155-603: The Indian Military Academy ( IMA ) is one of the oldest military academies in India, and trains officers for the Indian Army . Located in Dehradun , Uttarakhand , it was established in 1932 following a recommendation by a military committee set up under the chairmanship of General (later Field Marshal ) Sir Philip Chetwode . From a class of 40 male cadets in 1932, IMA now has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650. Cadets undergo
310-667: A Bachelor's degree in that subject just as at other universities. However, in British academies, the graduate does not achieve a university degree, since the whole of the one-year course (undertaken mainly but not exclusively by university graduates) is dedicated to military training. There are two types of military academies: national (government-run) and state/private-run. Argentine Army : Argentine Navy : Argentine Air Force : (offers an education with military values for civilians students of primary and secondary school) Brazilian Army: (prepares students for admission to one of
465-773: A Padma Bhushan recipient and the military advisor to Hari Singh , the erstwhile ruler of the princely state of Kashmir, completed his military training from IMA in 1936. Alumni who have been honoured with the Param Vir Chakra include Major Somnath Sharma (posthumous), Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria (posthumous), Lieutenant Colonel Hoshiar Singh, 2nd Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal (posthumous), Captain Vikram Batra (posthumous), and Captain Manoj Kumar Pandey (posthumous). Lt. Triveni Singh
620-582: A regiment with four battalions of four companies each. The academy's mission, to train future military leaders of the Indian Army, goes hand in hand with the character building enshrined in the IMA honour code, warrior code and motto. Cadets take part in a variety of sports, adventure activities, physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development activities. The academy's alumni include six recipients of India's highest military decoration,
775-639: A "Sword of Honour" to the best GC. Notable recipients of the Sword of Honour include the first Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat (in 1978) and the Olympian and union minister Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (in 1990). Over 61,000 GCs have graduated from IMA. IMA alumni have led and fought in every conflict in which the Indian Army has served. Numerous alumni have earned laurels, died in action and been honoured with gallantry awards. As of 2016, alumni from
930-626: A 1933 batch GC of IMA, also a Japanese POW for three years, was the Western Army Commander during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 . Numerous GOC-in-C have passed out from IMA such as Lt. Gen. Alok Singh Kler , the current GOC-in-C of the South Western Command ( Sapta Shakti Command). The academy has produced Olympians such as Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, a 1990 Sword of Honour recipient, who won
1085-461: A bachelor's degree comparable to those awarded by civil academies or universities. The length term is now 4 years and is divided into five grades of cadets' ranks, starting from the lowest: Sam Manekshaw Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw MC (4 April 1914 – 27 June 2008), also known as Sam Bahadur (" Sam the Brave "), was an Indian Army general officer who
1240-496: A basic knowledge in professional subjects as well as enable cadets to clearly express themselves both verbally and in writing. In the early 1970s the service subjects to academic subjects ratio was 16:9 (64% service to 36% academic); this ratio was enhanced for technical graduates to a ratio of 83% service subjects and 27% academic subjects. Over time this ratio varied as per regular course entry or technical entry, and changed as terms were increased or decreased. Weapon training includes
1395-462: A cabinet meeting towards the end of April, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked Manekshaw if he was prepared to go to war with Pakistan. He replied that most of his armoured and infantry divisions were deployed elsewhere, only twelve of his tanks were combat-ready, and they would be competing for rail carriages with the grain harvest. He also pointed out that the Himalayan passes would soon open up with
1550-531: A cafe. On the opposite side of the drill square is the Khetarpal Auditorium. Opened in 1982, it has a seating capacity of over 1,500. A newer wing of the Chetwode building, added in 1938, houses the central library. It has over 100,000 volumes and subscriptions to hundreds of periodicals from across the world, in addition to multimedia sections. In addition, there are two branch libraries closer to
1705-402: A cheque for ₹ 1.3 crore (equivalent to ₹ 3.9 crore or US$ 470,000 in 2023)—his arrears of pay for over 30 years. Manekshaw was critical of politicians and civilian bureaucrats, and frequently mocked them, asking for example, "whether those of our political masters who have been put in charge of the defence of the country can distinguish a mortar from a motor; a gun from a howitzer;
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#17327719586821860-529: A collection called the Manekshaw Papers as a tribute to the field marshal. Manekshaw has been portrayed in film and fiction. Vicky Kaushal played the role of Manekshaw in the 2023 biopic Sam Bahadur . He is also featured conversing with his Pakistani adversary and former Burma war colleague Tiger Niazi in Salman Rushdie 's novel Midnight's Children , in the chapter entitled "Sam and
2015-904: A doctor and served in the Royal Indian Air Force as a medical officer. In 1948, Jami became the first Indian to be awarded air surgeon's wings from Naval Air Station Pensacola in the United States, after completing a training course there. Jami joined his elder brother, Sam, in becoming a flag officer , and retired as an air vice marshal in the Indian Air Force. Manekshaw completed his primary schooling in Punjab, and then joined Sherwood College , Nainital . In 1931, he passed his senior high school examinations with distinction. He then asked his father to send him to London to study medicine, but his father refused as he
2170-562: A guerrilla from a gorilla – although a great many in the past have resembled the latter.” Manekshaw visited hospitalised soldiers during the Kargil War and was cited by COAS Ved Prakash Malik , the commander during the war, as his icon. Manekshaw married Silloo Bode on 22 April 1939 in Bombay . The couple had two daughters, Sherry and Maya (later Maja), born in 1940 and 1945 respectively. Manekshaw died of complications from pneumonia at
2325-480: A larger school system. Many are privately run institutions, though some are public and are run either by a public school system (such as the Chicago Public Schools ) or by a state. A college-level military academy is an institute of higher learning of things military. It is part of a larger system of military education and training institutions. The primary educational goal at military academies
2480-655: A mule". Impressed by Manekshaw's sense of humour, the surgeon treated him, removing the bullets from his lungs, liver, and kidneys. Most of his intestines were also removed. Having recovered from his wounds, Manekshaw attended the eighth staff course at the Command and Staff College in Quetta between 23 August and 22 December 1943. On completion, he was posted as the brigade major of the Razmak Brigade . He served in that post until 22 October 1944, after which he joined
2635-443: A number of past COASs including General Bipin Rawat, General Vijay Kumar Singh , General Bikram Singh , General Deepak Kapoor and General Sunith Francis Rodrigues . A number of Vice Chief of Army Staff are also alumni of IMA such as Lt. Gen. Philip Campose and Lt. Gen. Sarath Chand . Lt. Gen. Zoravar Chand Bakshi ( PVSM , MVC , VrC , VSM ), an alumnus of IMA, was "India's most decorated General". Lt. Gen. Harbakhsh Singh ,
2790-555: A peace agreement was concluded, as the POWs numbered about four divisions of soldiers and could be deployed for another war. The Pakistani POWs remained in captivity for several years, used as leverage for Pakistan officially recognizing Bangladesh. Manekshaw was India's official representative for the negotiations held on 28 November 1972 to demarcate the Line of Control in Kashmir after
2945-463: A place and sat for the entrance exams in Delhi. On 1 October 1932, he was one of the fifteen cadets to be selected through an open competition, and placed sixth in the order of merit. Manekshaw was part of the first batch of cadets at the IMA. Called "The Pioneers", this batch also included Smith Dun and Muhammad Musa Khan , the future commanders-in-chief of Burma and Pakistan, respectively. Although
3100-531: A silver medal at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games and went on to become the sports minister ; Colonel Balbir Singh Kular scored three goals in hockey during the 1968 Olympics and was captain of the Indian team in the 1971 World Cup; Lt. Col. Haripal Kaushik and Lt. Col. Ali Iqtidar Shah Dara were also hockey players who won gold medals in the Olympics. IMA alumni who have received India's highest award for sports,
3255-447: A stud farm, a small arms shooting range, and épée fencing from the modern pentathlon . The IMA War Memorial commemorates the alumni of the academy who died in action. At the sanctum sanctorum of the memorial is a bronze statue of a gentleman cadet with a sword presenting arms . The memorial was inaugurated by Field Marshal Manekshaw on 17 November 1999, shortly after the conclusion of the Kargil War . IMA officers led and fought in
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#17327719586823410-537: A temporary reduction in the training period to six months and an expansion of the campus. A total of 3,887 officers were commissioned between August 1941 and January 1946, including 710 British officers for the British Army . The academy reverted to its original two and a half year course of training at the end of the war. During the final years before Independence, the academy navigated the role of training officers for both colonial and postcolonial armies. Following
3565-514: A training course varying between 3 and 16 months depending on entry criteria. On completion of the course at IMA cadets are permanently commissioned into the army as Lieutenants . The academy, spread over 1,400 acres (5.7 km), houses the Chetwode Hall, Khetarpal Auditorium, Somnath Stadium, Salaria Aquatic Centre, Hoshiar Singh Gymnasium and other facilities that facilitate the training of cadets. Cadets in IMA are organized into
3720-429: A training establishment where one was trained to be an officer, but a source of continuous inspiration for its alumni. ( Singh 2007 , p. 8) IMA cadets are organized as a regiment with four training battalions , of four companies each. There were sixteen companies in 2013. Battalions are named after generals of the Indian Army (except for Siachen Battalion ), while companies are named after battles in which
3875-717: Is a formation in the Army that delivers combat, and doctrinal training. The CADTC includes several training establishments, such as the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre , Combat Training Centre , Command and Staff College , and the Peace Support Training Centre . The 2 Canadian Air Division is the formation responsible for training in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), and includes establishments like
4030-400: Is action-filled, intense, diverse, and fast. Significant emphasis is placed on self discipline. The official website of the Indian Army describes the training as "a test of one's mettle and capabilities, and in psychological terms a foretaste of what the trainees would face in the battlefield". On passing out GCs are permanently commissioned into the Army as Lieutenants. The IMA is not merely
4185-403: Is an all-boys' institute that is fully accredited by Ontario's Ministry of Education . The school offers elementary and secondary levels of education, providing schooling for students from Grade 6 to Grade 12. National Army of Colombia : Colombian Air Force : Colombian Naval Infantry and Colombian Navy : National Police of Colombia : The standard education in military leadership
4340-447: Is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps . It normally provides education in a military environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. Three types of academy exist: pre-collegiate-level institutions awarding academic qualifications, university-level institutions awarding bachelor's-degree-level qualifications, and those preparing officer cadets for commissioning into
4495-578: Is in the Doon Valley ( Dronacharya Ashram), Uttarakhand . National Highway 72, the Dehradun–Chakrata Road, separates the North and South Campus. The campus of the academy covers an area of 1,400 acres (5.7 km). The Chetwode Hall on the drill square, built in 1930, houses the administrative headquarters of IMA and is also the hub of academic training. It has lecture halls, computer labs and
4650-689: Is partly shot in IMA as well as the Tamil film Vaaranam Aayiram . In 2015 Tanushree Podder penned a novel called On The Double: Drills, Drama, and Dare-Devilry at the Indian Military Academy , a fictional portrayal of a gentleman cadet's life. Making of a Warrior , a documentary by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma, provides an inside look at IMA's culture, traditions and training regime. In year 2023 Indian biopic film Sam Bahadur by Vicky Kaushal also featured IMA, Dehradun . Military academies A military academy or service academy
4805-429: Is the academy's credo, excerpted from the speech of Field Marshal Chetwode at the inauguration of the academy in 1932: The safety, honour and welfare of your country come first, always and every time. The honour, welfare and comfort of the men you command come next. Your own ease, comfort and safety come last, always and every time. The freshman GCs hail from diverse backgrounds from all parts of India. The training
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4960-550: Is the task of the Offizierschulen (officers' schools) run by the three branches. The contents differ from branch to branch. According to the doctrine "leading by task", in the army all prospective platoon leaders are trained down to the level of a commander of a mixed combat battalion. There they also have to pass an officer exam to become commissioned later on. Moreover, there exist so called Waffenschulen (schools of weapons) like infantry school or artillery school. There
5115-474: Is to provide a high quality education that includes significant coursework and training in the fields of military tactics and military strategy . The amount of non-military coursework varies by both the institution and the country, and the amount of practical military experience gained varies as well. Military academies may or may not grant university degrees. In the US, graduates have a major field of study, earning
5270-551: The Arjuna Award , include Major General Mohammed Amin Naik for his achievements in rowing and Brigadier Raj Manchanda for his achievements in squash among others. Lt. Col. Satyendra Verma carried out the first base jump in the country. Major D. P. Singh is India's first blade runner. Many alumni have conquered peaks such as Mount Everest . Some of IMA's International alumni include: In 2019, foreign cadets taking part in
5425-548: The Combined Defence Services Examination followed by SSB exams, and technical entry under university and college schemes. While those who gain entry into IMA go on to become permanently commissioned officers, those who go to the other officer training academies such as Officer Training Academy, Chennai are trained for short service commission. Depending on entry criteria married or unmarried male candidates are allowed to voluntarily apply for
5580-692: The Delhi Cantonment is named for the field marshal. The centre was inaugurated by the President of India on 21 October 2010. The biannual Army Commanders' conference takes place at the centre. The Manekshaw parade ground in Bengaluru is also named after him. The Republic Day celebrations in Karnataka are held at this ground every year. A flyover bridge in Ahmedabad's Shivranjeeni area
5735-694: The George Cross and George Medal respectively. Siri Kanth Korla was awarded both the Distinguished Service Order (as Captain) and the Military Cross (as Major), while Sarbjit Singh Kalha (as Major) was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In total, 73 Military Crosses were awarded to IMA alumni during that war and over 200 alumni were killed in action. Lt. Gen. Kashmir Singh Katoch , MC,
5890-574: The Independence of India in August 1947 and the subsequent partition into Pakistan, a number of British officers who were trainers in the academy left for Britain, while Pakistani cadets left for Pakistan. A total of 110 Pakistani cadets then continued their training at Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul . Brigadier Thakur Mahadeo Singh, DSO, was appointed the first Indian Commandant of the academy . The 189 GCs who graduated on 20 December 1947 were
6045-591: The Indian independence movement , Indian leaders recognised the need for a local military institution to meet the needs of an armed force loyal to sovereign India. The Indianisation of the officer cadre of the army began in 1901, but it was only for the elite, and after training they were not allowed into the regular army. The British Raj was reluctant to commission Indian officers or permit local officer training. In 1905, natives could officer only Indian troops and by rank were not equal to commissioned British officers. Up to
6200-692: The Mukti Bahini , a local militia group of Bengali nationalists. About three brigades of regular Bangladeshi troops were trained, and 75,000 guerrillas were trained and equipped with arms and ammunition. These forces were used to harass the Pakistani Army forces stationed in East Pakistan in the lead-up to the war. The war started officially on 3 December 1971, when Pakistani aircraft bombed Indian Air Force bases in western India. The Army Headquarters under Manekshaw's leadership formulated
6355-614: The Nepalese Army in 1972. In 1977, he was awarded the Order of Tri Shakti Patta First Class, an order of knighthood of the Kingdom of Nepal by King Birendra . Following his service in the Indian Army, Manekshaw served as an independent director on the board and, in a few cases, as the chairman of several companies, like Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation , Britannia Industries and Escorts Limited . In May 2007, Gohar Ayub ,
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6510-604: The Pakistani government failed to meet these demands. In early 1971, opinion shifted towards secession in East Pakistan. In March, the Pakistan Armed Forces launched a fierce campaign to curb the secessionists, whose members included soldiers and police from East Pakistan. Thousands of East Pakistanis died, and nearly ten million refugees fled to West Bengal , an adjacent Indian state. In April, India decided to intervene militarily to create Bangladesh . During
6665-983: The Param Vir Chakra . Other achievements by alumni include 73 Military Crosses , 17 Ashoka Chakras , 84 Maha Vir Chakras and 41 Kirti Chakras . In 2017, Lieutenant Ummer Fayaz Parray was the 847th name to be engraved on the IMA War Memorial, which honours alumni of the academy who have fallen in the course of action. Up to 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day, over 61,000 gentleman cadets had graduated and over 3,000 foreign cadets from over 30 other states, including Afghanistan , Singapore , Zambia , and Malaysia , had attended IMA for pre-commission training. Alumni have gone on to become Chief and Vice-Chief of Army Staff , Olympians and politicians. Foreign alumni have also done well in their countries, going on to becomes chiefs of their respective militaries, prime ministers, presidents and politicians. During
6820-685: The President of India , VV Giri , awarded Manekshaw the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. Manekshaw retired from active service on 15 January 1973 (celebrated as Army Day in India) after a career of nearly four decades. He moved with his family to Coonoor , the civilian town next to Wellington Cantonment , where he had served as commandant of the Defence Services Staff College early on in his career. Popular with Gorkha soldiers, Nepal fêted Manekshaw as an honorary general of
6975-557: The Prince . I will now tell you how I intend to deal with this." The conflict ended in Indian victory following the Chinese withdrawal from the area. Gen. P. P. Kumaramangalam retired as the chief of army staff (COAS) in June 1969. Manekshaw was appointed as the eighth chief of the army staff on 8 June 1969. During his tenure, he was instrumental in stopping a plan to reserve quotas in
7130-564: The Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now known as the Rashtriya Indian Military College or just RIMC ) was set up in Dehradun to prepare young Indians for admission to Sandhurst. The Indianisation of the Army started with the commissioning of 31 Indian officers. Among this first batch of officers to be commissioned was Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw , who became the Chief of Army Staff of
7285-571: The Quarter Master General by Menon. The appointment was made against the recommendation of Thimayya, who resigned as a result. Kaul was made the chief of general staff (CGS), the second highest appointment at Army Headquarters after the COAS. Kaul cultivated a close relationship with Nehru and Menon and became even more powerful than the COAS. This was met with disapproval by senior army officials, including Manekshaw, who argued against
7440-610: The War of 1962 , China decided to capture four critical posts in Sikkim : Nathu La , Jelep La , Sebu La and Cho La . These posts were strategically valuable, as they oversaw the Chicken's Neck , the small strip of land which provides access to Northeast India. Major General Sagat Singh decided not to retreat following the Chinese attack. Manekshaw endorsed this initiative by Singh and remarked: "I am afraid they are enacting Hamlet without
7595-541: The armed services of the state. A naval academy is either a type of military academy (in the broad sense of that term) or is distinguished from one (in the narrow sense). In U.S. usage , the Military, Merchant Marine, Naval, Coast Guard, and the Air Force Academy serve as military academies under the categorization of service academies in that country. The first military academies were established in
7750-410: The chief of defence staff (CDS). However, after several objections from the commanders of the navy and the air force, the appointment was dropped. Because Manekshaw was from the army, there were concerns that the comparatively smaller forces of the navy and air force would be neglected. Moreover, the bureaucrats felt that the appointment might reduce their influence over defence issues. Though Manekshaw
7905-645: The close quarter battle range, the location of miss and hit target system, jungle lane shooting and the team battle shooting range. The curriculum is reviewed from time to time and adapted to whatever the current situation the country is in. Cadets are also put in roles where they need to think like the enemy such as in Exercise Chindit where some GCs are asked to act as terrorists while others have to capture them. They are trained in various forms of warfare, including conventional war, proxy war, low intensity conflict, and counter-insurgency. An integral part of
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#17327719586828060-638: The general officer commanding (GOC) 26th Infantry Division on 20 December 1957, with the acting rank of major general. When he commanded the division, Gen. K. S. Thimayya was the chief of the army staff (COAS), and Krishna Menon the defence minister . During a visit to Manekshaw's division, Menon asked him what he thought of Thimayya. Manekshaw replied that it was improper to evaluate his superior, and told Menon not to ask anybody again. This annoyed Menon, and he told Manekshaw that if he wanted to, he could sack Thimayya, to which Manekshaw replied, "You can get rid of him. But then I will get another." Manekshaw
8215-406: The " Bhagwat Gita ", the punch line of it being "I am a Warrior, fighting is my dharma ;" also talks of compassion. Training is broadly categorised into character building, service subjects and academic subjects. Service subjects give basic military knowledge up to the standard required for an infantry platoon commander. Academic subjects provide the cadet with a general education so as to enable
8370-525: The 18th century to provide future officers for technically specialized corps, such as military engineers and artillery , with scientific training. The Italian Military Academy was inaugurated in Turin on January 1, 1678, as the Savoy Royal Academy, making it the oldest military academy in existence. The Royal Danish Naval Academy was set up in 1701. The Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
8525-645: The 1942 campaign at the Sittang River with 4/12 FF, and was recognised for his bravery in the battle. During the fighting around Pagoda Hill, a key position on the left of the Sittang bridgehead, he led his company in a counter-attack against the invading Imperial Japanese Army . Despite suffering 30% casualties, the company managed to achieve its objective, partly because of the aid received from Captain John Niel Randle 's company. After capturing
8680-627: The 2nd Battalion, Royal Scots , stationed at Lahore. He was later posted to the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment (4/12 FF), stationed in Burma . On 1 May 1938, he was appointed quartermaster of his company. Already fluent in Punjabi , Hindi , Urdu , English and his native language Gujarati , in October 1938 Manekshaw qualified as a Higher Standard army interpreter in Pashto . There
8835-400: The 9th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, part of the 14th Army commanded by General William Slim . On 30 October 1944, he received the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. By the end of the war, he was appointed as a staff officer to the general officer commanding of the 20th Indian Infantry Division , Major General Douglas Gracey . During the Japanese surrender , Manekshaw
8990-412: The Army has participated. Technical graduates, ex-NDA, ex-ACC and university entry cadets undergo training at IMA for one year. Direct entry cadets train for one and a half years. A gentleman cadet gets a stipend of ₹ 56,100 (equivalent to ₹ 66,000 or US$ 790 in 2023) per month for the duration of the course (as per the 7th pay commission ). IMA's mission is to train future military leaders of
9145-417: The Colleges are widely acknowledged to have had a disproportionate impact in the Canadian services and society, thanks to the solid foundations provided by their military education . Military discipline and training, as well as a focus on physical fitness and fluency in both of Canada's two official languages, English and French, provided cadets with ample challenges and a very fulfilling experience. In 1995
9300-611: The Commanding General of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Academy System (a two or three-star officer in billet) in the HQ of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, has divided the academies into the three respective services: Each service academy is headed by a two-star general who serves as superintendent, and his/her deputy is a one-star officer. All the students (cadets/midshipman) are recruited from senior high school graduates from all over Indonesia. Shortly after graduation, they are commissioned as Letnan Dua ( Second Lieutenant / Ensign ) in their respective service branches and receive
9455-462: The Department of National Defence was forced to close RRMC and RMC Saint-Jean due to budget considerations, but RMCC continues to operate. (In the fall of 1995, the campus reopened as a civilian institution, Royal Roads University .) In 2007, the Department of National Defence reopened RMC Saint-Jean as a military academy that offers equivalent schooling as CEGEP , a level of post-secondary education in Quebec's education system . In 2021 RMC Saint-Jean
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#17327719586829610-515: The Gorkhas, due to his reputation for personal bravery, fairness and his avoidance of punishments. He came into conflict with politicians, however, because he stood up to their often unreasonable or unethical demands. They also disliked his popularity as they feared the possibility of a military coup. He dealt with politicians' demands through sarcasm, which however was recognised by figures such as Indira Gandhi. Manekshaw also did not hesitate from advocating for better strategies than those developed by
9765-416: The Indian Army in 1969 and later the first Indian Field Marshal . Despite demands from the Indian officers, the British resisted expansion of the Indian officer cadre. Indian leaders pressed the issue at the first Round Table Conference in 1930. The establishment of an Indian officer training college was one of the few concessions made at the conference. The Indian Military College Committee, set up under
9920-468: The Indian Army. Physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development form the focus of the training. Character building is embedded in the honour code of IMA "I shall not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate those who do so". From the honour code came the adoption of "The Gentleman Cadet's Resolve" and in turn the Credo, Honour Code and Resolve became the academy Trishul for conduct of cadets. The "Warrior Code" of IMA which has been adopted from
10075-406: The Indian Military Academy. Brigadier L.P. Collins was appointed the first Commandant and the first batch of 40 gentleman cadets (GC), as IMA trainees are known, began their training on 1 October 1932. The institute was inaugurated on 10 December 1932 by General Sir Philip Chetwode , 7th Bt. Chetwode was promoted to being a Field Marshal the following year, in February 1933. In 1934, before
10230-460: The Indian National Army, which mostly drew its troops from Indian prisoners of war in Axis camps. Tikka Khan , who would later join the Pakistani Army during the Partition, was Manekshaw's junior at the IMA by five years and also his boxing partner. When Manekshaw was commissioned, it was standard practice for newly commissioned Indian officers to be initially assigned to a British regiment before being sent to an Indian unit. Manekshaw thus joined
10385-443: The Indian prime minister that orders were being issued for the movement of troops from Eastern Command. The following day, the Indian Navy and Air Force also initiated full-scale operations on both the eastern and western fronts. As the war progressed, India captured most of the strategic positions and isolated the Pakistani forces, who started to surrender or withdraw. The UN Security Council assembled on 4 December 1971 to discuss
10540-404: The Indian troops if they surrendered. The last two broadcasts were delivered as replies to messages from the Pakistani commanders Maj. Gen. Rao Farman Ali and Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi to their troops. These broadcasts had a demoralising effect; they convinced the Pakistani troops of the futility of further resistance and led to their decision to surrender. On 11 December, Ali messaged
10695-412: The Military Hospital in Wellington, Tamil Nadu , at 12:30 a.m. on 27 June 2008 at the age of 94. Reportedly, his last words were "I'm okay!" He was buried at the Parsi cemetery in Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Tamil Nadu, with military honours, adjacent to his wife's grave. His funeral lacked governmental representation, which the media argued was a result of the civilian establishment's apathy towards
10850-409: The NDA name along with the Joint Services Wing was transferred to Khadakwasla. The academy in Dehradun was then rechristened as the Military College . Brigadier M.M. Khanna, MVC was the first IMA alumni to be appointed Commandant of IMA at the end of 1956. In 1960, the founding name, Indian Military Academy, was reinstated. On 10 December 1962, on the 30th anniversary of the academy's inauguration,
11005-437: The NEFA region until the end of 1963, in order to avoid provoking a new Chinese offensive. Promoted to substantive lieutenant general on 20 July 1963, Manekshaw was appointed an army commander on 5 December, taking command of Western Command as the GOC-in-C. Defence analyst Ajai Shukla , citing Anit Mukherjee, states that Western Command troops were reported to be moving from Punjab to Delhi after Nehru's death. This movement
11160-708: The POP, a civilian dignitary may also make a speech, as was the case during the passing out parade in 1962 when the President Dr. Sarvepalli. Radhakrishnan addressed the cadets, and in 2007 when the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh did so. In 1982, during the golden jubilee, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi inspected the POP while in 1992, the President R. Venkataraman reviewed the diamond jubilee POP (winter term). In 2006, President APJ Abdul Kalam
11315-533: The Pakistani forces, who had reached the city's outskirts. Manekshaw's assignment as the commander of 3/5 GR (FF) was cancelled, and he was posted to the MO Directorate. As a consequence of the Kashmir dispute and the annexation of Hyderabad (whose events he briefed Sardar Patel on), Manekshaw never commanded a battalion. During his term at the MO Directorate, he was promoted to colonel, then brigadier. He
11470-583: The Queen and British military and civilian officers from the College and his office. The court, presided over by the general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C) of Western Command , Lt. Gen. Daulet Singh , exonerated Manekshaw as no evidence against him was found. Before a formal 'no case to answer' could be announced, the Sino-Indian War broke out; Manekshaw was not able to participate because of
11625-623: The Royal Canadian Air Force Academy, 2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School , and 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School . The RCAF also maintains the Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training . In addition to publicly operated institutions, Canada is also home to one private military boarding school, Robert Land Academy , in West Lincoln, Ontario . Founded in 1978, it
11780-473: The United Nations requesting a ceasefire, but it was not authorised by President Yahya Khan , and the fighting continued. Following several discussions and consultations, and subsequent attacks by the Indian forces, Khan decided to stop the war in order to avoid any additional Pakistani casualties. The actual decision to surrender was taken by Niazi on 15 December and was conveyed to Manekshaw through
11935-586: The United States Consul General in Dhaka via Washington. Manekshaw replied that he would stop the war only if the Pakistani troops surrendered to their Indian counterparts by 9 AM on 16 December. The deadline was extended to 3 PM on the same day at Niazi's request, and the instrument of surrender was formally signed on 16 December 1971 by Lt. Gen. Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi . When the prime minister asked Manekshaw to go to Dhaka and accept
12090-592: The United States, the United States Military Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York was founded on March 16, 1802, and is one of five service academies in the nation. A military school teaches children of various ages (elementary school, middle school or high school) in a military environment which includes training in military aspects, such as drill. Many military schools are also boarding schools, and others are simply magnet schools in
12245-478: The academy include trekking, cycling, and rock climbing. In 1997 a cadet died during a boxing session. In 2007 a cadet died in a grenade blast. In 2009 a cadet died by drowning. Between 2017 and 2019, three cadets died during training. Two cadets died of exhaustion during a 10 km run, while a third died after slipping into a gorge during a night navigation exercise. The academy requires that cadets get insurance against death and disability during training. One of
12400-628: The academy was inaugurated on 10 December 1932, the cadets' military training commenced on 1 October 1932. As an IMA cadet, Manekshaw went on to achieve a number of distinctions: the only one to attain the rank of field marshal. The commandant of the Academy during this period was Brigadier Lionel Peter Collins . Manekshaw was almost suspended from the Academy when he went to Mussoorie for a holiday with Kumar Jit Singh (the Maharaja of Kapurthala ) and Haji Iftikhar Ahmed, and did not return in time for
12555-676: The academy were recipients of 7 Param Vir Chakras, 17 Ashoka Chakras, 84 Maha Vir Chakras and 257 Vir Chakras . Alumni were also recipients of 2 Sarvattam Yudh Seva Medals , 28 Uttam Yudh Seva Medals , 48 Kirti Chakras and 191 Shaurya Chakras . Battle casualties from the academy total 817 alumni. In 1941, during World War II, then 2nd Lieutenant Premindra Singh Bhagat was awarded the Victoria Cross . Captain Mateen Ahmed Ansari and Captain Sartaj Singh were awarded
12710-528: The academy. In 1976, the four battalions of the academy were renamed after Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa , General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya , Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw and Lieutenant General Premindra Singh Bhagat , with two companies each. On 15 December 1976, then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed presented new colours to the academy. In the 1970s, the Army Cadet College (ACC)
12865-488: The armed forces are concerned the concept has not changed and is implemented in practice". ( Maj Gen. A. S. Naravane (Retd) joined IMA on 29 January 1936 ) ( Naravane 2004 , p. 11) Through the first 16 regular courses that passed out of the academy, until May 1941, 524 officers were commissioned. But the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of entrants,
13020-480: The army for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . Though he was a Parsi, a minority in India, Manekshaw felt reservation would compromise the ethos of the army and believed all must be given an equal chance. In his capacity as the COAS, Manekshaw once visited a battalion of the 8 Gorkha Rifles in July 1969. He asked an orderly if he knew the name of his chief. The orderly replied that he did, and on being asked to name
13175-402: The atrocities and cruelties you have committed...Why waste lives? Don't you want to go home and be with your children? Do not lose time; there is no disgrace in laying down your arms to a soldier. We will give you the treatment befitting a soldier[.] Manekshaw addressed the Pakistani troops by radio broadcast on 9, 11 and 15 December, assuring them that they would receive honourable treatment from
13330-522: The cadet barracks across the campus. The IMA museum on the campus displays artifacts of historic importance such as the pistol of Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi of the Pakistan Army , given upon his surrender to Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora after signing the instrument of surrender to end the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971 . A captured Pakistan Army Patton tank is also on
13485-578: The candidates become commissioned Leutnant (second lieutenant). The three officer's schools are: Academic and staff education: The Hellenic Armed Forces have military academies supervised by each branch of the Armed Forces individually: Highest Military Academies (ΑΣΣ) or Higher Military Educational Institutions (ΑΣΕΙ): Higher Military NCO Academies (ΑΣΣΥ): Despite their names ( Greek : Σχολές Υπαξιωματικών , lit. 'Sub-officers' Academies'), their alumni can advance to
13640-597: The chairmanship of General Sir Philip Chetwode , in 1931 recommended the establishment of an Indian Military Academy in Dehradun to produce forty commissioned officers twice a year following two and a half years of training. The Government of India transferred the former property of the Railway Staff College of the Indian Railways , with its 206-acre campus and associated infrastructure, to
13795-401: The chief, he said "Sam Bahadur" (lit. "Sam the Brave"). This eventually became Manekshaw's nickname. During this period, there were suspicions that Manekshaw would lead a coup and impose martial law . Indira Gandhi had asked him if he intended to coup, Manekshaw had denied. Once, an American diplomat, in the presence of Kenneth Keating , the US ambassador to India, had asked Manekshaw when he
13950-426: The civilian establishment, a trait rarely found in the military brass today, according to Admiral Arun Prakash . Vijay Diwas (lit. Victory Day) is celebrated on 16 December every year in honor of the victory achieved under Manekshaw's leadership in 1971. On 16 December 2008, a postage stamp depicting Manekshaw in his field marshal's uniform was released by then President Pratibha Patil . The Manekshaw Centre in
14105-551: The commandant of the Infantry School, he discovered that the training manuals were outdated, and was instrumental in revamping them to be consistent with the tactics employed by the Indian Army. He was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier on 4 February 1957. In 1957, he went to the Imperial Defence College , London, to attend a year long higher command course. On his return, he was appointed
14260-484: The commander of 167 Infantry Brigade in 1952 and served in this position until 1954 when he took over as the director of military training at the Army Headquarters. After completing the higher command course at the Imperial Defence College , he was appointed the general officer commanding of the 26th Infantry Division . He also served as the commandant of the Defence Services Staff College . In 1962, he
14415-792: The couple decided to stay in Amritsar, where Hormizd soon set up a clinic and pharmacy. The couple had four sons (Fali, Jan, Sam and Jami) and two daughters (Cilla and Sheru). Manekshaw was their fifth child and third son. During World War II, Hormizd had served in the British Indian Army as a captain in the Indian Medical Service (now the Army Medical Corps ). Manekshaw's elder brothers Fali and Jan became engineers, while his sisters Cilla and Sheru became teachers. Manekshaw's younger brother Jami became
14570-478: The course. Lady Cadets are not inducted into the Indian Army through IMA, though there has been talk of the same. IMA has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650. A trainee on admission to IMA is referred to as a gentleman cadet (GC). One reason for this is that the academy expects its graduates to uphold the highest moral and ethical values. Inscribed in the oak paneling at the eastern entrance of the Chetwode Hall
14725-420: The court proceedings. The Indian Army was defeated in the war, for which Kaul and Menon were held primarily responsible, both were sacked. In November 1962, Nehru asked Manekshaw to take over the command of IV Corps . Manekshaw told Nehru that the court action against him was a conspiracy, and that his promotion had been due for almost eighteen months; Nehru apologised. Shortly after, on 2 December 1962, Manekshaw
14880-596: The first batch had passed out, Viceroy Lord Willingdon presented the first colours to the academy on behalf of King George V . The first batch of cadets to graduate the academy, graduating in December 1934, now known as the Pioneers , included Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, General Muhammad Musa and General Smith Dun , who became the Army Chiefs of India, Pakistan, and Burma , respectively. General Dun graduated at
15035-523: The first class from IMA to be commissioned into a free India. In late 1947, the Chiefs of Staff of the Indian Armed Forces , following the recommendation of a 1946 committee headed by Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck , decided to initiate an action plan to commission a new Joint Services training academy. In the interim, they decided to conduct Joint Services training at IMA. The academy
15190-606: The following strategy: II Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Tapishwar Narain Raina would enter from the west; IV Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Sagat Singh would enter from the east; XXXIII Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. Mohan L. Thapan would enter from the north; and the 101 Communication Zone Area commanded by Maj. Gen. Gurbax Singh would provide support from the northeast. This strategy was to be executed by Eastern Command under Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora . Manekshaw instructed Lt. Gen. J.F.R. Jacob , chief of staff, Eastern Command, to inform
15345-473: The forthcoming monsoon, which would result in heavy flooding. After the cabinet had left the room, Manekshaw offered to resign; Gandhi declined and instead sought his advice. He said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to handle the conflict on his own terms, and set a date for its initiation; Gandhi agreed. Following the strategy planned by Manekshaw, the army launched several preparatory operations in East Pakistan, including training and equipping
15500-541: The founder of that nation, had reportedly asked Manekshaw to join the Pakistani Army, but Manekshaw had refused. In October 1947, Manekshaw was posted as the commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, 5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force) (3/5 GR (FF)). Before he had moved on to his new appointment, on 22 October, Pakistani forces infiltrated the Kashmir region, capturing Domel and Muzaffarabad . The following day,
15655-725: The grounds. The South Campus of IMA includes facilities such as the Somnath Stadium, with a seating capacity of 3,000, the Salaria Aquatic Centre, consisting of an Olympic sized swimming pool, and the Hoshiar Singh Gymnasium. The North Campus includes the polo ground along the Tons River . Tons Valley to the northwest of the campus is used for para-dropping , para-gliding, skydiving and battle training. Other facilities include stables with
15810-570: The hill, Manekshaw was hit by a burst of light machine gun fire, and was severely wounded in the stomach. While observing the battle, Major General David Cowan , general officer commanding of the 17th Infantry Division , spotted the wounded Manekshaw and awarded him the Military Cross. This award was made official with the publication of the notification in a supplement to the London Gazette . The citation reads: This officer
15965-468: The interference of the political leadership in the administration of the army. This led him to be marked as an anti-national . Kaul sent informers to spy on Manekshaw who, as a result of the information gathered, was charged with sedition, and subjected to a court of inquiry. The charges against him were that he was more loyal to the Queen and the Crown than to India, because he had not removed portraits of
16120-422: The matter, Manekshaw was quoted as saying: "When you see a Begum (Muslim woman), keep your hands in your pockets, and think of Sam." The war lasted 12 days and saw 93,000 Pakistani soldiers taken prisoner. It ended with the unconditional surrender of East Pakistan and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. In addition to the prisoners of war (POWs), Pakistan suffered 6,000 casualties against India's 2,000. After
16275-412: The military attache at the US embassy in India and asking him to stop the drops which were in contravention of US public policy. Indian forces have surrounded you. Your Air Force is destroyed. You have no hope of any help from them. Chittagong, Chalna and Mangla ports are blocked. Nobody can reach you from the sea. Your fate is sealed. The Mukti Bahini and the people are all prepared to take revenge for
16430-401: The military, who feared that the military would stage a coup if it became too popular with the citizenry. A national day of mourning was not declared. While this was not a breach of protocol, such commemoration is customary for a leader of national importance. Bangladesh, however, did pay tribute to Manekshaw on his death. He was survived by two daughters and three grandchildren. Manekshaw
16585-571: The morning drills. Of the 40 cadets inducted into the IMA, only 22 completed the course; they were commissioned as second lieutenants on 1 February 1935. Some of his batchmates were Dewan Ranjit Rai ; Mohan Singh , the founder of the Indian National Army ; Melville de Mellow , a famous radio presenter; and two generals of the Pakistani Army, Mirza Hamid Hussain and Habibullah Khan Khattak . Many of Manekshaw's batchmates were captured by Japan during World War II and would fight in
16740-527: The most well known traditions in the IMA is the passing out parade (POP). Before the cadets begin the POP, the band plays an aarti , allowing the cadets to pray to their respective gods. Traditionally, the adjutant leads the parade. In 2019, the reviewing officer for the 136th parade was Lt. Gen. Cherish Mathson . IMA has adopted a song penned by Javed Akhtar for its POPs — Bharat mata teri kasam, tere rakshak rahenge hum ( transl. Mother India, I swear on you. I will be your protector ). During
16895-724: The nobility. French military academies were widely copied in Prussia , Austria , Russia . The Norwegian Military Academy in Oslo, educates officers of the Norwegian Army . The academy was established in 1750, and is the oldest institution for higher education in Norway. By the turn of the century, under the impetus of the Napoleonic Wars and the strain that the armies of Europe subsequently came under, military academies for
17050-536: The officers learn to deal with the typical tasks of their respective corps. A specialty of the German concept of officer formation is the academic education. Germany runs two Universities of the German Federal Armed Forces where almost every future officer has to pass non-military studies and achieve a bachelor's or master's degree. During their studies (after at least three years of service)
17205-783: The official training academies) Brazilian Army: Brazil's Navy: Brazilian Air Force: Brazil's Navy: Brazilian Army: Brazil's Navy: Brazilian Air Force: Brazilian Army: Brazil's navy: Brazilian Air Force: Two post-secondary military academies are operated under the Canadian Military Colleges system, the Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) in Kingston , Ontario; and Royal Military College Saint-Jean (RMC Saint-Jean) in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu , Quebec. RMCC
17360-600: The outbreak of the First World War , the highest rank to which a native soldier of India could rise was Subedar , a rank lower than the lowermost officer rank of Subaltern . But following the Indian military performance in the First World War, the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms facilitated the officer training of 10 Indian commissioned officers at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . In 1922,
17515-657: The rank of Antisyntagmatarchis /Antipterachos/Antiploiarchos. The Indonesian Military Academy was founded in Yogyakarta , October 13, 1945, by the order of General Staff Chief of Indonesia Army Lieutenant General Urip Sumohardjo as the Militaire Academie (MA) Yogyakarta . Currently, the Tentara Nasional Indonesia or the TNI ( Indonesian National Armed Forces ), under the supervision of
17670-448: The ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir , Maharaja Hari Singh , appealed to India for help. On 25 October, Manekshaw accompanied V. P. Menon to Srinagar , where he carried out an aerial survey of the situation in Kashmir. On the same day, they flew back to Delhi, where Lord Mountbatten and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru were briefed. On the morning of 27 October, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir to defend Srinagar from
17825-630: The second President of India , Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan , presented new colours to the academy. After the Sino-Indian War of 1962, special measures were introduced. From 1963 until August 1964, the duration of regular classes was truncated, emergency courses were initiated, and new living quarters for cadets were added. However, unlike previous wars, the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 and that of 1971 did not disrupt Academy training or graduation schedules. On 11 February 1971, William G Westmoreland , Chief of Staff, United States Army, visited
17980-627: The situation. After lengthy discussions on 7 December, the United States put forward a resolution for an "immediate cease-fire and withdrawal of troops". While supported by the majority, the USSR vetoed it twice, and because of Pakistani atrocities in Bengal, the United Kingdom and France abstained. On 8 December, a C141 American cargo plane was seen unloading arms & other equipment at Karachi. Manekshaw prevented any further supplies by summoning
18135-483: The soldiers to fight back. He ordered there to be no more retreats without his written permission. The next task Manekshaw took up was to reorganise the troops in the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), where he alleviated the shortages of equipment, accommodation and clothing. Analyst Srinath Raghavan noted that Corps Commander Manekshaw and COAS Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri had delayed moving into
18290-736: The son of the Pakistani Field Marshal Ayub Khan , claimed that Manekshaw had sold Indian Army secrets to Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for 20,000 rupees, but his accusations were dismissed by the Indian defence establishment. Although Manekshaw was conferred the rank of field marshal in 1973, it was reported that he was not given the complete allowances he was entitled to. He did not receive these until 2007, when President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam met him in Wellington, and presented him with
18445-506: The spring term passing out parade numbered 77 with Afghanistan having the most foreign gentleman cadets graduating, 45 in total. In the POP on 10 December 2005, Penjor Gyeltshen, an officer from the Royal Bhutan Army , became the first foreigner since India's independence to win the Sword of Honour (presented to the best cadet). In 1972, Prince Tu'ipelehake was the first Tongan to attend IMA. The 2004 Bollywood film Lakshya
18600-526: The surrender of Pakistani forces, he declined, saying that the honour should go to the GOC-in-C Eastern Command, Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora. Concerned about maintaining discipline in the aftermath of the conflict, Manekshaw issued strict instructions forbidding looting and rape and stressed the need to respect and stay away from women. As a result, according to Singh, cases of looting and rape were negligible. While addressing his troops on
18755-543: The top of his class at IMA and also commanded the passing out parade for the first course. The second, third, fourth and fifth batches were called, respectively, Immortals, Invincible, Stalwarts and Bahadurs . "The cadets came to the Academy from all parts of India as it was prior to the independence and partition of India in 1947. There were Punjabi Hindus and Mussalmans [...], Sikhs, Bengalis, Marathas, Madrasis, Coorgies [...] But we worked and lived as one, namely Indians first. I have emphasised it because even today as far as
18910-403: The training are the ustads or instructors numbering about 200. The ustads are responsible for aspects of training including drills, weapons training and field craft. Games and sports include cross country, hockey, basketball, polo, athletics, football, aquatics, volleyball and boxing. There is also an annual sports meet with other military academies in India. Adventure activities undertaken at
19065-454: The training of commissioned officers of the army were set up in most of the combatant nations. These military schools had two functions: to provide instruction for serving officers in the functions of the efficient staff-officer, and to school youngsters before they gained an officer's commission. The Kriegsakademie in Prussia was founded in 1801 and the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
19220-593: The war, Manekshaw ensured good conditions for the POWs, but was criticised for treating them like "sons in law" by the cabinet . Singh recounts that in some cases he addressed them personally and talked to them privately, with just his aide-de-camp for company, while they shared a cup of tea. He made provisions for the prisoners to be supplied with the copies of the Quran , and allowed them to celebrate festivals and receive letters and parcels from their loved ones. However, he did not want them to be returned to Pakistan until
19375-523: The war, with some of them becoming household names in India for their gallantry. Among their ranks were two Param Vir Chakra recipients and eight Maha Vir Chakra recipients. In 2017, Lieutenant Ummer Fayaz Parray was the 847th name to be engraved on the War Memorial. There are various modes of entry into IMA, which include: on graduation from National Defence Academy , on graduation from Army Cadet College (a wing of IMA itself), direct entry through
19530-463: The war. Pakistan's representative was General Tikka Khan. The talks broke down due to disagreements on control over parts of Thako Chak and Kaiyan (located in Pakistan's Chicken's Neck ), Chhamb and Tortuk. The second round of talks held from 5 to 7 December managed to resolve these issues. After the war, Indira Gandhi decided to promote Manekshaw to the rank of field marshal and appoint him as
19685-406: Was a shortage of qualified officers at the outbreak of the war, officers were thus promoted without having served for the minimum period required for a promotion. Therefore, for the first two years of the conflict, Manekshaw was temporarily appointed to the ranks of captain and major before being promoted to the substantive rank of captain on 4 February 1942. Manekshaw saw action in Burma during
19840-480: Was accused in a politically motivated treason trial, he was eventually found innocent but thus could not serve in the 1962 war . In 1963, Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of army commander and took over Western Command , then was transferred in 1964 to Eastern Command . In this role, in 1967, he was involved in the first Indian victory against a Chinese offensive during the Nathu La and Cho La clashes . Manekshaw
19995-455: Was appointed to supervise the disarmament of over 10,000 Japanese prisoners of war (POWs). No cases of indiscipline or escape attempts were reported from the camp Manekshaw was in charge of. He was promoted to the acting rank of lieutenant colonel on 5 May 1946, and completed a six-month lecture tour of Australia . From 1945 to 1946, Manekshaw and Yahya Khan were two of the staff officers of Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck . Manekshaw
20150-628: Was awarded the Padma Bhushan , the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1968 for responding to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram . Manekshaw became the seventh chief of army staff in 1969. Under his command, Indian forces providing them with arms and ammunitions to fight against the strong regular army of Pakistan in the Bangladesh-Pakistani War of 1971, which led to the creation of Bangladesh in December 1971. He
20305-473: Was awarded the Padma Vibhushan , the second highest civilian award of India, in 1972 for his services to the nation. Manekshaw was promoted to the rank of field marshal in January 1973, the first of only two Indian officers to be ever promoted to this rank. He retired on 15 January 1973, a date celebrated as Army Day in India. Manekshaw died on 27 June 2008 due to complications from pneumonia . Sam Manekshaw
20460-609: Was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry. Following the Partition of India in 1947, he was reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles . Manekshaw was seconded to a planning role during the 1947 Indo-Pakistani War and the Hyderabad crisis , and as a result, he never commanded an infantry battalion. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier while serving at the Military Operations Directorate. He became
20615-570: Was born on 3 April 1914 in Amritsar to Hormizd (1871–1964), a doctor, and Hilla, née Mehta (1885–1970). Both of his parents were Parsis who had moved to Amritsar from the city of Valsad in coastal Gujarat . Manekshaw's parents had left Mumbai in 1903 for Lahore , where his father was going to start practising medicine. However, when their train halted at Amritsar station , Hilla found it impossible to travel any further due to her advanced pregnancy. After Hilla had recovered from child birth,
20770-416: Was charismatic and known to be capable of charm. He was often described as a gentleman. Like others of his generation, his background in the British army gave him a fondness for some English habits, such as drinking whiskey and wearing his handlebar moustache . His background as a Parsi is sometimes attributed as a factor in his ambition and success. He commanded great loyalty from his troops, particularly
20925-627: Was created by order of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802 as a replacement for the École Royale Militaire of the Ancien Régime (the institution that Napoleon himself had graduated from). The Royal Military College, Sandhurst , in England was the brainchild of John Le Marchant in 1801, who established schools for the military instruction of officers at High Wycombe and Great Marlow , with a grant of £30,000 from Parliament . The two original departments were later combined and moved to Sandhurst. In
21080-685: Was established in 1876, while RMC Saint-Jean was established in 1954. The two institutions provided military education to officer cadets of all three elements in the Canadian Forces ; the navy, army and air force; with RMC granted the authority to confer academic degrees in arts, science and engineering by the 1960s. From 1940 to 1995, the Department of National Defence operated a third military college in Victoria , British Columbia, known as Royal Roads Military College (RRMC). Graduates of
21235-417: Was evacuated from the battlefield by Sher Singh, his orderly , who took him to an Australian surgeon. The surgeon initially declined to treat Manekshaw, saying that he had been too badly wounded. Manekshaw's chances of survival were low, but Sher Singh persuaded the doctor to treat him. Manekshaw regained consciousness, and when the surgeon asked what had happened to him, he replied that he had been "kicked by
21390-409: Was going to stage a coup. Manekshaw reportedly said, "As soon as General Westmoreland takes over your country". The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war , a conflict between the traditionally dominant West Pakistanis and the East Pakistanis who were a majority of the population but lacked representation. In 1970, East Pakistanis called for Bengali autonomy, but
21545-416: Was in command of the 'A' Company of his battalion when ordered to counter-attack the Pagoda Hill position, the key hill on the left of the Sittang Bridgehead, which had been captured by the enemy. The counterattack was successful despite 30% casualties, and this was largely due to the excellent leadership and bearing of Captain Manekshaw. This officer was wounded after the position had been captured. Manekshaw
21700-454: Was named after him in 2008 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi . In 2014, a granite statue was erected in his honour at Wellington , in the Nilgiris district , close to the Manekshaw Bridge on the Ooty–Coonoor road, which had been named after him in 2009. His statue is also on the Maneckji Mehta Road in Pune Cantonment . The Centre for Land Warfare Studies , an Indian military think tank , publishes its research papers in
21855-539: Was not old enough. His father was already supporting Sam's elder brothers who were studying engineering in London. Manekshaw instead enrolled at the Hindu Sabha College (now the Hindu College, Amritsar ) and graduated in April 1932. A formal notification for the entrance examination to enrol in the newly established Indian Military Academy (IMA) was issued in the early months of 1932. Examinations were scheduled for June or July. In an act of rebellion against his father's refusal to send him to London, Manekshaw applied for
22010-435: Was posthumously awarded the Ashok Chakra Award. During the Kargil War of 1999, the Maha Vir Chakra was awarded posthumously to Academy alumni Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari , Major Vivek Gupta, Captain Anuj Nayyar , Captain Neikezhakuo Kenguruse . Lieutenant Balwan Singh, Sam Manekshaw, an alumnus of IMA, was the first Indian to become a Field Marshal. Other graduates of IMA include the current Chief of Army Staff (COAS) and
22165-430: Was promoted to acting lieutenant general and appointed the GOC of IV Corps at Tezpur . Soon after taking charge, Manekshaw reached the conclusion that poor leadership had been a significant factor in IV Corps' failure in the war with China. He felt the first course of action was to improve the morale of his soldiers. Manekshaw identified the root cause of the low morale to be panicked withdrawals, ordered without allowing
22320-431: Was promoted to substantive major general on 1 March 1959. On 1 October, he was appointed the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College , Wellington , where he was caught up in a controversy that almost ended his career. In May 1961, Thimayya resigned as the COAS, and was succeeded by General Pran Nath Thapar . Earlier in the year, Major General Brij Mohan Kaul had been promoted to lieutenant general and appointed
22475-435: Was promoted to the rank of colonel on 4 February 1952, and in April was appointed the commander of 167 Infantry Brigade , headquartered at Firozpur . On 9 April 1954, he was appointed the director of military training at Army Headquarters. He was appointed the commandant of the Infantry School at Mhow on 14 January 1955, and also became the colonel of both the 8th Gorkha Rifles and the 61st Cavalry . During his tenure as
22630-486: Was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 4 February 1947, and on his return from Australia was appointed a Grade 1 General Staff Officer (GSO1) in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate. Due to the Partition of India in 1947, Manekshaw's unit, the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, became part of the Pakistan Army . Manekshaw was therefore reassigned to the 8th Gorkha Rifles . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Pakistan's first Governor General, also considered
22785-411: Was renamed the Armed Forces Academy and a new Joint Services Wing (JSW) was commissioned on 1 January 1949, while training of Army officers continued in the Military Wing . The academy was renamed as the National Defence Academy (NDA) on 1 January 1950, ahead of India becoming a Republic . In December 1954, when the new Joint Services training academy was established in Khadakwasla , near Pune ,
22940-484: Was returned to University status and had officer cadets graduate and received their commission for the first time since 1995. In addition to Canadian Military Colleges, the Canadian Armed Forces also operate a number of training centres and schools, including the Canadian Forces College , and the Canadian Forces Language School . The components of the Canadian Armed Forces also maintain training centres and schools. The Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre (CADTC)
23095-441: Was seen as the precursor to a coup by the civilian establishment, while the army said it was moving in troops to manage the large crowds expected at Nehru's funeral. As a result, on 16 November 1964, Manekshaw was transferred from Shimla to Calcutta as the GOC-in-C Eastern Command . There he responded to the insurgencies in Nagaland and Mizoram , for which he was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1968. In 1967, five years after
23250-403: Was set up in 1741, after a false start in 1720 because of a lack of funds, as the earliest military academy in Britain. Its original purpose was to train cadets entering the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers . In France, the École Royale du Génie at Mézières was founded in 1748, followed by a non-technical academy in 1751, the École Royale Militaire offering a general military education to
23405-600: Was shifted from Pune to Dehradun, becoming a wing of IMA. In 2006, the ACC was merged into IMA as the fifth battalion, the Siachen Battalion. By 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day, the number of GCs to have graduated from IMA stood at 61,762, including foreign alumni from 33 friendly countries. Foreign countries included Angola , Afghanistan , Bhutan , Myanmar , Ghana , Iraq , Jamaica , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Malaysia , Nepal , Nigeria , Palestine , Philippines , Singapore , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Tanzania , Tonga , Uganda , Yemen and Zambia . The academy
23560-426: Was the chief of the army staff during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 , and the first Indian to be promoted to the rank of field marshal. His active military career spanned four decades, beginning with service in World War II . Manekshaw joined the first intake of the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun in 1932. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment . In World War II, he
23715-497: Was the reviewing officer at the POP. The finale is the antim pag (final step), where cadets take the last step into Chetwode Hall. However the POP on 11 June 1961 was called off without the final step due to weather, the only instance where this has happened for a passing out batch. The tradition of cap-flinging during the passing out parade has a long past but it was replaced by the cadets doing celebratory pushups. The passing out also consists of traditions such as presentation of
23870-472: Was then appointed the director of military operations (DMO). Manekshaw was one of the three army officers who represented India at the 1949 Karachi Conference. The Conference resulted in the Karachi Agreement and the Ceasefire Line (which evolved into the Line of Control ). The other two army officers at the conference were Lt. Gen. S. M. Shrinagesh and Maj. Gen. KS Thimayya , while the two civilian officers were Vishnu Sahay and HM Patel . Manekshaw
24025-425: Was to retire in June 1972, his term was extended by a period of six months, and "in recognition of outstanding services to the Armed Forces and the nation," he was promoted to the rank of field marshal on 1 January 1973. The first Indian Army officer to be so promoted, he was formally conferred with the rank in a ceremony held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Residence) on 3 January. For his service to India,
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