49-609: The India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) is an agency of the Ministry of Earth Sciences of the Government of India . It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations, weather forecasting and seismology . IMD is headquartered in Delhi and operates hundreds of observation stations across India and Antarctica. Regional offices are at Chennai , Mumbai , Kolkata , Nagpur , Guwahati and New Delhi . IMD
98-683: A convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead, is named in his honor. The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength ), which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface. In 1985, atmospheric research revealed that the ozone layer was being depleted by chemicals released by industry, mainly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Concerns that increased UV radiation due to ozone depletion threatened life on Earth, including increased skin cancer in humans and other ecological problems, led to bans on
147-422: A molecule of O 2 and an individual atom of oxygen, a continuing process called the ozone–oxygen cycle . Chemically, this can be described as: About 90 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. Ozone concentrations are greatest between about 20 and 40 kilometres (66,000 and 131,000 ft), where they range from about 2 to 8 parts per million. If all of the ozone were compressed to
196-426: A negative impact on the ozone layer, so they are also being phased out. These in turn are being replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and other compounds that do not destroy stratospheric ozone at all. The residual effects of CFCs accumulating within the atmosphere lead to a concentration gradient between the atmosphere and the ocean. This organohalogen compound is able to dissolve into the ocean's surface waters and
245-407: A resolution in 2006 brought Indian Metrological Department , Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and National centre for medium range weather forecasting and research (NCMRWF) into its administrative control. The resolution also set up an Earth commission just like Atomic energy commission and Space commission. Currently, the ministry is headed by Dr.Jitendra Singh . The Ministry's mandate
294-558: A snake. In 1842, he published his landmark thesis, Laws of the Storms . After a tropical cyclone hit Calcutta in 1864 , and the subsequent famines in 1866 and 1873 due to the failure of the monsoons, it was decided to organise the collection and analysis of meteorological observations under one roof. As a result, the India Meteorology Department was established on 15 January 1875. Henry Francis Blanford
343-433: A whole is about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, although its thickness varies seasonally and geographically. The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson . Measurements of the sun showed that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching
392-499: Is a region of Earth 's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun 's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration of ozone (O 3 ) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as
441-424: Is able to act as a time-dependent tracer . This tracer helps scientists study ocean circulation by tracing biological, physical and chemical pathways. As ozone in the atmosphere prevents most energetic ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, astronomical data in these wavelengths have to be gathered from satellites orbiting above the atmosphere and ozone layer. Most of the light from young hot stars
490-424: Is able to reach the Earth's surface at a higher intensity. Ozone levels have dropped by a worldwide average of about 4 percent since the late 1970s. For approximately 5 percent of the Earth's surface, around the north and south poles, much larger seasonal declines have been seen, and are described as "ozone holes". "Ozone holes" are actually patches in the ozone layer in which the ozone is thinner. The thinnest parts of
539-536: Is also a Meteorological Centre in each state capital. Other IMD units such as Forecasting Offices, Agrometeorological Advisory Service Centers, Hydro-meteorological Office, Flood Meteorological Offices, Area Cyclone Warning Centers and Cyclone Warning Centers are usually co-located with various observatories or meteorological center. IMD operates a network of hundreds of surface and glacial observatories, Upper Air (high altitude) stations, ozone and radiation observatories and meteorological radar stations. Additional data
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#1732772157697588-793: Is also one of the six Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the World Meteorological Organisation . It has the responsibility for forecasting, naming and distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean region, including the Malacca Straits , the Bay of Bengal , the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf . In 1686, Edmond Halley published his treatise on
637-408: Is divided into three categories, based on its wavelength; these are referred to as UV-A (400–315 nm), UV-B (315–280 nm), and UV-C (280–100 nm). UV-C, which is very harmful to all living things, is entirely screened out by a combination of dioxygen (< 200 nm) and ozone (> about 200 nm) by around 35 kilometres (115,000 ft) altitude. UV-B radiation can be harmful to
686-455: Is produced over the tropics and is transported towards the poles by stratospheric wind patterns. In the northern hemisphere these patterns, known as the Brewer–Dobson circulation , make the ozone layer thickest in the spring and thinnest in the fall. When ozone is produced by solar UV radiation in the tropics, it is done so by circulation lifting ozone-poor air out of the troposphere and into
735-687: Is received from India's constellation of satellites, such as Kalpana-1 , Megha-Tropiques and instruments on board the IRS series and the INSAT series of satellites. Data and observations are also reported into the IMD network from meteorological instruments on board Indian merchant navy and Indian Navy ships. IMD was the first organisation in India to deploy a message switching computer for supporting its global data exchange. IMD collaborates with other agencies such as
784-704: Is regional nodal agency for forecasting, naming and disseminating warnings about tropical cyclone in the Indian Ocean north of the Equator . The IMD launched System of Aerosol Monitoring and Research (SAMAR) in January 2016 to study the concentration of Black carbon , radiative properties of aerosols , environmental visibility and their climatological impacts. It would contain a network of 16 aethalometers , 12 sky radiometers and 12 nephelometers . Ministry of Earth Sciences The Ministry of Earth Sciences
833-516: Is significantly less harmful to DNA , although it may still potentially cause physical damage, premature aging of the skin, indirect genetic damage, and skin cancer. The thickness of the ozone layer varies worldwide and is generally thinner near the equator and thicker near the poles. Thickness refers to how much ozone is in a column over a given area and varies from season to season. The reasons for these variations are due to atmospheric circulation patterns and solar intensity. The majority of ozone
882-408: Is to look after Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean Science & Technology and Seismology in an integrated manner. All institutions under ESSO are connected through National Knowledge Network and its Common User Group (CUG). Adithya HPC located at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology is one of the largest computation facility in India. Ozone layer The ozone layer or ozone shield
931-478: Is why many countries have set in place regulations to improve "good" ozone and prevent the increase of "bad" ozone in urban or residential areas. In terms of ozone protection (the preservation of "good" ozone) the European Union has strict guidelines on what products are allowed to be bought, distributed or used in specific areas. With effective regulation, the ozone is expected to heal over time. In 1978,
980-629: The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology , National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting and the National Institute of Ocean Technology . IMD also operates seismic monitoring centres at key locations for earthquake monitoring and measurements. IMD undertakes observations, communications, forecasting and weather services. In collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation ,
1029-516: The British physicist Sydney Chapman in 1930. Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere is created by ultraviolet light striking ordinary oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms (O 2 ), splitting them into individual oxygen atoms ( atomic oxygen ); the atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken O 2 to create ozone, O 3 . The ozone molecule is unstable (although, in the stratosphere, long-lived) and when ultraviolet light hits ozone it splits into
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#17327721576971078-807: The IMD also uses the IRS series and the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) for weather monitoring of the Indian subcontinent . IMD was first weather bureau of a developing country to develop and maintain its own satellite system. IMD is one of the six worldwide Regional Specialised Meteorological Centres of the Tropical Cyclone Programme of the World Weather Watch of the World Meteorological Organization . It
1127-831: The Indian summer monsoon , which he attributed to a seasonal reversal of winds due to the differential heating of the Asian landmass and the Indian Ocean. The first meteorological observatories were established in India by the British East India Company . These included the Calcutta Observatory in 1785, the Madras Observatory in 1796 and the Colaba Observatory in 1826. Several other observatories were established in India during
1176-568: The US. The production phaseout was possible because of efforts to ensure that there would be substitute chemicals and technologies for all ODS uses. On August 2, 2003, scientists announced that the global depletion of the ozone layer might be slowing because of the international regulation of ozone-depleting substances. In a study organized by the American Geophysical Union , three satellites and three ground stations confirmed that
1225-702: The United States, Canada and Norway enacted bans on CFC -containing aerosol sprays that damage the ozone layer but the European Community rejected a similar proposal. In the U.S., chlorofluorocarbons continued to be used in other applications, such as refrigeration and industrial cleaning, until after the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985. After negotiation of an international treaty (the Montreal Protocol ), CFC production
1274-441: The atmosphere for decades. Estimates for 2022 alone were ~17 metric tons (~30 kg of nanoparticles per ~250 kg satellite). Increasing populations of satellite constellations can eventually lead to significant ozone depletion. "Bad" ozone can cause adverse health risks respiratory effects (difficulty breathing) and is proven to be an aggravator of respiratory illnesses such as asthma , COPD and emphysema . That
1323-591: The chemicals, and the latest evidence is that ozone depletion has slowed or stopped. The United Nations General Assembly has designated September 16 as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer . Venus also has a thin ozone layer at an altitude of 100 kilometers above the planet's surface. The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were discovered by
1372-405: The concentrations are greater in high northern latitudes than in high southern latitudes, with spring ozone columns in high northern latitudes occasionally exceeding 600 DU and averaging 450 DU whereas 400 DU constituted a usual maximum in the Antarctic before anthropogenic ozone depletion. This difference occurred naturally because of the weaker polar vortex and stronger Brewer–Dobson circulation in
1421-399: The discussion (ozone shield, ozone hole) proved quite useful and, compared to global climate change, the ozone case was much more seen as a "hot issue" and imminent risk. Lay people were cautious about a depletion of the ozone layer and the risks of skin cancer. Satellites burning up upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere produce aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles that endure in
1470-635: The first half of the 19th century by various provincial governments. The Asiatic Society , founded in Calcutta in 1784 and in Bombay in 1804, promoted the study of meteorology in India. Henry Piddington published almost 40 papers dealing with tropical storms from Calcutta between 1835 and 1855 in The Journal of the Asiatic Society . He also coined the term cyclone , meaning the coil of
1519-490: The general population of the existence and regulation of ozone depletion and contaminants. A scientific paper was written by Sheldon Ungar in which the author explores and studies how information about the depletion of the ozone, climate change and various related topics. The ozone case was communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate risks with everyday relevance". The specific metaphors used in
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1568-417: The ground on Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a black body with a temperature in the range of 5,500–6,000 K (5,230–5,730 °C), except that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum. It was deduced that the missing radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere. Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation
1617-452: The middle of the 21st century. A gradual trend toward "healing" was reported in 2016. Compounds containing C–H bonds (such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons , or HCFCs) have been designed to replace CFCs in certain applications. These replacement compounds are more reactive and less likely to survive long enough in the atmosphere to reach the stratosphere where they could affect the ozone layer. While being less damaging than CFCs, HCFCs can have
1666-469: The northern hemisphere owing to that hemisphere's large mountain ranges and greater contrasts between land and ocean temperatures. The difference between high northern and southern latitudes has increased since the 1970s due to the ozone hole phenomenon. The highest amounts of ozone are found over the Arctic during the spring months of March and April, but the Antarctic has the lowest amounts of ozone during
1715-655: The ozone are at the polar points of Earth's axis . The discovery of the annual depletion of ozone above the Antarctic was first announced by Joe Farman , Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin , in a paper which appeared in Nature on May 16, 1985. Regulation attempts have included but not have been limited to the Clean Air Act implemented by the United States Environmental Protection Agency . The Clean Air Act introduced
1764-415: The pressure of the air at sea level, it would be only 3 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ 8 inch) thick. Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the Sun. Extremely short or vacuum UV (10–100 nm) is screened out by nitrogen. UV radiation capable of penetrating nitrogen
1813-461: The requirement of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) with ozone pollutions being one of six criteria pollutants. This regulation has proven to be effective since counties, cities and tribal regions must abide by these standards and the EPA also provides assistance for each region to regulate contaminants. Effective presentation of information has also proven to be important in order to educate
1862-499: The rise to the stratosphere , where Cl and Br radicals are liberated by the action of ultraviolet light. Each radical is then free to initiate and catalyze a chain reaction capable of breaking down over 100,000 ozone molecules. By 2009, nitrous oxide was the largest ozone-depleting substance (ODS) emitted through human activities. The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, unabsorbed and dangerous ultraviolet radiation
1911-592: The significance of the monsoon rains on Indian agriculture . It plays a vital role in preparing the annual monsoon forecast, as well as in tracking the progress of the monsoon across India every season. The IMD is headed by the Director General of Meteorology , currently Mrutyunjay Mohapatra. IMD has six Regional Meteorological Centre s, each under a Deputy Director General. These are located in Chennai , Guwahati , Kolkata, Mumbai, Nagpur and New Delhi. There
1960-405: The skin and is the main cause of sunburn ; excessive exposure can also cause cataracts, immune system suppression, and genetic damage, resulting in problems such as skin cancer . The ozone layer (which absorbs from about 200 nm to 310 nm with a maximal absorption at about 250 nm) is very effective at screening out UV-B; for radiation with a wavelength of 290 nm, the intensity at
2009-470: The stratosphere where the sun photolyzes oxygen molecules and turns them into ozone. Then, the ozone-rich air is carried to higher latitudes and drops into lower layers of the atmosphere. Research has found that the ozone levels in the United States are highest in the spring months of April and May and lowest in October. While the total amount of ozone increases moving from the tropics to higher latitudes,
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2058-578: The summer months of September and October, The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts , including nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydroxyl (OH), atomic chlorine (Cl), and atomic bromine (Br). While there are natural sources for all of these species , the concentrations of chlorine and bromine increased markedly in recent decades because of the release of large quantities of man-made organohalogen compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and bromofluorocarbons . These highly stable compounds are capable of surviving
2107-476: The top of the atmosphere is 350 million times stronger than at the Earth's surface. Nevertheless, some UV-B, particularly at its longest wavelengths, reaches the surface, and is important for the skin's production of vitamin D in mammals . Ozone is transparent to most UV-A, so most of this longer-wavelength UV radiation reaches the surface, and it constitutes most of the UV reaching the Earth. This type of UV radiation
2156-413: The upper-atmosphere ozone-depletion rate slowed significantly over the previous decade. Some breakdown was expected to continue because of ODSs used by nations which have not banned them, and because of gases already in the stratosphere. Some ODSs, including CFCs, have very long atmospheric lifetimes ranging from 50 to over 100 years. It has been estimated that the ozone layer will recover to 1980 levels near
2205-539: Was appointed the first Meteorological Reporter of the IMD. In May 1889, Sir John Eliot was appointed the first Director General of Observatories in the erstwhile capital, Calcutta. The IMD headquarters were later shifted to Shimla in 1905, then to Pune in 1928 and finally to New Delhi in 1944. IMD became a member of the World Meteorological Organisation after independence on 27 April 1949. The agency has gained in prominence due to
2254-525: Was capped at 1986 levels with commitments to long-term reductions. This allowed for a ten-year phase-in for developing countries (identified in Article 5 of the protocol). Since then, the treaty was amended to ban CFC production after 1995 in developed countries, and later in developing countries. All of the world's 197 countries have signed the treaty. Beginning January 1, 1996, only recycled or stockpiled CFCs were available for use in developed countries like
2303-775: Was formed on 29 January 2006 from a merger of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (IITM), the Earth Risk Evaluation Centre (EREC) and the Ministry of Ocean Development. In 1981; the Government of India created a Department of Ocean development (DoD) as a part of Cabinet Secretariat, which
2352-433: Was kept directly under the charge of Prime Minister of India . In 1982 it became a separate department and it started carrying out its activities in the field of ocean development. In 2006; it was made a separate Ministry called Ministry of Ocean development. In July 2006 itself the Ministry was again reorganised and the new Ministry of Earth Sciences came into being with various institutions under its ambit. The Government via
2401-482: Was matched to only one known chemical, ozone. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson , who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter ) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958, Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day. The " Dobson Unit " (DU),
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