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86-673: Traditional knowledge ( TK ), indigenous knowledge ( IK ), folk knowledge , and local knowledge generally refers to knowledge systems embedded in the cultural traditions of regional , indigenous , or local communities . Traditional knowledge includes types of knowledge about traditional technologies of areas such as subsistence (e.g. tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture ), midwifery , ethnobotany and ecological knowledge , traditional medicine , celestial navigation , craft skills, ethnoastronomy , climate, and others. These systems of knowledge are generally based on accumulations of empirical observation of and interaction with

172-785: A Field Marshal or General of the Army (US five stars), or Generalissimo (Soviet Union); and in the US Armed Forces an Admiral (typically four stars) may also command a region. Due to the large size of this formation, its use is rarely employed. Some of the very few examples of an Army Region are each of the Eastern, Western, and southern (mostly in Italy) fronts in Europe during World War II . The military map unit symbol for this echelon of formation (see Military organization and APP-6A )

258-681: A Private Bill (the Protection of Traditional Knowledge Bill, 2016) codifying the "protection, preservation and promotion" of traditional knowledge system in India. However the bill was criticised for failing to address the real concern of traditional knowledge. How, if at all, to include indigenous knowledge in education and in relation to science has been controversial. It has been argued that indigenous knowledge can be complementary to science and includes empirical information, even encoded in myths, and that it holds equal educational value to science like

344-655: A continuous habitation of at least 10,000 years. Their traditional language is called Gitxsanimaax . A museum known as 'Ksan displaying some traditional and modern Gitksan art and history is located on the Gitanmaax reserve near Hazelton . The aboriginal title rights of the Gitxsan and their neighbours, the Wetʼsuwetʼen , were affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada in its 1997 Delgamuukw decision. To date,

430-404: A country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries. In the fields of physical geography , ecology , biogeography , zoogeography , and environmental geography , regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystems or biotopes , biomes , drainage basins , natural regions , mountain ranges , soil types . Where human geography is concerned,

516-468: A cultural complex that encompasses language, naming and classification systems, resource use practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview. Traditional knowledge typically distinguishes one community from another. In some communities, traditional knowledge takes on personal and spiritual meanings. Traditional knowledge can also reflect a community's interests. Some communities depend on their traditional knowledge for survival. Traditional knowledge regarding

602-665: A cultural region. Examples of natural resource regions are the Rumaila Field , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War ; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, which is a historical region as well as a cultural, physical, and natural resource region; the South Wales Coalfield , which like Pennsylvania's coal region is a historical, cultural, and natural region;

688-406: A form of intellectual property law, as they are sufficiently original to be regarded as "new" upon publication. Copyright protection is normally temporary. When a work has existed for a long enough period (often for the rest of the author's life plus an additional 50 to 70 years), the legal ability of the creator to prevent other people from reprinting, modifying, or using the property lapses, and

774-416: A functional region. Nodal regions, functional urban regions, daily urban systems, local labour-market areas (LLMAs), or travel-to-work areas (TTWAs) are considered to be special instances of a general functional region that need to fulfil some specific conditions regarding, for instance, the character of the region-organising interaction or the presence of urban cores, (Halas et al., 2015 ). In military usage,

860-731: A given place". As an example of a society with a wealth of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), the South American Kayapo people , have developed an extensive classification system of ecological zones of the Amazonian tropical savannah (i.e., campo / cerrado ) to better manage the land. Some social scientists conceptualise knowledge within a naturalistic framework and emphasize the gradation of recent knowledge into knowledge acquired over many generations. These accounts use terms like adaptively acquired knowledge , socially constructed knowledge , and other terms that emphasize

946-536: A lesser degree, regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England, "Acadia" (Nova Scotia), "Newfoundland and The Fishery/The Banks". Other examples of historical regions are Iroquoia, Ohio Country , Illinois Country , and Rupert's Land . In Russia , historical regions include Siberia and the Russian North , as well as the Ural Mountains . These regions had an identity that developed from

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1032-455: A living and identifiable creator, or creators. Such contemporary works may include a new interpretation, arrangement, adaptation or collection of pre-existing cultural heritage that is in the public domain. Traditional culture or folklore may also be "repackaged" in digital formats , or restoration and colorization . Contemporary and tradition based expressions and works of traditional culture are generally protected under existing copyright law,

1118-508: A number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity (e.g., the región , used in Chile ). In English, the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages (e.g., the область ( oblast ), used in Russia alongside a broader term регион ). The following countries use the term "region" (or its cognate ) as

1204-418: A region is shorthand for the name of a military formation larger than an Army Group and smaller than a Theater . The full name of the military formation is Army Region. The size of an Army Region can vary widely but is generally somewhere between about 1 million and 3 million soldiers. Two or more Army Regions could make up a Theater. An Army Region is typically commanded by a full General (US four stars),

1290-464: A right to use the knowledge (of indigenous people)... traditional cultural expressions are not in the public domain because indigenous peoples have failed to take the steps necessary to protect the knowledge in the Western intellectual property system, but from a failure of governments and citizens to recognise and respect the customary laws regulating their use". Equally, however, the idea of restricting

1376-529: A significant percentage of their respective continental land area. To a large extent, major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to define large areas of the continents. For the most part, the images of the world are derived as much from academic studies, from all types of media, or from personal experience of global exploration . They are a matter of collective human knowledge of their own planet and are attempts to better understand their environments. Regional geography

1462-658: A similar way, as does Romania and Venezuela . The government of Singapore makes use of the term " region " for its own administrative purposes. The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English: China has five 自治区 ( zìzhìqū ) and two 特別行政區 (or 特别行政区; tèbiéxíngzhèngqū ), which are translated as " autonomous region " and " special administrative region ", respectively. There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies such as districts, agencies, or regions. In general, they are all regions in

1548-625: A sort of social and political polity . The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant. These broad terms are somewhat vague when used to describe regions. Within some religions there are clearly defined regions. The Roman Catholic Church , the Church of England , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and others, define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese , eparchy , ecclesiastical provinces , and parish . For example,

1634-454: Is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth . It has a prevailing descriptive character. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region, which consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalization, which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions. Regional geography

1720-519: Is a concept that has developed out of a predominantly western legal tradition, and has most recently been promoted by the World Intellectual Property Organization , as part of a more general United Nations push to see the diverse wealth of the world's indigenous, intangible cultural heritage better valued and better protected against probable, ongoing misappropriation and misuse. In the lead-up to and during

1806-477: Is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative or critical geographies ; for more information, see history of geography ). Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments. It encompasses human , political , cultural , social , and economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated. While

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1892-892: Is considered to be part of the civilization of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , although their territory lies in the Interior rather than on the Coast . They were at one time also known as the Interior Tsimshian , a term which also included the Nisga'a , the Gitxsan's neighbours to the north. Their neighbours to the west are the Tsimshian (a.k.a. the Coast Tsimshian) while to

1978-714: Is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large regions , replacing the current counties. The government of the Philippines uses the term "region" (in Filipino , rehiyon ) when it is necessary to group provinces, the primary administrative subdivision of the country. This is also the case in Brazil , which groups its primary administrative divisions ( estados ; "states") into grandes regiões ( greater regions ) for statistical purposes, while Russia uses экономические районы ( economic regions ) in

2064-679: Is forbidden. There are approximately 5,000 people British Columbia wide with many living in traditional Gitxsan territory. Many also live elsewhere in British Columbia, in places such as Terrace , Smithers , and in Vancouver , as well as around the world. Eighty per cent of the people living on the lands surrounding Legate creek to the Skeena headwaters are Gitxsan ('People of the River Mist') and archaeological evidence supports

2150-606: Is giving spatial understanding of mediated image. [REDACTED] Africa [REDACTED] Antarctica [REDACTED] Asia [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Europe [REDACTED] North America [REDACTED] South America [REDACTED] Afro-Eurasia [REDACTED] Americas [REDACTED] Eurasia [REDACTED] Oceania Gitksan Gitxsan (also spelled Gitksan and Kitksan ) are an Indigenous people in Canada whose home territory comprises most of

2236-620: Is holistic, and cannot be meaningfully separated from the lands and resources available to them. Chamberlin (2003) writes of a Gitksan elder from British Columbia confronted by a government land-claim: "If this is your land," he asked, "where are your stories?" Indigenous and local communities often do not have strong traditions of ownership over knowledge that resemble the modern forms of private ownership . Many have clear traditions of custodianship over knowledge, and customary law may guide who may use different kinds of knowledge at particular times and places, and specify obligations that accompany

2322-421: Is identified with six Xs. Media geography is a spatio-temporal understanding, brought through different gadgets of media, nowadays, media became inevitable at different proportions and everyone supposed to consumed at different gravity. The spatial attributes are studied with the help of media outputs in shape of images which are contested in nature and pattern as well where politics is inseparable. Media geography

2408-601: Is locked in time". International attention has turned to intellectual property laws to preserve, protect, and promote traditional knowledge. In 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognized the value of traditional knowledge in protecting species, ecosystems and landscapes, and incorporated language regulating access to it and its use (discussed below). It was soon urged that implementing these provisions would require revision of international intellectual property agreements. This became even more pressing with

2494-432: Is not an abstract spatial concept, but to a certain extent it can be regarded as a reflection of the spatial behaviour of individuals in a geographic space. The functional region is conceived as a general concept while its inner structure, inner spatial flows, and interactions need not necessarily show any regular pattern, only selfcontainment. The concept of self-containment remains the only crucial defining characteristic of

2580-595: Is used by WIPO to refer to "any form of artistic and literary expression in which traditional culture and knowledge are embodied. They are transmitted from one generation to the next, and include handmade textiles, paintings, stories, legends, ceremonies, music, songs, rhythms and dance." WIPO negotiates international legal protection of traditional cultural expressions through the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC). During

2666-422: Is used equitably - according to restrictions set by their traditions, or requiring benefit sharing for its use according to benefits which they define. Three broad approaches to protect traditional knowledge have been developed. The first emphasizes protecting traditional knowledge as a form of cultural heritage. The second looks at protection of traditional knowledge as a collective human right. The third, taken by

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2752-541: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) sets out certain conditions under which certain biological materials or intellectual innovations may be excluded from patenting. The Article also contains a requirement that Article 27 be reviewed. In the TRIPs-related Doha Declaration of 2001, Paragraph 19 expanded the review to a review of Article 27 and the rest of

2838-673: The Government of India set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as Ayurveda , Unani and Siddha and 1500 Yoga postures ( asanas ), translated into five languages – English, German, French, Spanish and Japanese. India has also signed agreements with the European Patent Office (EPO), United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) and

2924-826: The Grand Banks . He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history, like New France , "West Indies", the Middle Colonies , and the individual colonies themselves ( Province of Maryland , for example). Instead he writes of "discrete colonization areas", which may be named after colonies but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries. Among other historic regions of this type, he writes about "Greater New England" and its major sub-regions of "Plymouth", "New Haven shores" (including parts of Long Island), "Rhode Island" (or "Narragansett Bay"), "the Piscataqua", "Massachusetts Bay", "Connecticut Valley", and to

3010-625: The Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC-GRTKF). WIPO Lex provides support for collections of laws concerning Traditional Knowledge. The period of the early 1990s to the Millennium was also characterized by the rapid rise in global civil society . The high-level Brundtland Report (1987) recommended a change in development policy that allowed for direct community participation and respected local rights and aspirations. Indigenous peoples and others had successfully petitioned

3096-482: The International Council for Science (ICSU) Study Group on Science and Traditional Knowledge characterises traditional knowledge as: a cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations maintained and developed by peoples with extended histories of interaction with the natural environment. These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of

3182-601: The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 (1989) and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007). The Rio Declaration (1992), endorsed by the presidents and ministers of the majority of the countries of the world, recognized indigenous and local communities as distinct groups with special concerns that should be addressed by states. Initial concern was over

3268-554: The Kuznetsk Basin , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia; Kryvbas , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine; and the James Bay Project , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed. Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name, like Christendom , a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as

3354-1057: The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago , the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District , the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London , as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District , the Delaware River Port Authority , the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District , and C-TRAN . The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as "regions". These informal divisions do not form

3440-579: The Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region , which includes sub-regions such as the "Western Channel Community", which itself is made of sub-regions such as the English West Country of Cornwall , Devon , Somerset , and Dorset . In describing historic regions of America, Meinig writes of "The Great Fishery" off the coast of Newfoundland and New England, an oceanic region that includes

3526-515: The United Kingdom 's Lake District and California's Wine Country . great plains region Natural resources often occur in distinct regions. Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography, but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography. A coal region, for example, is a physical or geomorphological region, but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and

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3612-679: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to prevent the grant of invalid patents by giving patent examiners at International Patent Offices access to the TKDL database for patent search and examination. Some of the legislative measures to protect TK are The Biological Diversity Act (2002), The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act (2001) and The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration And Protection) Act, 1999. The Intellectual Property Rights Policy for Kerala released in 2008 proposes adoption of

3698-419: The arts and humanities . Proponents also argue that its inclusion combats disillusionment among indigenous groups with the education system and helps to preserve their cultural identity. Studies indicate that if the introduction of TK into educational curriculums is to succeed, it would need to taught from the perspective of the relevant worldview, involve community participation, and have a bridge built between

3784-416: The global continental regions, there are also hydrospheric and atmospheric regions that cover the oceans , and discrete climates above the land and water masses of the planet. The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large-scale ecologies, such as plains and features. As a way of describing spatial areas,

3870-600: The TRIPs agreement to include the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1993, was the first international environmental convention to develop measures for

3956-528: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). While often used synonymously, the term "traditional knowledge (TK)" is most associated with traditional medicine and botany , while "indigenous knowledge (IK)" is most associated with cultural issues and sustainable development , and "local knowledge (LK)" with environmental issues. The phrase "traditional cultural expressions"

4042-584: The United Nations International Year for the World's Indigenous People (1993), and then during the following UN Decade of the World's Indigenous People (1995–2004), a number of conferences of both indigenous and non-indigenous specialists were held in different parts of the world, resulting in a number of declarations and statements identifying, explaining, refining, and defining "indigenous intellectual property". Article 27. 3(b) of

4128-543: The United Nations to establish a Working Group on Indigenous Populations that made two early surveys on treaty rights and land rights. These led to a greater public and governmental recognition of indigenous land and resource rights, and the need to address the issue of collective human rights, as distinct from the individual rights of existing human rights law. The collective human rights of indigenous and local communities has been increasingly recognized – such as in

4214-706: The United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces . The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic districts , which are subdivided into circuits (the Atlantic District (LCMS) , for example). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes, but uses terms like ward and stake . In the field of political geography , regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states ; subnational units such as administrative regions, provinces , states (in

4300-769: The United States) , counties , townships , territories , etc.; and multinational groupings, including formally defined units such as the European Union , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and NATO , as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World , Western Europe , and the Middle East. The word "region" is taken from the Latin regio (derived from regere , 'to rule'), and

4386-837: The WTO and WIPO, investigates the use of existing or novel sui generis measures to protect traditional knowledge. Currently, only a few nations offer explicit sui generis protection for traditional knowledge. However, a number of countries are still undecided as to whether law should give traditional knowledge deference. Indigenous peoples have shown ambivalence about the intellectual property approach. Some have been willing to investigate how existing intellectual property mechanisms (primarily: patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets) can protect traditional knowledge. Others believe that an intellectual property approach may work, but will require more radical and novel forms of intellectual property law ("sui generis rights"). Others believe that

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4472-543: The adoption of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which established rules for creating and protecting intellectual property that could be interpreted to conflict with the agreements made under the CBD. In response, the states who had ratified the CBD requested the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to investigate

4558-534: The area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors. Countries, states, provinces, and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions to facilitate attracting visitors. Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include Tuscany in Italy and Yucatán in Mexico. Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include

4644-576: The area known as the Skeena Country in English ( Git : means "people of" and Xsan : means "the River of Mist"). Gitksan territory encompasses approximately 35,000 km (14,000 sq mi) of land, from the basin of the upper Skeena River from about Legate Creek to the Skeena's headwaters and its surrounding tributaries. Part of the Tsimshianic language group , their culture

4730-578: The basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries, but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging. Examples are: Functional regions are usually understood to be the areas organised by the horizontal functional relations (flows, interactions) that are maximised within a region and minimised across its borders so that the principles of internal cohesiveness and external separation regarding spatial interactions are met (see, for instance, Farmer and Fotheringham, 2011; Klapka, Halas, 2016; Smart, 1974 ). A functional region

4816-546: The committee's sessions, representatives of indigenous and local communities host panels relating to the preservation of traditional knowledge. Leading international authority on Indigenous cultural and intellectual property, Australian lawyer Terri Janke , says that within Australian Indigenous communities (comprising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ), "the use of the word 'traditional' tends not to be preferred as it implies that Indigenous culture

4902-431: The concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography, each of which can describe areas in regional terms. For example, ecoregion is a term used in environmental geography , cultural region in cultural geography , bioregion in biogeography , and so on. The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography . Regions are an area or division, especially part of

4988-477: The concepts ' knowledge commons ' and 'commons licence' for the protection of traditional knowledge. The policy, largely created by Prabhat Patnaik and R.S. Praveen Raj, seeks to put all traditional knowledge into the realm of "knowledge commons", distinguishing this from the public domain. Raj has argued that TKDL cannot at the same time be kept confidential and treated as prior art. In 2016, Shashi Tharoor , Member of Parliament from Thiruvananthapuram introduced

5074-738: The conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices... Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: (a)... (c) Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements The interpretation of these provisions has been elaborated through decisions by

5160-521: The curriculums in Zambia and Ethiopia among others, and is a topic of discussion in many countries around the world. In New Zealand , an indigenous vitalist concept ( mauri ) was introduced into the national chemistry curriculum citing an 'equal status' policy, amid objections from science teachers. It was later removed from exam objectives after 18 months of controversy, though it still appeared in some materials afterwards. Region Apart from

5246-435: The early modern period and led to Siberian regionalism . A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics. These regions are often named after a geographical, former, or current administrative region or may have a name created for tourism purposes. The names often evoke certain positive qualities of

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5332-403: The east the Wetʼsuwetʼen , an Athapaskan people, with whom they have a long and deep relationship and shared political and cultural community. Gitxsan are a matrilineal society that consists of Frog, Eagle, Wolf, and Fireweed Clans . Each clan consists of a series of independent Houses (Wilp), each with their own High Chief, and traditional territories and fishing sites. Marriage within a clan

5418-578: The environment, transmitted orally across generations. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the United Nations (UN) include traditional cultural expressions ( TCE ) in their respective definitions of indigenous knowledge. Traditional knowledge systems and cultural expressions exist in the forms of culture , stories , legends , folklore , rituals , songs , and laws , languages , songlines , dance, games, mythology , designs, visual art and architecture . A report of

5504-412: The environment, such as taboos, proverbs and cosmological knowledge systems, may provide a conservation ethos for biodiversity preservation. This is particularly true of traditional environmental knowledge, which refers to a "particular form of place-based knowledge of the diversity and interactions among plant and animal species, landforms, watercourses, and other qualities of the biophysical environment in

5590-580: The general sense of being bounded spatial units. Examples include electoral districts such as Washington's 6th congressional district and Tennessee's 1st congressional district ; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District ; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District ; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area , and metropolitan districts such as

5676-542: The intellectual property system uses concepts and terms that are incompatible with traditional cultural concepts, and favors the commercialization of their traditions, which they generally resist. Many have argued that the form of protection should refer to collective human rights to protect their distinct identities, religions and cultural heritage. Literary and artistic works based upon, derived from or inspired by traditional culture or folklore may incorporate new elements or expressions. Hence these works may be "new" works with

5762-399: The largest of water regions known as oceans . There are also significant regions that do not belong to either classification, such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions, or earthquake regions that are defined in geology . Continental regions are usually based on broad experiences in human history and attempt to reduce very large areas to more manageable regionalization for

5848-432: The major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see physical geography ), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two. Regions of human geography can be divided into many broad categories: The field of historical geography involves

5934-551: The name of a type of subnational administrative unit: The Canadian province of Québec also uses the "administrative region" ( région administrative ). Scotland had local government regions from 1975 to 1996. In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Murcia is Región de Murcia . Also, some single-province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma . Two län (counties) in Sweden are officially called 'regions': Skåne and Västra Götaland , and there

6020-699: The national/dominant language and the indigenous one. Efforts to include it in education have been criticized on the grounds that it is inseparable from spiritual and religious beliefs; that it is not possible to reconcile contradictions between science and TK; that time spent on it comes at the cost of time delivering curricula that meets international academic standards; that policies granting science and indigenous knowledge equal status are based on relativism and inhibit science from questioning claims made by indigenous knowledge systems; and that many proponents of indigenous knowledge engage in ideological antiscience rhetoric. Traditional knowledge has been introduced into

6106-445: The parties (ratifiers of the Convention) (see the Convention on Biological Diversity Handbook, available free in digital format from the Secretariat). Nevertheless, the provisions regarding Access and Benefit Sharing contained in the Convention on Biological Diversity never achieved consensus and soon the authority over these questions fell back to WIPO. At the Convention on Biological Diversity meeting, in Buenos Aires, in 1996, emphasis

6192-452: The patenting of traditional uses of medicinal plants; and the copyrighting and distribution of traditional stories. Indigenous peoples and local communities have sought to prevent the patenting of traditional knowledge and resources where they have not given express consent. They have sought for greater protection and control over traditional knowledge and resources. Certain communities have also sought to ensure that their traditional knowledge

6278-521: The purpose of the study. As such they are conceptual constructs, usually lacking distinct boundaries. The oceanic division into maritime regions is used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent, using directions of the compass . Some continental regions are defined by the major continental feature of their identity, such as the Amazon basin , or the Sahara , which both occupy

6364-442: The regions and subregions are described by the discipline of ethnography . Global regions are distinguishable from space, and are therefore clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments, land and water . However, they have been generally recognized as such much earlier by terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography. They are divided into the largest of land regions, known as continents and

6450-404: The relationship between intellectual property rights, biodiversity and traditional knowledge. WIPO began this work with a fact-finding mission in 1999. Considering the issues involved with biodiversity and the broader issues in TRIPs (involving all forms of cultural expressions, not just those associated with biodiversity – including traditional designs, music, songs, stories, etc.), WIPO established

6536-468: The rights of indigenous and local communities to control access to and derive benefits from the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. In September 2020, the government of Queensland introduced the Biodiscovery and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2020, which introduced protections for accessing and using First Nations peoples' traditional knowledge in biodiscovery. In 2001,

6622-418: The same scrutiny as other knowledge-claims. This has particular significance for environmental management because the spiritual component of "traditional knowledge" can justify any activity, including the unsustainable harvesting of resources. Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE) are both types of Indigenous Knowledge (IK), according to the definitions and terminology used in

6708-540: The social aspects of knowledge. Local knowledge and traditional knowledge may be thought of as distinguished by the length of time they have existed, from decades to centuries or millennia. On the other hand, indigenous and local communities themselves may perceive traditional knowledge very differently. The knowledge of indigenous and local communities is often embedded in a cosmology , and any distinction between "intangible" knowledge and physical things can become blurred. Indigenous peoples often say that indigenous knowledge

6794-425: The study of human history as it relates to places and regions , or the study of how places and regions have changed over time. D. W. Meinig , a historical geographer of America, describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . For example, in identifying European "source regions" in early American colonization efforts, he defines and describes

6880-411: The territorial rights and traditional resource rights of these communities. Indigenous peoples soon showed concern for the misappropriation and misuse of their "intangible" knowledge and cultural heritage. Indigenous peoples and local communities have resisted, among other things: the use of traditional symbols and designs as mascots, derivative arts and crafts; the use or modification of traditional songs;

6966-801: The use and protection of traditional knowledge, related to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. By 2006, 188 had ratified the Convention and agreed to be bound by its provisions, the largest number of nations to accede to any existing treaty (the United States is one of the few countries that has signed, but not ratified, the CBD). Significant provisions include: Article 8. In-situ Conservation Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: (a)... (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for

7052-608: The use of knowledge. For example, a hunter might be permitted to kill an animal only to feed the community, and not to feed himself. From an indigenous perspective, misappropriation and misuse of knowledge may be offensive to traditions, and may have spiritual and physical repercussions in indigenous cosmological systems. Consequently, indigenous and local communities argue that others' use of their traditional knowledge warrants respect and sensitivity. Critics of traditional knowledge, however, see such demands for "respect" as an attempt to prevent unsubstantiated beliefs from being subjected to

7138-422: The use of publicly available information without clear notice and justification is regarded by many in developed nations as unethical as well as impractical. Indigenous intellectual property is an umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify indigenous peoples ' special rights to claim (from within their own laws) all that their indigenous groups know now, have known, or will know. It

7224-496: The work is said to enter the public domain . Copyright protection also does not extend to folk songs and other works that developed over time, with no identifiable creators. Having an idea, story, or other work legally protected only for a limited period of time is not accepted by some indigenous peoples. On this point the Tulalip Tribes of Washington state has commented that "open sharing does not automatically confer

7310-663: Was met in October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, by conclusion of the Nagoya Protocol to the CBD. The agreement is now open for ratification, and will come into force when 50 signatories have ratified it. It entered into force on 12 October 2014. As of August 2020, 128 nations ratified the Nagoya Protocol. The Protocol treats of inter-governmental obligations related to genetic resources , and includes measures related to

7396-573: Was put on local knowledge. Key players, such as local communities and indigenous peoples, should be recognized by States, and have their sovereignty recognised over the biodiversity of their territories, so that they can continue protecting it. The parties to the Convention set a 2010 target to negotiate an international legally binding regime on access and benefit sharing (ABS) at the Eighth meeting (COP8), 20–31 March 2006 in Curitiba, Brazil. This target

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