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21-623: Originally in the 1900s French political parties were extraparliamentary organisations focussed entirely on campaigning, separate from the associated parliamentary group . Two 'Radical' parliamentary groups existed, sharing a certain overlap in ideology: the Radical-Socialist group and the Radical Left group. In 1914 the Radical-Socialist Party ordered all candidates elected on its ticket to sit exclusively in

42-519: A list of political parties in France . France has a multi-party political system : one in which the number of competing political parties is sufficiently large as to make it almost inevitable that, in order to participate in the exercise of power, any single party must be prepared to negotiate with one or more others with a view to forming electoral alliances and/or coalition agreements. The dominant French political parties are also characterised by

63-421: A noticeable degree of intra-party factionalism , making each of them effectively a coalition in itself. Up until recently, the government of France had alternated between two rather stable coalitions : This was the case until the 2017 presidential election , when Emmanuel Macron of the centrist La République En Marche! defeated Marine Le Pen of the far-right National Rally in the second round. This

84-576: A party of the Centre[-right]? In any case they have taken refuge there, without fully sharing the mindset, and in any case the pure Radical[-Socialist]s would not forgive their dissidency and welcome them back." It is worth noting, however, that the Radical-Socialists did welcome some of them back, and on the margins of the two parties there was much overlap and back-and-forth. The most noteworthy rogue Radical-Socialist to be reinstated

105-603: The Chamber of Deputies when the latter resigned due to ill-health. In 1921 he was asked to form a government by President Alexandre Millerand to replace that of Georges Leygues , but his negotiations were unsuccessful and Aristide Briand formed the new government. In 1924 he was replaced as President of the Chamber by Painlevé. Péret returned to ministerial office in 1926, as Minister of Finance in Briand's eighth government. He wished to undertake major financial reforms to meet

126-586: The Left Republicans group (caucus of the Democratic Alliance ) grew less clear. In 1936 an attempt was made by the liberal former-premier Pierre-Étienne Flandin to merge the two groups under the label Alliance of Left Republicans and Independent Radicals (ARGRI). It ultimately failed: while some Independent Radicals joined, others refused and continued the old caucus under the name "Independent Radical and Democratic Left" group. While today

147-656: The Radical-Socialist group, creating a clearer boundary between the two parties: the Radical Left group was now the parliamentary party of 'Independent' Radicals who quit the Radical-Socialist Party as well as those who refused to join it, normally out of disagreement with the Radical-Socialists' preference for allying with the Socialist Party . From 1914 to 1940, Radical Republicans in parliament were therefore mostly split into two distinct groups, on

168-833: The banker Albert Oustric . In the Senate , the Independent Radicals sat in the Democratic and Radical Union ( Union démocratique et radicale ) parliamentary group. After the Liberation of France , several deputies, including the mayor of Nice , Jean Médecin , formed an Independent Radical Party (PRI), which was a founding member of the Rally of Left Republicans umbrella party. (first round) List of political parties in France This article contains

189-587: The day. Whenever the more conservative Radical-Socialists quit their caucus, they would either join the Radical Left group directly, or form a small splinter Radical group that eventually merged into the Radical Left. In 1938 an Independent Radical Party was formed from the merger of two groups that had at different points split off from the Radical-Socialist Party in protest at its choice of allies: Henry Franklin-Bouillon 's anti-socialist Social and Unionist Radicals (formed in 1927), and André Grisoni 's anti-communist 'French Radical Party' (formed in 1936). The tendency

210-572: The distinction between conservative Radicals and conservative Liberals appears arcane (these two tendencies had already merged, or would later merge, in most European countries), at the time there was a genuine difference in temperament. In 1930, the Independent Radical Raoul Péret became Minister of Justice in André Tardieu 's cabinet. He was incidentally the cause of his fall because of his personal links with

231-408: The government was centre-left or centre-right there was usually one or more Independent Radical in cabinet. Several of France's most powerful political figures were Independent Radicals, including Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and President Gaston Doumergue . At various moments during the interwar the Radical-Socialist Party was subject to small schisms over its attitude to the government of

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252-552: The growing economic crisis in France, but was unable to find support from his colleagues. His resignation provoked the collapse of Briand's government. In 1927 Péret was elected to the French Senate . In 1930 he returned to government once more as Minister of Justice on André Tardieu 's second government. A financial scandal in late 1930 concerning his actions as Minister of Finance in 1926 under Briand, and his connections with

273-495: The one hand the Radical-Socialist Party and on the other the Independent Radicals some of whom sat unaffiliated but most sitting in the Radical Left group. This largely came down less to ideology and rather their preference in coalition partner: the Socialist Party to their left or the secular conservative-liberals of the centre-right Democratic Alliance . This made the Radical Left a pivotal party, and regardless of whether

294-593: The outbreak of the First World War , Péret was recalled to the French army . He served in administrative posts, but remained active in the Chamber of Deputies. In 1917 he served as Justice Minister in Paul Painlevé 's short-lived first government. On its fall, he returned to the Chamber where he took over the presidency of the important budget committee. In 1920 he replaced Paul Deschanel as President of

315-631: The party has established itself as a major party in France, finishing in first place in the 2014 and 2019 European elections as well as in the 2015 local elections, though the party failed to win government in any regions due to the last-ditch alliance between the centre-left and the centre-right coalitions in Hauts-de-France and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . Marxism Maximilien Robespierre, youth leader Raoul P%C3%A9ret Raoul Adolphe Péret ( French pronunciation: [ʁaul adɔlf peʁɛ] ; 29 November 1870 – 22 July 1942)

336-525: The same scenario repeated, with Emmanuel Macron being again victorious. Both traditional parties ( Socialist Party and The Republicans ) scored less than 5% each, with Jean-Luc Mélenchon 's La France Insoumise emerging as the dominant left-wing party, ranking third in the first round. The National Rally (previously known as the National Front before a name change in 2018) has also experienced significant successes in other elections. Since 2014,

357-465: Was Albert Sarraut , leader of the party's right-wing, who during his expulsion from the party between 1924-5 continued to sit as an independent Radical. Others include the Breton deputy Pierre Michel, who in 1932 initially chose to sit among the Radical Left group before, a year later, moving permanently to sit with the Radical-Socialist group. Over time the boundaries between the Independent Radicals and

378-583: Was a French lawyer and politician. Raoul Péret was born in Châtellerault ( Vienne ), son of a magistrate. He followed his father into the law, becoming an advocate at the Court of Cassation in Paris . In 1893 he served as an aide to Justice Minister Eugène Guérin . He became a Doctor of Laws in 1895 and served as procurator of Auxerre . He was involved in local politics from 1896, and in 1902 he

399-506: Was described by André Siegfried (Tableau des Partis en France) for the case of Franklin-Bouillon's dissidents: "a group largely of former Radical-Socialists who from a sense of National Unity, preferred to side with Poincaré [the liberal centre-right] over the Cartel [Socialist Party], and who ended up turning vaguely into nationalists. Radicalism has always contained this kind of temperament, but has always ended up expelling them. Are they really

420-608: Was elected to the Chamber of Deputies , representing Vienne. He became a leading member of the Chamber's Justice committee, and was reelected in 1907 and 1910. He first served in government in Gaston Doumergue 's first administration (1913–1914) as secretary of state to Interior Minister René Renoult . In the reshuffle following the resignation of Joseph Caillaux , Péret became Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts and Telegraphs from 17 March 1914 to 9 June 1914. On

441-415: Was the first time in which a third party had won the presidency, as well as the first time that neither of the major coalitions had appeared in the second round of a presidential election. This was followed shortly by a significant victory for LREM in the 2017 legislative election , winning a majority of 350 seats. Both the traditional coalitions suffered major defeats. In the 2022 presidential election ,

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