on social factors that contribute to one's fate. Blaming others can lead to a " kick the dog " effect where individuals in a hierarchy blame their immediate subordinate, and this propagates down

1763-435: Was brought before the 114th Congress , sponsored by Representative Janice Schakowsky , Illinois's 9th congressional district . The Senate Bill (S.713), was introduced by Senator Barbara Boxer of California . I-VAWA has been criticized on the grounds that it would discriminate against male victims and impose Western values upon other societies. According to Wendy McElroy , a research fellow at The Independent Institute ,

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1806-400: Was introduced to ensure that addressing violence against women is included in the nation's foreign policy, with best practices for preventing violence, protecting victims and prosecuting offenders. The legislation was the result of efforts by: Experts in related fields from 40 international and 150 U.S. groups provided input for the legislation. The House of Representatives Bill (HR. 1340)

1849-468: Was working on Abu Dhabi Hay Festival . On February 14 that year, the UAE's Minister of Tolerance called McNamara for a dinner at his villa on private island and sexually abused the woman, who was organizing the literary festival for the country. Due to social media censorship algorithms, people wishing to discuss sex and particular sexual assault have adopted the ' algospeak ' code word 'mascara' to refer to

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