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75-605: The novel is considered among the foremost examples of social realism in Icelandic fiction in the 1930s. It is an indictment of materialism , the cost of the self-reliant spirit to relationships, and capitalism itself. This book, along with several other major novels, helped Laxness win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1955. Independent People is the story of the sheep farmer Guðbjartur Jónsson, generally known in

150-942: A Girl and a Bike (1949). Box remained determined on making social realism films, even after Gainsborough closed in 1951, when he said in 1952 "No film has yet been made of the Tolpuddle Martyrs , the Suffragette Movement , the National Health Service as it is today, or the scandals of the patent medicines, oil control in the World, or armaments manufactured for profit." However, he would not go on to make these types of stories into films, instead focusing on issues related to abortion, teenage prostitution, bigamy , child neglect , shoplifting , and drug trafficking in films such as Street Corner (1953), Too Young to Love (1959), and Subway in

225-471: A crofter's dwelling thereon. A crofter is one who has tenure and use of the land, typically as a tenant farmer , especially in rural areas. (In Northern England, Crofter was a term connected with the textiles industry; someone who bleached cloth prior to dyeing, laying it out in fields or 'crofts' ) The word croft is West Germanic in etymology, derived from the Dutch term kroft or krocht and

300-411: A daily basis. The imaginations of the characters are inhabited by elves, ghosts and demons. Bjartur is also a talented poet, a living embodiment of the great oral tradition of the sagas. "The author's ironical appraisal is already expressed in the title of the novel, and also in the titles of some of the chapters ... : "Free of Debt", "Years of Prosperity"." The popular Icelandic poet Hulda wrote

375-481: A form of descriptive or critical realism. The term is sometimes more narrowly used for an art movement that flourished in the interwar period as a reaction to the hardships and problems suffered by common people after the Great Crash . In order to make their art more accessible to a wider audience, artists turned to realist portrayals of anonymous workers as well as celebrities as heroic symbols of strength in

450-511: A pact with Kólumkilli. The novel charts the drudgery and the battle for survival of life in Summerhouses, the misery, dreams and rebellions of the inhabitants, and what appears to be the curse of Summerhouses taking effect. Bjartur is newly married to a young woman called Rósa, a fellow worker at Rauðsmýri, and is determined that they should live as independent people. However, Rósa is miserable in her new home, which does not compare well to

525-526: A society dominated by working-class values had to absorb all the lessons of bourgeois art before it could move forward at all. The taking of power by Joseph Stalin's faction had its corollary in the establishment of an official art: on 23 April 1932, headed by Stalin, an organization formed by the central committee of the Communist Party developed the Union of Soviet Writers . This organization endorsed

600-401: A stirring appeal to a mass audience." Social realism in cinema was reflecting Britain's transforming wartime society. Women were working alongside men in the military and its munitions factories, challenging pre-assigned gender roles. Rationing, air raids and unprecedented state intervention in the life of the individual encouraged a more social philosophy and worldview. Social realist films of

675-581: A type that has been subject to special legislation applying to the Scottish Highlands since 1886. The legislation was largely a response to the complaints and demands of tenant families who were victims of the Highland Clearances . The modern crofters or tenants appear very little in evidence before the beginning of the 18th century. They were tenants at will underneath the tacksman and wadsetters , but practically their tenure

750-450: Is also different from realism as it not only presents conditions of the poor, but does so by conveying the tensions between two opposing forces, such as between farmers and their feudal lord. However, sometimes the terms social realism and socialist realism are used interchangeably. Social realism, as an art movement that became prominent in the US between the two world wars, as a reaction to

825-430: Is curled around the baby girl, still clinging to life due to the warmth of the dog. With help from Rauðsmýri, the child survives; Bjartur decides to raise her as his daughter, and names her Ásta Sóllilja ("beloved sun lily"). The narrative begins again almost thirteen years later. Bjartur is now remarried to a woman who had been a charity case in the parish, Finna. The other new inhabitants are Hallbera, Finna's mother, and

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900-533: Is found later in the book by Bjartur. Bjartur travels to Vik to work as hired labor but sends the Teacher to the croft to give the children an education. The Teacher is sick with consumption and seems also to be addicted to a stimulant drug. One night he rapes Ásta, who becomes pregnant as a consequence, and is banished from Summerhouses by Bjartur for this reason. Bjartur allows Nonni to leave for America. Some years after Nonni sends Gvendur money to come as well. On

975-749: Is now considered one of the most famous documentary photography projects ever. The Public Works of Art Project was a program to employ artists during the Great Depression . It was the first such program, running from December 1933 to June 1934. It was headed by Edward Bruce , under the United States Treasury Department and funded by the Civil Works Administration . Created in 1935, the Works Progress Administration

1050-630: The Philadelphia Record in April 1915. In paintings, illustrations, etchings, and lithographs, Ashcan artists concentrated on portraying New York 's vitality, with a keen eye on current events and the era's social and political rhetoric. H. Barbara Weinberg of The Metropolitan Museum of Art has described the artists as documenting "an unsettling, transitional time that was marked by confidence and doubt, excitement and trepidation. Ignoring or registering only gently harsh new realities such as

1125-685: The Ashcan School including Edward Hopper , and Thomas Hart Benton , Will Barnet , Ben Shahn , Jacob Lawrence , Paul Meltsner , Romare Bearden , Rafael Soyer , Isaac Soyer , Moses Soyer , Reginald Marsh , John Steuart Curry , Arnold Blanch , Aaron Douglas , Grant Wood , Horace Pippin , Walt Kuhn , Isabel Bishop , Paul Cadmus , Doris Lee , Philip Evergood , Mitchell Siporin , Robert Gwathmey , Adolf Dehn , Harry Sternberg , Gregorio Prestopino , Louis Lozowick , William Gropper , Philip Guston , Jack Levine , Ralph Ward Stackpole , John Augustus Walker and others. It also extends to

1200-506: The Farm Security Administration (FSA) project, from 1935 to 1943. After World War I , the booming U.S. farm economy collapsed from overproduction , falling prices, unfavorable weather, and increased mechanization . Many farm laborers were out of work and many small farming operations were forced into debt. Debt-ridden farms were foreclosed by the thousands, and sharecroppers and tenant farmers were turned from

1275-577: The Old English croft , meaning an enclosed field. Today, the term is used most frequently in Scotland , most crofts being in the Highlands and Islands area. Elsewhere the expression is generally archaic . In Scottish Gaelic , it is rendered croit ( pronounced [kʰɾɔʰtʲ] , plural croitean [ˈkʰɾɔʰtʲən] ). The Scottish croft is a small agricultural landholding of

1350-641: The Palme d'Or at the first Cannes Film Festival , and Bimal Roy 's Two Acres of Land (1953), which won the International Prize at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival . The success of these films gave rise to the Indian New Wave , with early Bengali art films such as Ritwik Ghatak 's Nagarik (1952) and Satyajit Ray 's The Apu Trilogy (1955–59). Realism in Indian cinema dates back to

1425-623: The Socialist Realism used in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , but the two are not identical – Social Realism is not an official art, and allows space for subjectivity . In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism. With the onset of abstract expressionism in the 1940s, social realism had gone out of fashion. Several WPA artists found work with

1500-736: The United States Office of War Information during WWII, making posters and other visual materials for the war effort. After the war, although lacking attention in the art market, many social realist artists continued their careers into the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and into the 2000s; throughout which, artists such as Jacob Lawrence , Ben Shahn , Bernarda Bryson Shahn , Raphael Soyer , Robert Gwathmey , Antonio Frasconi , Philip Evergood , Sidney Goodman, and Aaron Berkman continued to work with social realist modalities and themes. Whether in and out of fashion, social realism and socially conscious art-making continues today within

1575-543: The contemporary art world, including artists Sue Coe , Mike Alewitz, Kara Walker , Celeste Dupuy Spencer , Allan Sekula , Fred Lonidier, and others. Muralists active in Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 created largely propagandizing murals which emphasized a revolutionary spirit and a pride in the traditions of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, and included Diego Rivera 's History of Mexico from

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1650-417: The 1920s and 1930s was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of a Marxist nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. Diego Rivera , David Alfaro Siqueiros , José Clemente Orozco , and Rufino Tamayo are

1725-418: The 1920s and 1930s, with early examples including V. Shantaram 's films Indian Shylock (1925) and The Unaccpected (1937). Sources: The following incomplete list of artists have been associated with social realism: Crofter A croft is a traditional Scottish term for a fenced or enclosed area of land, usually small and arable , and usually, but not always, with

1800-483: The 1940s, referring to the British industry's rivalry with Hollywood in terms of "realism and tinsel". Balcon, the head of Ealing Studios , became a key figure in the emergence of a national cinema characterized by stoicism and verisimilitude. Critic Richard Armstrong said: "Combining the objective temper and aesthetics of the documentary movement with the stars and resources of studio filmmaking, 1940s British cinema made

1875-568: The 1960s but is still influential in thinking and the art of today. In the more limited meaning of the term, Social Realism with roots in European Realism became an important art movement during the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement it is closely related to American scene painting and to Regionalism . American Social Realism includes the works of such artists as those from

1950-573: The 20th century. With the communist revolution came also a cultural revolution. It also gave Stalin and his Communist Party greater control over Soviet culture and restricted people from expressing alternative geopolitical ideologies that differed to those represented in socialist realism. The decline of social realism came with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Social realism in cinema found its roots in Italian neorealism , especially

2025-932: The American James Abbott McNeill Whistler , as well as English artists Hubert von Herkomer and Luke Fildes had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the "real" world. Artists in Western Europe also embraced social realism in the early 20th century, including Italian painter and illustrator Bruno Caruso , German artists Käthe Kollwitz , George Grosz , Otto Dix , and Max Beckmann ; Swedish artist Torsten Billman ; Dutch artists Charley Toorop and Pyke Koch ; French artists Maurice de Vlaminck , Roger de La Fresnaye , Jean Fautrier , and Francis Gruber and Belgian artists Eugène Laermans and Constant Permeke . The political polarization of

2100-468: The British middle-class generally responded to realism and restraint in cinema, while the working-class generally favored Hollywood genre movies. Thus realism carried connotations of education and high seriousness. These social and aesthetic distinctions would soon become running themes as social realism is now associated with the arthouse auteur, while mainstream Hollywood films are shown at the multiplex. Producer Michael Balcon revived this distinction in

2175-695: The Conquest to the Future , José Clemente Orozco 's Catharsis , and David Alfaro Siqueiros 's The Strike . These murals also encouraged social realism in other Latin American countries, from Ecuador ( Oswaldo Guayasamín 's The Strike ) to Brazil ( Cândido Portinari 's Coffee ). In Belgium, early representatives of social realism are found in the work of 19th century artists such as Constantin Meunier and Charles de Groux . In Britain, artists such as

2250-551: The Sky (1959). A British New Wave movement emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. British auteurs like Karel Reisz , Tony Richardson , and John Schlesinger brought wide shots and plain speaking to stories of ordinary Britons negotiating postwar social structures. Relaxation of censorship enabled film makers to portray issues such as prostitution, abortion, homosexuality, and alienation. Characters included factory workers, office underlings, dissatisfied wives, pregnant girlfriends, runaways,

2325-504: The WPA are associated with social realism. Social realism became an important art movement during the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement encouraged by New Deal art , social realism is closely related to American scene painting and to Regionalism . In Mexico, the painter Frida Kahlo is associated with the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement that took place primarily in

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2400-399: The art of photography as exemplified by the works of Walker Evans , Dorothea Lange , Margaret Bourke-White , Lewis Hine , Edward Steichen , Gordon Parks , Arthur Rothstein , Marion Post Wolcott , Doris Ulmann , Berenice Abbott , Aaron Siskind , and Russell Lee among several others. In Mexico, the painter Frida Kahlo is associated with the social realism movement. Also in Mexico

2475-409: The best known proponents of the movement. Santiago Martínez Delgado , Jorge González Camarena , Roberto Montenegro , Federico Cantú Garza , and Jean Charlot , as well as several other artists participated in the movement. Many artists who subscribed to social realism were painters with socialist (but not necessarily Marxist ) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with

2550-408: The best known proponents of the movement. Santiago Martínez Delgado , Jorge González Camarena , Roberto Montenegro , Federico Cantú Garza , and Jean Charlot , as well as several other artists participated in the movement. Many artists who subscribed to social realism were painters with socialist (but not necessarily Marxist ) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with

2625-484: The day of his departure Gvendur chases a village girl, and misses his ship to America. He becomes infatuated and decides to buy a horse with his money. When he meets the girl again, she is not impressed, and Gvendur ends up staying and working with Bjartur at Summerhouses. In the middle of the novel, World War I commences and the prices for Icelandic mutton and wool soar, so that even the poorest farmers begin to dream of relief from their poverty. Since Bjartur profits from

2700-412: The development of socialist realism , which was to dominate Soviet culture and artistic expression for over 60 years. Socialist realism, representing socialist ideologies , was an art movement that represented social and political contemporary life in the 1930s, from a left-wing standpoint. It depicted subjects of social concern; the proletariat struggle – hardships of everyday life that

2775-436: The devil, Rósa kills and eats the animal. When Bjartur returns, he assumes that Rósa has set the animal loose. When he cannot find her when it comes time to put the sheep inside for the winter, he once more leaves his wife, by now heavily pregnant, to search the mountains for the gimmer. He is delayed by a blizzard, and nearly dies of exposure. On his return to Summerhouses he finds that Rósa has died in childbirth. His dog Titla

2850-587: The documentary traditions of the late 19th century, such as the work of Jacob A. Riis , and Maksim Dmitriyev. In about 1900, a group of Realist artists led by Robert Henri challenged the American Impressionism and academics, in what would become known as the Ashcan school . The term was suggested by a drawing by George Bellows , captioned Disappointments of the Ash Can , which appeared in

2925-437: The dual bill: it is a mythic tale -- cum Marx." Social realism Social realism is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of the working class as a means to critique the power structures behind these conditions. While the movement's characteristics vary from nation to nation, it almost always uses

3000-422: The era include Target for Tonight (1941), In Which We Serve (1942), Millions Like Us (1943), and This Happy Breed (1944). Historian Roger Manvell wrote, "As the cinemas [closed initially because of the fear of air raids] reopened, the public flooded in, searching for relief from hard work, companionship, release from tension, emotional indulgence and, where they could find them, some reaffirmation of

3075-619: The exaggerated ego encouraged by Romanticism. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution became apparent; urban centers grew, slums proliferated on a new scale contrasting with the display of wealth of the upper classes. With a new sense of social consciousness, the Social Realists pledged to "fight the beautiful art", any style which appealed to the eye or emotions. They focused on the ugly realities of contemporary life and sympathized with working-class people, particularly

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3150-527: The exploitation of crofters like Bjartur by Danish merchants and rich Icelanders like Jón the Bailiff. Independent People also reveals Laxness's anti-war leanings in a chapter that depicts Icelandic farmers sitting around talking about the economic benefits of the Great War . The ancient Icelandic sagas and Icelandic folklore are still alive in the stories and fables that the characters live with on

3225-439: The face of adversity. The goal of the artists in doing so was political as they wished to expose the deteriorating conditions of the poor and working classes and hold the existing governmental and social systems accountable. Social realism should not be confused with socialist realism , the official Soviet art form that was institutionalized by Joseph Stalin in 1934 and was later adopted by allied Communist parties worldwide. It

3300-665: The films of Roberto Rossellini , Vittorio De Sica , Luchino Visconti and to some extent Federico Fellini . Early British cinema used the common social interaction found in the literary works of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy . One of the first British films to emphasize realism's value as a social protest was James Williamson's A Reservist Before the War, and After the War in 1902. The film memorialized Boer War serviceman coming back home to unemployment. Repressive censorship during 1945–54 prevented British films from displaying more radical social positions. After World War I ,

3375-526: The first Crofting Commission , but its responsibilities were quite different from those of the newer Crofters Commission created in 1955. The Commission is based in Inverness . Crofts held subject to the provisions of the Crofters' Acts are in the administrative counties of Shetland , Orkney, Caithness , Sutherland, Ross-shire , Inverness-shire and Argyll , in the north and west of Scotland. Under

3450-417: The gift and pays them back. The family faces a harsh winter that kills several sheep. Bjartur refuses to ask for help and borrow hay from other farmers or from Rauðsmýri. Bjartur kills the feeble family cow and Finna dies shortly thereafter. Afterwards a mysterious ghost starts killing sheep. The countrymen gather at the croft to pray. It is later found out that it was Helgi, who then flees his house. His body

3525-516: The goals of many realists as Gustave Courbet . The French Realist movement had equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. In particular, the Peredvizhniki or Wanderers group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as Ilya Repin and had a great influence on Russian art. From that important trend came

3600-667: The increasing hardship for ordinary people, was influenced by the social realist tradition in France which had existed for decades. Social realism traces back to 19th-century European Realism , including the art of Honoré Daumier , Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet . Britain's Industrial Revolution aroused concern for the poor, and in the 1870s the work of artists such as Luke Fildes , Hubert von Herkomer , Frank Holl , and William Small were widely reproduced in The Graphic . In Russia, Peredvizhniki or "Social Realism"

3675-426: The introduction of photography  – a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce things that look "objectively real". Realism was heavily against romanticism , a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the mid-19th century. Undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of external reality and revolted against exaggerated emotionalism . Truth and accuracy became

3750-507: The land. When Franklin D. Roosevelt entered office in 1932, almost two million farm families lived in poverty, and millions of acres of farm land had been ruined from soil erosion and poor farming practices. The FSA was a New Deal agency designed to combat rural poverty during this period. The agency hired photographers to provide visual evidence that there was a need, and that FSA programs were meeting that need. Ultimately this mission accounted for over 80,000 black and white images, and

3825-404: The luxury she was used to at Rauðsmýri. Bjartur also discovers that she is pregnant by Ingólfur Arnarson Jónsson, the son of the bailiff. In the autumn, Bjartur and the other men of the district ride up into the mountains on the annual sheep round-up, leaving Rósa behind with a ewe to keep her company. Terrified by a storm one night, desperate for meat, and convinced that the gimmer is possessed by

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3900-440: The marginalized, the poor, and the depressed. The New Wave protagonist was usually a working-class male without bearings in a society in which traditional industries and the cultures that went with them were in decline. Mike Leigh and Ken Loach also make contemporary social realist films. Social realism was also adopted by Hindi films of the 1940s and 1950s, including Chetan Anand 's Neecha Nagar (1946), which won

3975-533: The mid-19th century. Social realism in the 20th century refers to the works of the French artist Gustave Courbet and in particular to the implications of his 19th-century paintings A Burial At Ornans and The Stone Breakers , which scandalized French Salon –goers of 1850, and is seen as an international phenomenon also traced back to European realism and the works of Honoré Daumier and Jean-François Millet . The social realist style fell out of fashion in

4050-494: The newly designated ideology of social realism. By 1934, all other independent art groups were abolished, making it nearly impossible for someone not involved in the Union of Soviet Writers to get work published. Any literary piece or painting that did not endorse the ideology of social realism was censored or banned. This new art movement, introduced under Joseph Stalin, was one of the most practical and durable artistic approaches of

4125-465: The novel as Bjartur of Summerhouses, and his struggle for independence. As the story begins, Bjartur ("bright" or "fair") has recently managed to put down the first payment on his own farm, after eighteen years working as a shepherd at Útirauðsmýri, the home of the well-to-do local bailiff, a man he detests. The land that he buys is said to be cursed by Saint Columba , referred to as "the fiend Kolumkilli", and haunted by an evil woman named Gunnvör, who made

4200-455: The novel is independence, what it means and what it is worth giving up in order to achieve it. Bjartur is a stubborn man, often callous to the point of cruelty in his refusal to swerve from his ideals. Though undoubtedly a principled man, his attitude leads to the death and alienation of those around him. There are strong economic themes, a discussion of the co-operative movement in Iceland and

4275-402: The people and should stand on the side of the proletariat. "Art should be based on their feelings, thoughts, and demands, and should grow along with them", said Lenin. He also believed that literature must be part of the proletariat's common cause. After the revolution of 1917, leaders of the newly formed communist party were encouraging experimentation of different art types. Lenin believed that

4350-483: The period resulted in social realism's distinction from socialist realism becoming less obvious in public opinion, and by the mid-20th century abstract art had replaced it as the dominant movement in both Western Europe and the United States. Realism , a style of painting that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see, was a very popular art form in France around the mid- to late-19th century. It came about with

4425-575: The poor. They recorded what they saw ("as it existed") in a dispassionate manner. The public was outraged by Social Realism, in part, because they didn't know how to look at it or what to do with it. Social realism in the United States was inspired by the muralists active in Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Social realist photography reached a culmination in the work of Dorothea Lange , Walker Evans , Ben Shahn , and others for

4500-536: The problems of immigration and urban poverty, they shone a positive light on their era." Notable Ashcan works include George Luks ' Breaker Boy and John Sloan 's Sixth Avenue Elevated at Third Street . The Ashcan school influenced the art of the Depression era , including Thomas Hart Benton 's mural City Activity with Subway . The term dates on a broader scale to the Realist movement in French art during

4575-406: The socialist realism used in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc , but the two are not identical – social realism is not an official art, and allows space for subjectivity . In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism. Social realism has been summarized as follows: Social Realism developed as a reaction against idealism and

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4650-584: The struggle to produce a successful socialist nation. The Unions Newspaper, the Literaturnaya Gazeta , described social realism as "the representation of the proletarian revolution". During Joseph Stalin's reign, it was considered most important to use socialist realism as a form of propaganda in posters, as it kept people optimistic and encouraged greater productive effort, a necessity in his aim of developing Russia into an industrialized nation. Vladimir Lenin believed that art should belong to

4725-516: The style of art the USSR should endorse would have to be easy to understand (ruling out abstract art such as suprematism and constructivism ) for the masses of illiterate people in Russia. A wide-ranging debate on art took place; the main disagreement was between those who believed in "Proletarian Art" which should have no connections with past art coming out of bourgeois society, and those (most vociferously Leon Trotsky ) who believed that art in

4800-472: The three surviving sons of Bjartur's second marriage: Helgi, Gvendur (Guðmundur) and Nonni (Jón). Most of the pregnancies are stillborn. The family lives in hardship but the arrival of a cow makes everyone in the family but Bjartur happy, especially Finna who develops a strong bond to the animal and takes it on walks. It is later found out that the cow is a gift from the Women's Institute. Bjartur refuses to accept

4875-580: The two-volume novel, Dalafólk (People of the Valleys) as a reaction to Independent People . In contrast to Laxness' bleak view of rural life in Iceland, Hulda presents a somewhat idealized picture of the old manorlike farmsteads. In her review of the 1997 Vintage International reissue of the English translation of the novel, Annie Dillard wrote, "The greatest Scandinavians' work shows opposing strains of lyricism and naturalism... Independent People fits

4950-507: The values of humanity." In the postwar period, films like Passport to Pimlico (1949), The Blue Lamp (1949), and The Titfield Thunderbolt (1952) reiterated gentle patrician values, creating a tension between the camaraderie of the war years and the burgeoning consumer society. Sydney Box 's arrival as head of Gainsborough pictures in 1946 saw a transition from the Gainsborough melodramas , which had been successful during

5025-953: The war years, to social realism. Issues such as short-term sexual relationships, adultery, and illegitimate births flourished during the Second World War and Box, who favoured realism over what he termed as "flamboyance fantasy", brought these and other social issues, such as child adoption , juvenile delinquency , and displaced persons to the fore with films such as When the Bough Breaks (1947), Good-Time Girl (1948), Portrait from Life (1948), The Lost People (1949), and Boys in Brown (1949). Films of new rapidly expanding forms of leisure by working class families in postwar Britain were also represented by Box in Holiday Camp (1947), Easy Money (1948), and A Boy,

5100-402: The war, he takes a loan in order to build a new house. The build quality ends up being poor, and after the war ends he is unable to pay his loan. Summerhouses ends up being sold by the bank and Bjartur leaves Summerhouses to go to Hallbera's land. On the way, he reunites with Ásta Sóllilja who is now a mother of two children, has tuberculosis, and will likely die soon. The most important theme of

5175-427: The working class had to put up with, and heroically emphasized the values of the loyal communist workers. The ideology behind social realism, communicated by depicting the heroism of the working class, was to promote and spark revolutionary actions and to spread the image of optimism and the importance of productiveness. Keeping people optimistic meant creating a sense of patriotism , which would prove very important in

5250-525: Was carried out in 1805 by James Chapman for the Earl of Seaforth. The first edition of the Ordnance Survey in 1850 clearly highlights the division of this land and the turf and stone boundaries built by the first tenants in 1805 are still in use today as croft boundaries. Kirkibost was 'cleared' of its tenants in 1823 and the 1850 mapping clearly shows roofless ruins on each parcel of land. The township

5325-644: Was critical of the social environment that caused the conditions pictured, and denounced the Tsarist period . Ilya Repin said that his art work aimed "to criticize all the monstrosities of our vile society" of the Tsarist period. Similar concerns were addressed in 20th-century Britain by the Artists' International Association , Mass Observation and the Kitchen sink school . Social realist photography draws from

5400-727: Was however re-settled in 1878 following the Bernera Riot four years earlier using exactly the same division boundaries set out in 1805. The Parliament of the United Kingdom created the Crofters' Act 1886 , after the Highland Land League had gained seats in that parliament. The government was then Liberal , with William Ewart Gladstone as Prime minister. Another Crofters' Act was created in 1993 (the Crofters' (Scotland) Act 1993). The earlier Act established

5475-580: Was secure enough. The first evidence that can be found of small tenants holding directly of the proprietor is in a rental of the estates of Sir D. MacDonald in Skye and North Uist in 1715. The first planned crofting townships in the Outer Hebrides were Barragloum and Kirkibost (Great Bernera) which were laid out into 32 large "lots" of between 14 and 30 acres in the uniform rectangular pattern that would become very familiar in later decades. This work

5550-541: Was the Mexican muralist movement that took place primarily in the 1920s and 1930s; and was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of a Marxist nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. Diego Rivera , David Alfaro Siqueiros , José Clemente Orozco , and Rufino Tamayo are

5625-409: Was the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency , employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. In much smaller but more famous projects the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Many of the artists employed under

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