155-733: Indian culture is the heritage of social norms and technologies that originated in or are associated with the ethno-linguistically diverse India, pertaining to the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and the Republic of India post-1947. The term also applies beyond India to countries and cultures whose histories are strongly connected to India by immigration, colonisation, or influence, particularly in South Asia and Southeast Asia . India's languages , religions , dance , music , architecture , food , and customs differ from place to place within
310-512: A water buffalo attached to a plough; women planting seedlings and pounding grain; and a man carrying sheaves of rice on each end of a pole across his shoulders ( pikulan ). In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts. Rice is the major food amongst all the ethnic groups in Nepal . In
465-419: A 1966 study, Orenstein and Micklin analysed India's population data and family structure. Their studies suggest that Indian household sizes had remained similar over the 1911 to 1951 period. Thereafter, with urbanisation and economic development, India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear-like families. Sinha, in his book, after summarising the numerous sociological studies done on
620-504: A Hindu wedding vary depending on the region of India, local adaptations, family resources and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevertheless, there are a few key rituals common in Hindu weddings – Kanyadaan , Panigrahana , and Saptapadi ; these are respectively, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven circles before firing with each circle including
775-459: A box. For me it still carries the taste of strangeness and confusion and wonder. According to Sanjeev Kapoor , a member of Singapore Airlines ' International Culinary Panel, Indian food has long been an expression of world cuisine. Kapoor claims, "if you looked back in India's history and study the food that our ancestors ate, you will notice how much attention was paid to the planning and cooking of
930-403: A bride could control throughout her life. Historically, in most families the inheritance of family estates passed down the male line. Since 1956, Indian laws treat males and females as equal in matters of inheritance without a legal will. Indians are increasingly using a legal will for inheritance and property succession, with about 20 percent using a legal will by 2004. In India, the divorce rate
1085-479: A brown color. The northeastern region is a large area where farmers can cultivate about 36 million square meters of rice. Although most of it is plains and dry areas, white jasmine rice 105—the most famous Thai rice—can be grown there. White jasmine rice was developed in Chonburi Province first and after that grown in many areas in the country, but the rice from this region has a high quality, because it
1240-719: A central and definitive role in the lives of many of its people. Although India is a secular Hindu-majority country, it has a large Muslim population. Except for Jammu and Kashmir , Punjab , Meghalaya , Nagaland , Mizoram and Lakshadweep , Hindus form the predominant population in all 28 states and 8 union territories. Muslims are present throughout India, with large populations in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Maharashtra , Kerala , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , West Bengal and Assam ; while only Jammu and Kashmir and Lakshadweep have majority Muslim populations. Christians are other significant minorities of India. Because of
1395-588: A common addition to meals, as a way of tempering spiciness . Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography, climate, and rural/urban settings. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari and mekhela sador for women and the kurta , dhoti or lungi or panche (in Kannada) for men. Stitched clothes are also popular such as churidar or salwar-kameez for women, with dupatta (long scarf) thrown over shoulder completing
1550-802: A common festivals in India. For example, Pushkar Fair of Rajasthan is one of the world's largest markets of cattle and livestock. The women lift & carry other women at many festivals. Indian greetings are based on Añjali Mudrā , including Pranāma and Puja . Greetings include Namaste (Hindi,Sanskrit and Kannada) , Nômôskar in Odia , Khulumkha ( Tripuri ), Namaskar ( Marathi ), Namaskara (Kannada and Sanskrit), Paranaam ( Bhojpuri ), Namaskaram ( Telugu , Malayalam ), Vanakkam ( Tamil ), Nômôshkar ( Bengali ), Nomoskar ( Assamese ), Aadab ( Urdu ), and Sat Shri Akal ( Punjabi ). All these are commonly spoken greetings or salutations when people meet and are forms of farewell when they depart. Namaskar
1705-662: A country's tourist industry , attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes). Aspects of the preservation and conservation of natural heritage include: Digital heritage is made up of computer-based materials such as texts, databases, images, sounds and software being retained for future generations. Digital heritage includes physical objects such as documents which have been digitized for retention and artifacts which are "born digital", i.e. originally created digitally and having no physical form. There have been examples of respect for
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#17327725768911860-522: A global staple crop important to food security and food cultures around the world. Local varieties of Oryza sativa have resulted in over 40,000 cultivars of various types . More recent changes in agricultural practices and breeding methods as part of the Green Revolution and other transfers of agricultural technologies has led to increased production in recent decades. The scientific consensus based on archaeological and linguistic evidence,
2015-437: A high-precision digital reference model that not only digitizes condition but also provides a 3D virtual model for replication. The high cost and relative complexity of 3D scanning technologies have made it quite impractical for many heritage institutions in the past, but this is changing, as technology advances and its relative costs are decreasing to reach a level where even mobile based scanning applications can be used to create
2170-483: A large number of rice varieties, 3,500 kinds with different characters, and five kinds of wild rice cultivates. In each region of the country there are different rice seed types. Their use depends on weather, atmosphere, and topography. The northern region has both lowlands and high lands. The farmers' usual crop is non-glutinous rice such as Niew Sun Pah Tong rice. This rice is naturally protected from leaf disease, and its paddy (unmilled rice) ( Thai : ข้าวเปลือก ) has
2325-408: A meal. Great thought was given to the texture and taste of each dish." One such historical record is Mānasollāsa , ( Sanskrit : मानसोल्लास , The Delight of Mind), written in the 12th century. The book describes the need to change cuisine and food with seasons, various methods of cooking, the best blend of flavours, the feel of various foods, planning and style of dining amongst other things. India
2480-614: A particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects. Aspects of the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include: " Natural heritage " is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna , scientifically known as biodiversity , as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleontological, etc.), scientifically known as geodiversity . These kinds of heritage sites often serve as an important component in
2635-494: A set of mutual vows. Mangalsutra necklace of bond a Hindu groom ties with three knots around the bride's neck in a marriage ceremony. The practice is integral to a marriage ceremony as prescribed in Manusmriti , the traditional law governing Hindu marriage. After the seventh circle and vows of Saptapadi , the couple is legally husband and wife. Sikhs get married through a ceremony called Anand Karaj . The couple walks around
2790-480: A significant portion of Indian food is vegetarian , many Indian dishes also include meats like chicken , mutton , beef (both cow and buffalo), pork and fish, egg and other seafood. Fish-based cuisines are common in eastern states of India, particularly West Bengal and the southern states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu . Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of certain food preparations and are used to enhance
2945-491: A single domestication event that occurred some 9,000 years ago in China from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon . A more recent population genomic study indicates that japonica was domesticated first, and that indica rice arose when japonica arrived in India about ~4,500 years ago and hybridized with an undomesticated proto- indica or wild O. nivara . There are two most likely centers of domestication for rice as well as
3100-528: A special program called the National Digital Library Program . The Smithsonian has also been actively digitizing its collection with the release of the "Smithsonian X 3D Explorer," allowing anyone to engage with the digitized versions of the museum's millions of artifacts, of which only two percent are on display. 3D scanning devices have become a practical reality in the field of heritage preservation. 3D scanners can produce
3255-593: A subject of much debate among those who study crop history and anthropology – whether rice originated in India or China. Asian rice, Oryza sativa , is one of oldest crop species. It has tens of thousands of varieties and two major subspecies, japonica and indica. Archeologists focusing on East and Southeast Asia argue that rice farming began in south-central China along the Yangtze River and spread to Korea and Japan from there south and northeast. Archaeologists working in India argue that rice cultivation started in
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#17327725768913410-619: A subsequent generation. Significant was the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage that was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. As of 2011, there are 936 World Heritage Sites : 725 cultural, 183 natural, and 28 mixed properties, in 153 countries. Each of these sites is considered important to the international community. The underwater cultural heritage
3565-472: A technological solution that is able to acquire the shape and the appearance of artifacts with unprecedented precision in human history, the actuality of the object, as opposed to a reproduction, draws people in and gives them a literal way of touching the past. This poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the light required to display them, and other risks of making an object known and available. The reality of this risk reinforces
3720-406: A variety of festivals due to the large diversity of India. Many religious festivals like Diwali (Hindu) Eid (Muslim) Christmas (Christian), etc. are celebrated by all. The government also provides facilities for the celebration of all religious festivals with equality and grants road bookings, security, etc. providing equality to the diverse religions and their festivals. The Indian New Year festival
3875-643: A virtual museum. There is still a low level of digital archiving of archaeological data obtained via excavation, even in the UK where the lead digital archive for archaeology, the Archaeology Data Service , was established in the 1990s. Across the globe, countries are at different stages of dealing with digital archaeological archives, all dealing with differences in statutory requirements, legal ownership of archives and infrastructure. Rice cultivation The history of rice cultivation
4030-448: A wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques, and culinary presentations. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to sensuous, from bread to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold McGee, a favourite of many Michelin-starred chefs, writes "for sheer inventiveness with the milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India." I travel to India at least three to four times
4185-445: A year. It's always inspirational. There is so much to learn from India because each and every state is a country by itself and each has its own cuisine. There are lots of things to learn about the different cuisines – it just amazes me. I keep my mind open and like to explore different places and pick up different influences as I go along. I don't actually think that there is a single state in India that I haven't visited. Indian food
4340-489: Is a cosmopolitan cuisine that has so many ingredients. I don't think any cuisine in the world has got so many influences on the way that Indian food has. It is a very rich cuisine and is very varied. Every region in the world has its own sense of how Indian food should be perceived. ... it takes me back to the first Christmas I can remember, when the grandmother I hadn't yet met, who was Indian and lived in England, sent me
4495-607: Is a significant cultural, linguistic, and political Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) influence on early India, which can also be observed by Austroasiatic loanwords within Indo-Aryan languages and rice cultivation , which was introduced by East/Southeast Asian rice-agriculturalists using a route from Southeast Asia through Northeast India into the Indian subcontinent. They have been credited with shaping much of Indian philosophy , literature , architecture , art and music . Greater India
4650-405: Is an interdisciplinary subject that studies archaeological and documentary evidence to explain how rice was first domesticated and cultivated by humans, the spread of cultivation to different regions of the planet, and the technological changes that have impacted cultivation over time. The current scientific consensus, based on archaeological and linguistic evidence, is that Oryza sativa rice
4805-466: Is celebrated in different parts of India with a unique style at different times. Ugadi , Bihu , Gudhi Padwa , Puthandu , Vaisakhi , Pohela Boishakh , Vishu and Vishuva Sankranti are the New Year festival of different part of India. Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include Diwali , which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains across
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4960-406: Is considered slightly more formal than Namaste but both express deep respect. Namaskar is commonly used in India and Nepal by Hindus , Jains and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the Indian subcontinent . In Indian and Nepali culture , the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, the same hands folded gesture may be made wordlessly or said without
5115-399: Is consumed with a variety of curries and lentil soups or broths . Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular. Hyderabadi cuisine includes popular delicacies such as Biryani , Haleem , Baghara baingan and Kheema, while Hyderabadi day to day dishes see some commonalities with Telanganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with meat. Yogurt is
5270-409: Is divided over what the phenomenon means: for traditionalists, the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of healthy new empowerment for women. Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages. Banerjee et al. surveyed 41,554 households across 33 states and union territories in India in 2005. They find that
5425-555: Is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Various national and regional regimes include: National Heritage Conservation Commission National Museums Board Broad philosophical, technical, and political issues and dimensions of cultural heritage include: Issues in cultural heritage management include: Ancient archaeological artefacts and archaeological sites are naturally prone to damage due to their age and environmental conditions. Also, there have been tragic occurrences of unexpected human-made disasters, such as in
5580-537: Is found at Lahuradewa in Uttar Pradesh. However, whether or not the samples at Lahuradewa belong to domesticated rice is still disputed. Rice was cultivated in the Indian subcontinent from as early as 5,000 BC. "Several wild cereals, including rice, grew in the Vindhyan Hills , and rice cultivation, at sites such as Chopani-Mando and Mahagara, may have been underway as early as 7,000BC. Rice appeared in
5735-458: Is known for its love of food and spices. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the local produce, cultural diversity, and varied demographics of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories – northern , southern , eastern, western, and northeastern. The diversity of Indian cuisine is characterised by the differing use of many spices and herbs, a wide assortment of recipes and cooking techniques. Though
5890-510: Is largely believed to be the result of the southward expansion of the early Sino-Tibetan Longshan culture . Fortifications like walls (as well as extensive moats in Liangzhu cities) are common features in settlements during this period, indicating widespread conflict. This period also coincides with the southward movement of rice-farming cultures to the Lingnan and Fujian regions, as well as
6045-581: Is low — 1% compared with about 40% in the United States. These statistics do not reflect a complete picture, though. There is a dearth of scientific surveys or studies on Indian marriages where the perspectives of both husbands and wives were solicited in-depth. Sample surveys suggest the issues with marriages in India are similar to trends observed elsewhere in the world. The divorce rates are rising in India. Urban divorce rates are much higher. Women initiate about 80 percent of divorces in India. Opinion
6200-420: Is often used in connection with issues relating to the protection of Indigenous intellectual property . The deliberate action of keeping cultural heritage from the present for the future is known as preservation (American English) or conservation (British English), which cultural and historical ethnic museums and cultural centers promote, though these terms may have more specific or technical meanings in
6355-605: Is protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This convention is a legal instrument helping state parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage. In addition, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sitting as part of
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6510-422: Is softer, whiter, and more fragrant. This rice can resist drought, acidic soil, and alkaline soil. The central region is mostly composed of plains. Most farmers grow Jao rice. For example, Pathum Thani 1 rice which has qualities similar to white jasmine 105 rice. Its paddy has the color of thatch, and the cooked rice also has fragrant grains. In the southern region, most farmers transplant around boundaries to
6665-547: Is specifically evidence for early influences from East and Southeast Asian-derived cultural areas, primarily via Austroasiatic ( Mon Khmer ) groups during the Neolithic period , on certain cultural and political elements of Ancient India , and which may have arrived together with the spread of rice cultivation from Mainland Southeast Asia . A significant number of ethnic minorities in central , eastern and northeastern India are Austroasiatic language speakers, most notably
6820-500: Is that rice was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China. Because the functional allele for nonshattering , the critical indicator of domestication in grains, as well as five other single-nucleotide polymorphisms , is identical in both indica and japonica , Vaughan et al. (2008) determined a single domestication event for O. sativa . This was supported by a genetic study in 2011 that showed that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica , sprang from
6975-609: Is to save lives and also to save the stones -- there is no choice to be made, because today both are destroyed. Classical civilizations, especially Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that social institutions, scientific knowledge, and technological applications need to use a "heritage" as a "resource". Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, both economic assets (like natural resources and their exploitation structure) and factors promoting social integration (like institutions for
7130-622: The Baháʼí Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Atheism and agnostics also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. Atheism and agnosticism have a long history in India and flourished within Śramaṇa movement . The Cārvāka school originated in India around the 6th century BCE. It is one of the earliest form of materialistic and atheistic movement in ancient India. Sramana , Buddhism , Jainism , Ājīvika and some schools of Hinduism consider atheism to be valid and reject
7285-820: The Baháʼí Faith ), Shalom aleichem (used by followers of Judaism ), Hamazor Hama Ashobed (used by followers of Zoroastrianism ), Sahebji ( Persian and Gujarati ; used by the Parsi people), Dorood ( Persian and Gujarati ; used by the Irani people), Om Namah Shivaya /Jai Bholenath Jaidev (used in Dogri and Kashmiri , also used in the city of Varanasi ), Jai Ambe Maa/Jai Mata di (used in Eastern India ), Jai Ganapati Bapa (used in Marathi and Konkani ), etc. These traditional forms of greeting may be absent in
7440-550: The Braj Bhasha and Rajasthani dialects of Hindi ), Ram Ram/(Jai) Sita Ram ji ( Awadhi and Bhojpuri dialects of Hindi and other Bihari dialects ), and Sat Sri Akal ( Punjabi ; used by followers of Sikhism ), As-salamu alaykum ( Urdu ; used by follower of Islam ), Jai Jinendra (a common greeting used by followers of Jainism ), Jai Bhim (used by followers of Ambedkarism ), Namo Buddhay (used by followers of Buddhism ), Allah Abho (used by followers of
7595-778: The Common Era . According to philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the earliest of these, which date back to the composition of the Upanishads in the later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE) , constitute "the earliest philosophical compositions of the world." Competition and integration between the various schools were intense during their formative years, especially between 800 BCE and 200 CE. Some schools like Jainism, Buddhism, Śaiva, and Advaita Vedanta survived, but others, like Samkhya and Ājīvika , did not; they were either assimilated or became extinct. Subsequent centuries produced commentaries and reformulations continuing up to as late as
7750-720: The Comoros , and the coast of East Africa by around the 1st millennium AD by Austronesian settlers from the Greater Sunda Islands . Much later Austronesian voyages from Island Southeast Asia succeeded in bringing rice to Guam during the Latte Period (AD 900 to AD 1700). Guam is the only island in Oceania where rice was grown in pre-colonial times. Within Mainland Southeast Asia , rice
7905-576: The Constitution of India is one of the Directive Principles which directs that the state shall endeavor to prohibit slaughtering and smuggling of cattle , calves and other milch and draught cattle . As of January 2012, cow remains a divisive and controversial topic in India. Several states of India have passed laws to protect cows, while many states have no restrictions on the production and consumption of beef. Some groups oppose
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#17327725768918060-490: The Ganges valley regions of northern India as early as 4530 BC and 5440 BC, respectively. The early domestication process of rice in ancient India was based around the wild species Oryza nivara . This led to the local development of a mix of 'wetland' and 'dryland' agriculture of local Oryza sativa var. indica rice agriculture, before the truly 'wetland' rice Oryza sativa var. japonica , arrived around 2000 BC. Rice
8215-558: The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was signed in 1954. Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods refers to all measures aimed at protecting cultural property against damage, destruction, theft, embezzlement, or other loss. The term "monument protection" is also used for immovable cultural property. Protection of cultural heritage relates in particular to
8370-528: The Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains . Over the centuries, there has been a significant fusion of cultures between Buddhists , Hindus , Muslims , Jains , Sikhs and various tribal populations in India. India is the birthplace of Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism , Sikhism , and other religions . They are collectively known as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are
8525-487: The Hyderabadi Muslim community . Hyderabadi food is based heavily on non-vegetarian ingredients while, Telugu food is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu food is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally tends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberally as souring agents. Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch
8680-528: The Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century where it expanded progressively from the south. In Majorca, rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian reconquest , although historians are not certain. The Moors may have also brought rice to Sicily , with cultivation starting in the 9th century, where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa (1468) or in
8835-418: The Indian subcontinent . There are six schools of orthodox Hindu philosophy — Nyaya , Vaisheshika , Samkhya , Yoga , Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta —and four heterodox schools— Jain , Buddhist , Ājīvika and Cārvāka – last two are also schools of Hinduism. However, there are other methods of classification; Vidyarania for instance identifies sixteen schools of Indian philosophy by including those that belong to
8990-514: The Indosphere , Greater India , and the world. The British Raj further influenced Indian culture, such as through the widespread introduction of the English language , which resulted in a local English dialect and influences on the Indian languages. Indian-origin religions Hinduism , Jainism , Buddhism , and Sikhism , are all based on the concepts of dharma and karma . Ahimsa ,
9145-650: The Munda and Khasic . Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. In most Indian restaurants outside India, the menu does not do justice to the enormous variety of Indian cuisine available – the most common cuisine served on the menu would be Punjabi cuisine ( chicken tikka masala is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom). There do exist some restaurants serving cuisines from other regions of India, although these are few and far between. Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of
9300-688: The Niger River delta , and extended to Senegal. However, it never developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species, which was introduced to East Africa early in the common era and spread westward. Rice was known to the Classical world, being imported from Egypt, and perhaps west Asia. It was known to Greece (where it is still cultivated in Macedonia and Thrace ) by returning soldiers from Alexander
9455-567: The Portuguese and their African slaves introduced it at about the same time to colonial Brazil . Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period. Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in
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#17327725768919610-689: The Russian Far East several japonica cultivars are grown in Primorye around the Khanka Lake . Increasing scale of rice production in the region has recently brought criticism towards growers' alleged bad practices in regard to the environment. Recent research indicates that rice was independently domesticated in South America before the 14th century from Amazon wild rice . The origin of Oryza sativa rice domestication has been
9765-459: The Terai , most rice varieties are cultivated during the rainy season . The principal rice growing season, known as "Berna-Bue Charne", is from June to July when water is sufficient for only a part of the fields; the subsidiary season, known as "Ropai" is from April to September, when there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields. Farmers use irrigation channels throughout
9920-603: The UN , United Nations peacekeeping , UNESCO , the International Committee of the Red Cross and Blue Shield International . The protection of cultural heritage should also preserve the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity, and the economic basis of a state, a municipality, or a region. Whereby there is also a connection between cultural user disruption or cultural heritage and
10075-491: The United Nations Economic and Social Council with article 15 of its Covenant had sought to instill the principles under which cultural heritage is protected as part of a basic human right. Key international documents and bodies include: The U.S. Government Accountability Office issued a report describing some of the United States' cultural property protection efforts. Much of heritage preservation work
10230-528: The Śaiva and Raseśvara traditions. Since medieval India (ca.1000–1500), schools of Indian philosophical thought have been classified by the Brahmanical tradition as either orthodox or non-orthodox – āstika or nāstika – depending on whether they regard the Vedas as an infallible source of knowledge. The main schools of Indian philosophy were formalized chiefly between 1000 BCE to the early centuries of
10385-455: The "pan-Asian" dish. Regional Indian cuisine continues to evolve. A fusion of East Asian and Western cooking methods with traditional cuisines, along with regional adaptations of fast food are prominent in major Indian cities. The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana consists of the Telugu cuisine , of the Telugu people as well as Hyderabadi cuisine (also known as Nizami cuisine), of
10540-508: The 1939–1940 season 13,190 hectares of rice existed in Chile and by this time rice cultivation had become one of the most profitable agricultural businesses in Chile. In 1939 a division of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chile begun to study rice cultivated in Chile. This work continued in the research station Estación Genética de Ñuble in the 1940s. Labour opportunities in the rice fields meant
10695-400: The 2011 Census of India. In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age of 18. In most marriages, the bride's family provides a dowry to the bridegroom. Traditionally, the dowry was considered a woman's share of the family wealth, since a daughter had no legal claim on her natal family's real estate. It also typically included portable valuables such as jewelry and household goods that
10850-442: The 2011 census, 79.8% of the population of India practice Hinduism . Islam (14.2%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%) and Jainism (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many tribal religions , such as Sarnaism , are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism, Zoroastrianism , Judaism , and
11005-407: The 20th century. Authors who gave contemporary meaning to traditional philosophies include Shrimad Rajchandra , Swami Vivekananda , Ram Mohan Roy , and Swami Dayananda Saraswati . For generations, India has had a prevailing tradition of the joint family system . It is when extended members of a family – parents, children, the children's spouses, and their offspring, etc. – live together. Usually,
11160-765: The Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai-speakers introduced it into Mainland Southeast Asia. The earliest evidence of rice cultivation in Mainland Southeast Asia come from the Ban Chiang site in northern Thailand (ca. 2000 to 1500 BC); and the An Sơn site in southern Vietnam (ca. 2000 to 1200 BC). A genomic study indicates that rice diversified into Maritime Southeast Asia between 2,500 and 1,500 years ago. Mainstream archaeological evidence derived from paleoethnobotanical investigations indicate dry-land rice
11315-706: The Great 's military expedition to Asia. Large deposits of rice from the first century AD have been found in Roman camps in Germany. However it was not a staple of the Greek diet until the 10th century. Prior to this, barley and wheat were the primary grains cultivated and consumed in Greece. Over time, rice gradually replaced these traditional grains as a staple ingredient in many Greek dishes. The Moors brought Asiatic rice to
11470-459: The Hindu festivals of Chhath , Navratri , Janmashtami , Diwali , Maha Shivratri , Ganesh Chaturthi , Durga Puja , Holi , Rath Yatra , Ugadi , Vasant Panchami , Rakshabandhan , and Dussehra . Several harvest festivals such as Makar Sankranti , Sohrai , Pusnâ , Hornbill , Chapchar Kut , Pongal , Onam and Raja sankaranti swinging festival are also fairly popular. India celebrates
11625-715: The Indian family, notes that over the last 60 years, the cultural trend in most parts of India has been an accelerated change from joint family to nuclear families, much like population trends in other parts of the world. The traditionally large joint family in India, in the 1990s, accounted for a small percent of Indian households, and on average had lower per capita household income. He finds that joint family still persists in some areas and in certain conditions, in part due to cultural traditions and in part due to practical factors. Youth in lower socio-economic classes are more inclined to spend time with their families than their peers due to differing ideologies in rural and urban parenting. With
11780-512: The Indian states have declared regional holidays for the particular regional popular festivals; such as Arba'een , Jumu'ah-tul-Wida and Shab-e-Qadar . Christianity in India is the third-largest religion with over 27.8 million Christians, according to India's 2011 census. With over 27.8 million Christians, of which 17 million are Roman Catholics, India is home to many Christian festivals. The country celebrates Christmas and Good Friday as public holidays. Regional and community fairs are also
11935-688: The Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms. After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration. In Russia, a short-grain, starchy rice similar to the Italian varieties, has been grown in the Krasnodar Krai , and known in Russia as "Kuban Rice" or "Krasnodar Rice". In
12090-627: The Spanish New World colonies , Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas. The Royal Governor Ambrosio O'Higgins was an early proponent of rice cultivation in Chile during his rule between 1788 and 1796. The first rice cultivation occurred however much later, around 1920, yielding mixed results. Various attempts in Central Chile followed, also yielding mixed results. In part, the failure to establish successful rice cultivation in
12245-772: The West in states like Goa but have more Indian customs in other states. India, being a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three national holidays in India , the Independence Day , the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti , are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many Indian states and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include
12400-532: The actual rice husks have resulted in only one of the samples being dated to 12,520 ± 150 BP, with the other six being discovered to date to modern times. This inconsistency has not been explained. The evidence of the claimed cuts on the rice stalks are also inadequately explained. It is also unlikely for rice to be able to grow in Korea during the Oldest Dryas , when the climate was much colder. Lastly, apart from
12555-472: The aim of revising the declaration (which was never ratified) and adopting a convention. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 also significantly advanced international law and laid down the principle of the immunity of cultural property. Three decades later, in 1935, the preamble to the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions ( Roerich Pact ) was formulated. On the initiative of UNESCO,
12710-407: The average diet, and the source of livelihood for about 20 million households. The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is demonstrated through the reverence of Dewi Sri , the rice goddess of ancient Java and Bali. Evidence of wild rice on the island of Sulawesi dates from 3000 BC. Historic written evidence for the earliest cultivation, however, comes from eighth century stone inscriptions from
12865-667: The butchering of cows, while other secular groups argue that what kind of meat one eats ought to be a matter of personal choice in a democracy. Madhya Pradesh enacted a law in January 2012, namely the Gau-Vansh Vadh Pratishedh (Sanshodhan) Act, which makes cow slaughter a serious offence. Gujarat, a western state of India, has the Animal Preservation Act, enacted in October 2011, that prohibits
13020-713: The cases of a fire that took place in the 200 years old National Museum of Brazil and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Therefore, there is a growing need to digitize cultural heritage in order to preserve them in the face of potential calamities such as climate change, natural disaster, poor policy or inadequate infrastructure. For example, the Library of Congress has started to digitize its collections in
13175-409: The cause of flight. But only through fundamental cooperation, including the military units and the planning staff, with the locals can the protection of world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits, and archaeological sites from destruction, looting, and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without
13330-524: The central island of Java , which show kings levied taxes in rice. The images of rice cultivation, rice barn, and mice infesting a rice field is evident in Karmawibhangga bas-reliefs of Borobudur . Divisions of labour between men, women, and animals that are still in place in Indonesian rice cultivation, were carved into relief friezes on the ninth century Prambanan temples in Central Java :
13485-824: The centuries. India has 28 states and 8 union territories with different cultures and is the most populated country in the world. The Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several various cultures, spans across the Indian subcontinent and has been influenced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old. Throughout the history of India, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by Dharmic religions. Influence from East/Southeast Asian cultures onto ancient India and early Hinduism, specifically via Austroasiatic groups , such as early Munda and Mon Khmer , but also Tibetic and other Tibeto-Burmese groups, had noteworthy impact on local Indian peoples and cultures. Several scholars, such as Professor Przyluski, Jules Bloch, and Lévi, among others, concluded that there
13640-406: The concept of creator deity , ritualism and superstitions . India has produced some notable atheist politicians and social reformers . According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were not religious, 3% were convinced atheists , and 3% were unsure or did not respond. Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of
13795-579: The concluding harvest rites called tango or tungul (a day of rest ) entails a strict taboo on any agricultural work. Partaking of the bayah (rice beer), rice cakes, and betel nut constitutes an indelible practice during the festivities. The Ifugao people practice traditional farming spending most of their labor at their terraces and forest lands while occasionally tending to root crop cultivation. The Ifugaos have also been known to culture edible shells, fruit trees, and other vegetables which have been exhibited among Ifugaos for generations. The building of
13950-461: The country and Buddha Purnima , Krishna Janmashtami , Ambedkar Jayanti celebrated by Buddhists and Hindus. Sikh festivals, such as Guru Nanak Jayanti , Baisakhi are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindus of Punjab and Delhi where the two communities together form an overwhelming majority of the population. Adding colours to the culture of India, the Dree Festival is one of
14105-485: The country. Indian culture, often labelled as a combination of several cultures, has been influenced by a history that is several millennia old, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and other early cultural areas. Many elements of Indian culture, such as Indian religions , mathematics , philosophy , cuisine , languages , dance , music , and movies have had a profound impact across
14260-462: The cultivation seasons. Nepal's food security depends on the production of staple cereals with rice being the main cereal. Rice is grown on 1.49 million ha in Nepal with an average productivity of 3.5 t/ha and total annual production of 5.6 million tons in 2018 (MoALD, 2019). The Banaue Rice Terraces ( Filipino : Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe ) are 2,000-year-old terraces that were carved into
14415-455: The cultural assets of enemies since ancient times. The roots of today's legal situation for the precise protection of cultural heritage also lie in some of the regulations of Austria's ruler Maria Theresa (1717 - 1780) and the demands of the Congress of Vienna (1814/15) not to remove works of art from their place of origin in the war. The 1863 Lieber code , a military legal code governing
14570-615: The development of the wetland agriculture technology. The first, and most likely, is in the lower Yangtze River , Liangzhu , and Maqiao cultures . Their diet were also supplemented by acorns , water chestnuts , foxnuts , and pig domestication. The second is in the middle Yangtze River associated with the Pengtoushan , Nanmuyuan , Liulinxi , Daxi , Qujialing , and Shijiahe cultures . Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early Austroasiatic speakers to
14725-541: The diversity of religious groups in India, there has been a history of turmoil and violence between them. India has been a theatre for violent religious clashes between members of different religions such as Hindus , Christians , Muslims , and Sikhs . Several groups have founded various national-religious political parties, and in spite of government policies minority religious groups are being subjected to prejudice from more dominant groups in order to maintain and control resources in particular regions of India. According to
14880-755: The early centuries CE. Texts from the late first and early second centuries imply that rice was first introduced to Palestine by Jewish farmers during the Early Roman period . Palestine's main crop was fine, large kernel rice. According to the Jerusalem Talmud (3rd to 4th centuries CE), rice was grown in Caesarea , Paneas-Caesarea Phillipi , and the Chrysopolis area to the north of the Sea of Galilee (in modern-day Israel ). Galen recommended
15035-688: The end of the last glacial period , ca. 12,000 years ago. However, the climate in regions north of the Pearl River would likely be less suitable for this wild rice. Human activity over thousands of years may also have removed populations of wild rice from their previous ranges. Based on Chinese texts, it is speculated there are populations of native wild rice along the Yangtze basin in c. AD 1,000 that have recently become extinct. An older theory, based on one chloroplast and two nuclear gene regions, Londo et al. (2006) had proposed that O. sativa rice
15190-525: The fact that all artifacts are in a constant state of chemical transformation so that what is considered to be preserved is actually changing – it is never as it once was. Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past and on the artifacts that link it to the past. The equality or inseparability of cultural preservation and the protection of human life has been argued by several agencies and writers, for example, former French president François Hollande stated in 2016 Our responsibility
15345-458: The first attempts is attributed to the indiscriminate use of rice varieties from areas with tropical climate that did not grow well in central Chile's temperate climate . Early rice farmers had scant knowledge of the plant and learned chiefly by trial and error. Years later temperate climate varieties were imported but these ended up being mixed with the previously imported tropical varieties producing seeds that were labelled "semilla nacional". In
15500-544: The flavour of a dish and create unique flavours and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the Central Asians , Arabs , Mughals , and European colonists . Sweets are also very popular among Indians, particularly in West Bengal where both Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims distribute sweets to mark joyous occasions. There
15655-474: The flood plains or on the plains between mountains. Farming in the region is slower than other regions because the rainy season comes later. The popular rice varieties in this area are the Leb Nok Pattani seeds, a type of Jao rice. Its paddy has the color of thatch, and it can be processed to make noodles. One of the earliest known examples of companion planting is the growing of rice with Azolla ,
15810-647: The folded hand gesture. The word is derived from Sanskrit ( Namah ): to bow , reverential salutation , and respect , and (te): "to you". Taken literally, it means "I bow to you". In Hinduism it means "I bow to the divine in you." In most Indian families, younger men and women are taught to seek the blessing of their elders by reverentially bowing to their elders. This custom is known as Pranāma . Other greetings include Jai Jagannath (used in Odia ) Ami Aschi (used in Bengali ), Jai Shri Krishna (in Gujarati and
15965-408: The future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specified culture. Aspects and disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture include: "Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, more often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The concept includes
16120-706: The grain as a medicament in the second century, and his disciple Oribasius followed him in the fourth century. By the time the Muslims arrived in Iraq, rice was already widely farmed throughout the Sasanian kingdom. The Babylonian Talmud describes its Mesopotamian cultivation, and implies it was an important part of the cuisine of Jews in Babylon . Following the Islamic conquest, its cultivation moved north to Nisibin ,
16275-545: The holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib four times. Indian Muslims celebrate a traditional Islamic wedding following customs similar to those practiced in the Middle East . The rituals include Nikah , payment of financial dower called Mahr by the groom to the bride, signing of a marriage contract, and a reception. Indian Christian weddings follow customs similar to those practiced in the Christian countries in
16430-530: The husks, no other remains of rice plants have been recovered from the site, which opens the possibility that even if the rice husks were as old as claimed, it is still more likely that they may have been transported from warmer regions in some manner (either by migratory birds or Paleolithic foragers) and were not grown there. Today, the majority of all rice produced comes from China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh , Vietnam , Thailand, Myanmar , Philippines, Korea and Japan . Asian farmers still account for 87% of
16585-611: The integration of United Nations peacekeeping . Cultural property includes the physical, or "tangible" cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes buildings (which themselves may include installed art such as organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects, or other historic places and monuments . Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for
16740-592: The killing of cows along with buying, selling and transport of beef. In contrast, Assam and Andhra Pradesh allow butchering of cattle with a fit-for-slaughter certificate. In the states of West Bengal and Kerala, consumption of beef is not deemed an offence. Contrary to stereotypes, a sizeable number of Hindus eat beef, and many argue that their scriptures, such as Vedic and Upanishadic texts do not prohibit its consumption. In southern Indian state Kerala, for instance, beef accounts for nearly half of all meat consumed by all communities, including Hindus. Sociologists theorise that
16895-635: The lack of abundant rain. These voyagers became the ancestors of the Lapita culture . By the time they migrated southwards to the Bismarck Archipelago , they had already lost the technology of rice farming. However, there is no archaeological record of rice in Polynesia and Micronesia before or during the time of Lapita pottery fitting the hypothesis. Rice, along with other Southeast Asian food plants, were also later introduced to Madagascar ,
17050-521: The lives of the community members. Rice is the staple food amongst all the ethnic groups in Sri Lanka . Agriculture in Sri Lanka mainly depends on the rice cultivation. Rice production is acutely dependent on rainfall and government supply necessity of water through irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons. The principal cultivation season, known as "Maha", is from October to March and
17205-498: The local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible". Objects are a part of the study of human history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas, and can validate them. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story. In The Past is a Foreign Country , David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories . While digital acquisition techniques can provide
17360-642: The marriage trends in India are similar to trends observed over the last 40 years in China , Japan , and other nations. The study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) was also increasing, particularly in the urban parts of India. Weddings are festive occasions in India with extensive decorations, colors, music, dance, costumes and rituals that depend on
17515-428: The mosquito fern, which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy's water, blocking out any competing plants, as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use. The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla. This method has been used for at least a thousand years. Asiatic rice (Oryza sativa), although a latecomer to Mediterranean agriculture, was relatively widespread in antiquity and
17670-463: The most sought after trade commodities. The spice trade between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus , set out to find new trade routes with India leading to the Age of Discovery . The popularity of curry , which originated in India, across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as
17825-565: The mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by the ancestors of the Igorot people . The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the " Eighth Wonder of the World ". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1,500 meters (5,000 ft) above sea level. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from
17980-429: The number of settlements and overall settlement sizes increased among the Yangtze cultures, leading some archeologists to characterize them as true states , with clearly advanced socio-political structures. However, it is unknown if they had centralized control. Liangzhu and Shijiahe declined abruptly in the terminal Neolithic (2500 to 2000 BC). With Shijiahe shrinking in size, and Liangzhu disappearing altogether. This
18135-572: The oldest grains found in China, which were dated to 10,000 BC, and potentially challenge the explanation that domesticated rice originated in the Yangtze River basin of China. The findings were received by academia with strong skepticism and the claim remains dubious. The dates claimed by the authors of the study at Soro-ri are disputed, since they did not use the much more reliable accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) carbon dating . A 2013 study using AMS carbon dating on seven samples of
18290-401: The oldest male member is the head of the joint Indian family system. He mostly makes all important decisions and rules, and other family members are likely to abide by them. With the current economy, lifestyle, and cost of living in most of the metro cities are high, the population is leaving behind the joint family model and adapting to the nuclear family model. Earlier living in a joint family
18445-808: The outfit. The salwar is often loose fitting, while churidar is a tighter cut. The dastar , a headgear worn by Sikhs is common in Punjab . Cultural heritage Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage"; rather, heritage is a product of selection by society. Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments , landscapes, archive materials, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity ). The term
18600-729: The philosophy of nonviolence , is an important aspect of native Indian faiths whose most well-known proponent was Shri Mahatma Gandhi , who used civil disobedience to unite India during the Indian independence movement – this philosophy further inspired Martin Luther King Jr. and James Bevel during the American civil rights movement . Foreign-origin religion, including Abrahamic religions , such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam, are also present in India, as well as Zoroastrianism and Baháʼí Faith both escaping persecution by Islam have also found shelter in India over
18755-412: The preservation of knowledge and for the maintenance of civil order). Ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was a moral imperative for all, except in the final life stage of sannyasa . What one generation considers "cultural heritage" may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by
18910-425: The prevention of robbery digs at archaeological sites, the looting or destruction of cultural sites and the theft of works of art from churches and museums all over the world and basically measures regarding the conservation and general access to our common cultural heritage. Legal protection of cultural heritage comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. There is a close partnership between
19065-509: The rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps were put end to end, it would encircle half the globe. The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the Ifugao people have been its caretakers. Ifugao culture revolves around rice and the culture displays an elaborate array of celebrations linked with agricultural rites from rice cultivation to rice consumption. The harvest season generally calls for thanksgiving feasts, while
19220-524: The religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences. The nation celebrates about 10 million weddings per year, of which over 80% are Hindu weddings . While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, vivaha (wedding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life. Typical Hindu families spend significant effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals and processes of
19375-471: The rice terraces consists of blanketing walls with stones and earth which are designed to draw water from a main irrigation canal above the terrace clusters. Indigenous rice terracing technologies have been identified with the Ifugao's rice terraces such as their knowledge of water irrigation, stonework, earthwork and terrace maintenance. As their source of life and art, the rice terraces have sustained and shaped
19530-409: The same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has become an anchor of the global tourism industry , a major contributor of economic value to local communities. Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws. United Nations , UNESCO and Blue Shield International deal with the protection of cultural heritage. This also applies to
19685-862: The southern shores of the Caspian Sea (in Gilan and Mazanderan provinces of Iran) and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of the Volga . In Egypt, rice is mainly grown in the Nile Delta . In Palestine, rice came to be grown in the Jordan Valley . Rice is also grown in Saudi Arabia at Al-Ahsa Oasis and in Yemen . Most of the rice used today in the cuisine of the Americas is not native but
19840-510: The southward migrations of the Austronesian , Kra-Dai , and Austroasiatic -speaking peoples to Mainland Southeast Asia and Island Southeast Asia . A genomic study also indicates that at around this time, a global cooling event (the 4.2 k event) led to tropical japonica rice being pushed southwards, as well as the evolution of temperate japonica rice that could grow in more northern latitudes. Genomic studies suggests that indica rice
19995-487: The spread of education and growth of economics, the traditional joint-family system is breaking down rapidly across India and attitudes towards working women have changed. Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family members. In the past, the age of marriage was young. The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, according to
20150-540: The subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales . In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of ahimsa (non-violence), mother goddess and bringer of good fortune and wealth. For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship. This is why beef remains a taboo food in mainstream Hindu and Jain society. The Article 48 of
20305-523: The subsidiary cultivation season, known as "Yala", is from April to September. During Maha season, there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields, nevertheless in Yala season there is only enough water for cultivation of half of the land extent. Traditional rice varieties are now making a comeback with the recent interest in green foods. Rice is the main export of Thailand, especially white jasmine rice 105 (Dok Mali 105). Thailand has
20460-675: The tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh , which is the easternmost state of India. Nowruz is the most important festival among the Parsi community of India. Islam in India is the second largest religion with over 172 million Muslims, according to India's 2011 census. The Islamic festivals which are observed and are declared public holiday in India are; Eid al-Fitr , Eid al-Adha (Bakri Eid), Milad-un-Nabi , Muharram and Shab-e-Barat . Some of
20615-606: The valley of the Ganges River and Indus valley, by peoples unconnected to those of the Yangtze. A 2012 study, through genome sequencing and mapping of hundreds of rice varieties and that of wild rice populations, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred around the central Pearl River valley region of southern China, in contradiction to archaeological evidence. The study is based on modern distribution maps of wild rice populations which may be potentially inconclusive due to drastic climatic changes that happened during
20770-579: The wartime conduct of the Union Army also set rules for the protection of cultural heritage. The process continued at the end of the 19th century when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at least a draft international agreement on the laws and customs of war was agreed. 25 years later, in 1899, an international peace conference was held in the Netherlands on the initiative of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , with
20925-462: The ways and means of behavior in a society and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These include social values and traditions , customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression , language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted as an act against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious, and philosophical values of
21080-639: The west, and early Kra-Dai speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China. Rice was gradually introduced north into the early Sino-Tibetan Yangshao and Dawenkou culture millet farmers, either via contact with the Daxi culture or the Majiabang - Hemudu culture . By around 4000 to 3800 BC, they were a regular secondary crop among southernmost Sino-Tibetan cultures. It did not replace millet, largely because of different environment conditions in northern China, but it
21235-404: The widespread consumption of cow meat in India is because it is a far cheaper source of animal protein for the poor than mutton or chicken, which retail at double the price. For these reasons, India's beef consumption post-independence in 1947 has witnessed a much faster growth than any other kind of meat; currently, India is one of the five largest producers and consumers of cattle livestock meat in
21390-544: The world of business and in India's urban environment, where a handshake is a common form of greeting. The varied and rich wildlife of India has a profound impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness in India is jungle which was adopted by Britons living in India to the English language. The word has been also made famous in The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling . India's wildlife has been
21545-430: The world's third and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether, and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers. Followers of Indian religions – Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists make up around 80–82% population of India. India is one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion plays
21700-520: The world's total rice production. Because so much rice is produced in Bangladesh, it is also the staple food of the country. Rice is a staple food for all classes in contemporary Indonesia , and it holds the central place in Indonesian culture and Indonesian cuisine : it shapes the landscape; is sold at markets; and is served in most meals. Rice accounts for more than half of the calories in
21855-413: The world. A beef ban has been made in Maharashtra and other states as of 2015. While states such as Madhya Pradesh are passing local laws to prevent cruelty to cows, other Indians are arguing "If the real objective is to prevent cruelty to animals, then why single out the cows when hundreds of other animals are maltreated?" Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy
22010-498: Was cultivated alongside millet in the southern boundaries of the millet-farming regions. Conversely, millet was also introduced into rice-farming regions. By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC), population in the rice cultivating centers had increased rapidly, centered around the Qujialing - Shijiahe culture and the Liangzhu culture . There was also evidence of intensive rice cultivation in paddy fields as well as increasingly sophisticated material cultures in these two regions. Both
22165-400: Was cultivated in the Indus Valley civilization (3rd millennium BC). Agricultural activity during the second millennium BC included rice cultivation in the Kashmir and Harrappan regions. Mixed farming was the basis of Indus valley economy. O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the first century AD) at one end of the ancient world, while at the same time rice
22320-476: Was domesticated at least twice— indica in eastern India , Myanmar , and Thailand ; and japonica in southern China and Vietnam —though they concede that archaeological and genetic evidence exist for a single domestication of rice in the lowlands of southern China. In 2003, Korean archaeologists announced they discovered rice husks in Soro-ri, Korea, which dated to 13,000 BC, that they claimed show signs of having been cut by stone tools. These antedates
22475-412: Was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 9,000 years ago. Cultivation, migration and trade spread rice around the world—first to much of east Asia, and then further abroad, and eventually to the Americas as part of the Columbian exchange . The now less common Oryza glaberrima rice was independently domesticated in Africa around 3,000 years ago. Since its spread, rice has become
22630-438: Was grown in the Po valley in Italy. In northern Iran, in Gilan province , many indica rice cultivars including 'Gerdeh', 'Hashemi', 'Hasani', and 'Gharib' have been bred by farmers. Although Oryza sativa was domesticated in Asia, the now less popular Oryza glaberrima rice was independently domesticated in Africa 3,000 to 3,500 years ago. Between 1500 and 800 BC, Oryza glaberrima propagated from its original centre,
22785-423: Was introduced into Korea shortly before or during the Middle Mumun pottery period (circa 850–550 BC) and reached Japan by the final Jōmon or initial Yayoi periods circa 300 BC. A genomic study indicates that temperate japonica, which predominates in Korea and Japan, evolved after a global cooling event (the 4.2k event) that occurred 4,200 years ago. Evidence for rice consumption in India since 6000BCE
22940-445: Was introduced to Korea and Japan sometime between 3500 and 1200 BC. The cultivation of rice then occurred on a small scale, fields were impermanent plots, and evidence shows that in some cases domesticated and wild grains were planted together. The technological, subsistence, and social impact of rice and grain cultivation is not evident in archaeological data until after 1500 BC. For example, intensive wet- paddy rice agriculture
23095-420: Was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by Europeans at an early date. However, there are at least two native (endemic) species of rice present in the Amazon region of South America, and one or both were used by the indigenous inhabitants of the region to create the domesticated form Oryza sp. , some 4000 years ago. Spanish colonizers introduced Asian rice to Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz , and
23250-595: Was later introduced back to China from India between 2,000 and 1,400 years ago. The spread of japonica rice cultivation to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the Austronesian Dapenkeng culture into Taiwan between 3500 and 2000 BC (5,500 BP to 4,000 BP ). The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation. A multidisciplinary study using rice genome sequences indicate that tropical japonica rice
23405-534: Was not a product of the Islamic Agricultural Revolution. During the Hellenistic period , rice was well known as far west as Parthia , in modern northeastern Iran . Diodorus (first century BCE) recognized rice as a significant Indian crop during the subcontinent's busy agricultural season. Strabo (first century CE) reported that rice was widely grown in Bactria , Babylon , Susis , and also in Lower Syria , based on second century BCE author Aristobulus. The crop traveled to Asia Minor (in modern-day Turkey ) during
23560-418: Was presumably spread through river trade between the early Hmong-Mien -speakers of the Middle Yangtze basin and the early Kra-Dai -speakers of the Pearl River and Red River basins, as well as the early Austroasiatic -speakers of the Mekong River basin. Evidence for rice cultivation in these regions, dates to slightly later than the Dapenkeng settlement of Taiwan, at around 3000 BC. Southward migrations of
23715-442: Was pushed southwards from China after a global cooling event (the 4.2-kiloyear event ) that occurred approximately 4,200 years ago. By 500 BC, there is evidence of intensive wetland rice agriculture already established in Java and Bali , especially near very fertile volcanic islands. It has been speculated the rice did not survive the Austronesian voyages into Micronesia due to the sheer distance of ocean they were crossing and
23870-405: Was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the Indian subcontinent . This particularly concerns the spread of Hinduism , Buddhism , architecture , administration and writing system from India to other parts of Asia through the Silk Road by the travelers and maritime traders during the early centuries of the Common Era . To the west, Greater India overlaps with Greater Persia in
24025-435: Was with the purpose of creating love and concern for the family members. However, now it's a challenge to give time to each other as most of them are out for survival needs. Rise in the trends of nuclear family settings has led to a change in the traditional family headship structure and older males are no longer the mandated heads of the family as they mostly live alone during old age and are far more vulnerable than before. In
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