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127-692: As an Indo , Douwes Dekker felt that there was discrimination between the Dutch totok (native), Indo (mixed) and Bumiputera (indigenous) social status by the Dutch East Indies government. The position and fate of the Indo were not much different from the Bumiputera. Destitute Indo's were found in Jakarta ( Kemayoran ), Semarang ( Karangbidara ), and Surabaya ( Kerambangan ). The totok Dutch viewed

254-515: A city with large numbers of schools and universities and a relatively low cost of living compared to other Indonesian cities, Yogyakarta has attracted significant numbers of students from all over Indonesia. As a result, there are many other Indonesian ethnic groups living in Yogyakarta, especially from eastern parts of Indonesia. There are some foreigner communities in the city, which is mainly composed of tourist and foreign students. In 2014,

381-621: A clean legal and political record. In 1954, only 187 visas were actually granted. Partly influenced by the anti-western rhetoric and policies of the Sukarno administration, anti-communist US Representative Francis E. Walter pleaded for a second term of the Refugee Relief Act in 1957 and an additional slot of 15,000 visas in 1958. In 1958, the US Pastore-Walter Act ("Act for the relief of certain distressed aliens")

508-526: A different official. Both decisions were then weighed by a higher official. Moreover, Anti-Asian migration policies started to change and in 1976 Australian immigration officials were even dispatched to Asia. Consequently, Indo-migrants were less and less subject to discrimination based on skin color. Indos in the Netherlands are considered an ethnic minority, and most of them are of mixed European-Indonesian origin bearing European family names. In 1990,

635-616: A dominant presence further north in the Philippines . These historical developments were instrumental in building a foundation for large Eurasian communities in this region. Old Eurasian families in the Philippines mainly descend from the Spanish. While the oldest Indo families descend from Portuguese traders and explorers, some family names of old Indo families include Simao, De Fretes , Pereira , Henriques , etc. During

762-590: A dozen islands, 3,500 Malays, 27,600 Javanese and Balinese, and 29,000 slaves of varying ethnic origins including Africans. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, there were new arrivals of Europeans in Malacca who made it their new home and became part of the Malacca Dutch community. In 1854, over half of the 18,000 Europeans in Java were Eurasians. In the 1890s, there were 62,000 civilian 'Europeans' in

889-402: A family tree proving 75% European descent. Eventually, the key question posed by Australian officials was: "Would they be noticed, if they walked down the streets of Canberra or Melbourne or Sydney, as being European or non-European?" In the 1970s, in an attempt to make the policy more objective, a procedure was implemented that gave the applicant the opportunity to ask for a second opinion from

1016-472: A few easy ones have become so popular that they can be regarded as "national dishes" . She provides recipes for dishes that have become commonplace in the Netherlands: nasi goreng (fried rice), pisang goreng (fried bananas), lumpia goreng (fried spring rolls), bami (fried noodles), satay (grilled skewered meat), satay sauce (peanut sauce), and sambal ulek (chilli paste). Most towns in

1143-587: A native-born Dutch person, which increased to 80% for the second generation. One of the first and oldest Indo organisations that supported the integration of Indo repatriates into the Netherlands is Pelita. Although Indo repatriates, being born overseas, are officially registered as Dutch citizens of foreign descent, their Eurasian background puts them in the Western sub-class instead of the Non-Western (Asian) sub-class. Two factors are usually attributed to

1270-522: A repatriation programme which lasted until 1967. Over a 15-year period after the Republic of Indonesia became an independent state, virtually the entire Dutch population, Indische Nederlanders (Dutch Indonesians), estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000, left the former Dutch East Indies. Most of them moved to the Netherlands . Many had never been there before. Some of them went to Australia ,

1397-653: A report on Dekker containing his personal background, ideas and ideals as well as the influence of his propaganda on the people of the Dutch East Indies was submitted to Governor-General , Alexander Idenburg . On 4 March 1913, Governor-General Idenburg officially rejected the Indische Partij board's application to obtain legal entity status by referring to article 111 of the Regerings-Reglement or Government Regulation of 1854. The use of

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1524-621: A second 2-year term for their act which was used by a great number of Indo ' Spijtoptanten ' (Repentis). The Indos who immigrated and their descendants can be found in all fifty US states, with a majority in southern California. The 1970 US Census recorded 28,000 foreign-born Dutch (Dutch not born in the Netherlands) in California, while the six traditional states with strong Dutch population numbers ( Michigan , New York , New Jersey , Illinois , Washington and Florida ) hosted most of

1651-498: A sense of community. Notwithstanding Australia 's ‘ White Australia policy ’ during the 1950s and 1960s, approximately 10,000 Indos migrated to Australia, mostly via the Netherlands. With regard to mixed-race Eurasians, who were called NPEO (Non Pure European Origine) by the Australian Ministries, subjective decision-making became the norm of the policy until the 1970s. During WWII, a large refugee community from

1778-541: A similar uniting role for the Indo Eurasians in the Indies. Over 5,000 of its 7,000 members were Indos. The coloured [Indo] rejected by his white father, is the ideal foreman in the final liberation of his indigenous relatives. Douwes Dekker however also warned the Indo community not to carry on the racist notions indoctrinated by the colonial system. [...] colonial policy and its colonial morality are rotten. This

1905-532: Is 32.82 square kilometres (12.7 square miles). While the city spreads in all directions from the Kraton , the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro , with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east,

2032-618: Is an administrative part of the Yogyakarta Special Region which has the status of a province in Indonesia. In 2020, Yogyakarta City held the highest population density in Greater Yogyakarta, with 11,546 people per square kilometre, Sleman and Bantul Regencies holding the second place with a population density of 1,958.5 people/sq kilometre, and third place with 1,940 people/sq kilometre respectively. Within

2159-589: Is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya , the birthplace of the eponymous hero Rama from the Ramayana epic. Yogya means "suitable; fit; proper", and karta means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus, Yogyakarta means "[a city that is] fit to prosper". In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the Javanese script as ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ , read as / ˌ ŋ ɑː j ɒ ɡ j ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə / with

2286-540: Is not immoral [...] The Indische Party can safely be called revolutionary. Such a word does not frighten us[...] Douwes Dekker Due to the great enthusiasm of the people of the Dutch East Indies for the Indische Partij, within four months it had 25 branches with 5,775 members. The Surabaya branch of Indische Partij at that time had 827 members, Semarang 1,375, Jakarta 809, and Bandung 740. Indische Partij could attract up to 7,000 members and around 1,000 of them were Bumiputera. Indische Partij also had 30 branches throughout

2413-457: Is of course what the Indische Partij aims at in its struggle against racial superiority and racial discrimination [...] It will give the final push to make the tree of racial discrimination crash to earth [...] But when Indos of mixed blood complain about this racial superiority they must take care not to become guilty themselves of the same sin with respect to the indigenous natives. They must realize that artificially inculcated ideas of belonging to

2540-473: Is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market of Beringharjo ( id ) and the restored Dutch fort of Vredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro. Surrounding the Kraton is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout

2667-563: Is unknown. On 24 November 1945, Sutomo leaked propaganda to specifically kill the Dutch, Indo, Ambonese and unarmed civilians, Hundreds of Eurasians were killed in attacks by fanatical nationalistic Indonesian youth groups in the Bersiap Period during the last quarter of 1945, and it is estimated that around 5,500 to 20,000 Indo people and European civilians people were killed and 2,500 went missing during bersiap period. So of

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2794-555: The Dutch East India Company , and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate. With Pakubowono II dead from illness,

2921-593: The Dutch East Indies existed in Australia of which 1,000 chose to stay in Australia after the War. The Dutch-Australian agreement (1951), to stimulate immigration to Australia did not bypass Australia's overall 'White Australia Policy', which considerably hampered the immigration of Indos. In the early 1950s, Australian immigration officials based in the Netherlands screened potential Indo migrants on skin color and western orientation. Refusals were never explained. Notes to

3048-642: The Dutch East Indies , either Dutch or mixed ancestry. To distinguish between the two, Eurasians are called Indo and native Dutch are called Totok . In the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia), these families formed "a racially, culturally and socially homogeneous community between the Totoks (European newcomers) and the indigenous population". They were historically Christians and spoke Dutch , Portuguese , English and Indonesian . They were compared to Afrikaners from South Africa, who also share Dutch ancestry and culture, but are not mixed-race. In

3175-638: The Koloniale Raad and demanded that the House of Representatives elected by the Dutch East Indies government be balanced, between foreigners and natives. Some of the Bandung branch of the Islamic Union such as Soewardi Surjaningrat, Abdoel Moeis , and Akhmad Hassan Wignjadisastra who were actively involved in the Indische Partij and might influence the native population to fight the colonisers so

3302-543: The NIOD estimates 1.5 to 2 million people with Indo blood live in the Netherlands. The Indo-Dutch living abroad were not included. That makes them by far the largest minority community in the Netherlands . The Indo community is considered the best-integrated ethnic and cultural minority in the Netherlands. Statistical data compiled by CBS shows that Indos belong to the group with the country's lowest crime rates. A 1999 CBS study reveals that of all foreign-born groups living in

3429-804: The Rajasa dynasty , the title of Bhre Mataram was held by the king's nephew and son-in-law Wikramawardhana , later the fifth king of Majapahit. Kotagede , now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the Mataram Sultanate from 1587 to 1613. During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day Bantul Regency —the capital of

3556-631: The Sañjaya dynasty , King Mpu Sindok of Mataram , moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Central Java to East Java and thus established the Isyana dynasty . The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the Sumatra -based Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move. Historians suggest that some time during

3683-604: The United States or Canada . 18.5% departed for the United States. In 1959, Dutch people who did not embrace Indonesian citizenship were expelled. An estimated 60,000 immigrated to the United States in the 1960s. The migration pattern of the so-called Repatriation progressed in five distinct waves over a period of 20 years. Many Indos who left for the Netherlands often continued the journey of their diaspora to warmer places, such as California and Florida in

3810-606: The Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti ( Perjanjian Gianti ), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew Pakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal House of Hamengkubuwono , still

3937-620: The vergadering in Bandung, Dekker said that the founding of the Indische Partij was a declaration of war: light against darkness; civilisation against tyranny; good against evil; colonial tax-paying slaves against the tax-collecting state, the Netherlands. His passionate speeches easily attracted large crowds. At a vergadering in Semarang on 18 September 1912, around 300 people came to listen to Dekker's speech. Those who could not join Budi Utomo because they were not Javanese were welcome in

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4064-455: The 100th anniversary of Dutch independence from Napoleon Bonaparte in the Dutch East Indies by collecting money from the people, they formed the ‘ Bumiputera Committee ' in July 1913 headed by Tjipto. This committee later congratulated the queen and asked her to revoke article 111 of the R.R. and immediately convene an Indies Parliament. Meanwhile, Suwardi Suryaningrat wrote an article satirising

4191-475: The 1620s, Jan Pieterszoon Coen in particular insisted that families and orphans be sent from Holland to populate the colonies. As a result, a number of single women were sent and an orphanage was established in Batavia to raise Dutch orphan girls to become East India brides. Around 1650, the number of mixed marriages, frequent in the early years of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), declined sharply. There

4318-612: The 16th-18th centuries, Eurasians were referred to by a Portuguese term mestiço (Dutch: Mesties ) or as coloured (Dutch: Kleurling ). Additionally, a wide range of more contumelious terms, such as liplap , can be found in the literature. Eurasians in the Dutch East Indies were descendants of Europeans who travelled to Asia between the 16th and the 20th century. The earliest Europeans in South East Asia were Portuguese and Spanish traders. Portuguese explorers discovered two trade routes to Asia, sailing around

4445-409: The 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages within each district, and its post codes. ꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦶꦗꦼꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦏꦿꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ꦩꦼꦂꦒꦁꦱꦤ꧀ ꦈꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦭ꧀ꦲꦂꦗ ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ ꦒꦤ꧀ꦢꦏꦸꦱꦸꦩꦤ꧀ ꦢꦤꦸꦸꦉꦗꦤ꧀ ꦥꦏꦸꦮꦭꦩ꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ ꦒꦤ꧀ꦢꦩꦤꦤ꧀ ꦔꦩ꧀ꦥꦶꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ ꦮꦶꦫꦧꦿꦗꦤ꧀ ꦒꦼꦝꦺꦴꦁꦠꦼꦔꦼꦤ꧀ ꦗꦼꦛꦶꦱ꧀ ꦠꦼꦒꦭ꧀ꦉꦗ In 2017,

4572-569: The 290,000 Indo people and European before the Japanese occupation of which around 260,000 are Dutch citizens, it is estimated that more than 50,000 died during the japan occupation until bersiap period. Over 10% of the "Indo-Europeans" took Indonesian citizenship after Indonesian independence. Most retained full Dutch citizenship after the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949. In 1949, 300,000 Eurasians who had been socialized into many Dutch customs were repatriated. The Dutch established

4699-512: The Batavia garrison of 143 consisted of foreigners ( Germans were the majority among them), there were also French , Scots , English , Danes , Flemings , and Walloons (they were half of the VOC overall). Europeans living in Batavia also included Norwegians, Italians, Maltese, Poles, Irish, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Swedes. The number of Swedes travelling to the East on Dutch ships numbered in

4826-434: The Bumiputera to bring about change. The Indies were not just for the full-blooded Dutch, but for everyone who felt they were an Indies (Hindia or Indian). This view became the basis of the nationalist ideology espoused by the Indische Partij. Criticism of colonial life dates back to the early 20th century. Suwardi Suryaningrat criticised the Dutch East Indies government in his writings. Various writings containing his views on

4953-523: The Bumiputera with the Indo's being the pioneers. His speech influenced some members of the Indische Bond to form the Committee of Seven, which was tasked with preparing the formation of a new organisation. The Committee of Seven consisted of J. R. Agerbeek, J. D. Brunveld van Hulten, G. P. Charli, E. C. I. Couvreur, E. V. E. Douwes Dekker, J van der Poel, and R. H. Teuscher. On 6 September 1912,

5080-537: The Colonies. Neither the name nor the composition of the council was approved by the ‘Bumi Putra’ committee because the name Koloniale Raad was an insult to the national movement. It was certain that it would defend the colonisers and ignore the interests of the people. Therefore, the Koloniale Raad was naturally opposed by the nationalists. The nationalists who were members of various organisations rejected

5207-706: The Committee of Seven held a meeting under Dekker's leadership in Bandung and the result was the formation of a new association called the Indische Partij. On 15 September 1912, three important figures of the Indische Partij (E. V. E. Douwes Dekker, J van der Poel, and J. D. Brunveld van Hulten) moved to the cities of Yogyakarta , Madiun , Surabaya , Semarang , Pekalongan , Tegal , and Cirebon . In each city visited, meetings were held attended by various associations such as Insulinde Sarekat Islam , Budi Utomo, Kartini Club , Mangunhardjo , and Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan associations and established party branches. Cipto Mangunkusumo joined Surabaya with 70 other people. He travelled all

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5334-489: The Dutch Central Bureau for Statistics (CBS) registered the number of first-generation Indos living in the Netherlands at around 180,000 people. In 2001, official registration, including the second generation, accumulate their numbers to around half a million. Based on this the estimations, which include the third-generation descendants, reach up to at least 800,000 people. However, researcher Dr. Peter Post of

5461-414: The Dutch East Indies government entitled Als ik eens nederlander Was or ‘If I were a Dutchman’. The contents of Suwardi's writing include: "... If I were a Dutchman, I would protest the commemoration that would be held. I would warn my fellow colonisers that it was actually very dangerous at that time to celebrate the independence anniversary. I would warn all Dutch people not to offend the civilisation of

5588-692: The Dutch East Indies include Gerardus Johannes Berenschot . During World War II, the European colonies in South East Asia, including the Dutch East Indies, were invaded and annexed by the Japanese Empire. The Japanese sought to eradicate anything reminiscent of European government. Many of the Indies Dutch had spent World War II in Japanese concentration camps. All full blooded Europeans were put in Japanese concentration camps while

5715-505: The Dutch East Indies, most of them Eurasians, making up less than half of one per cent of the population. Indo influence on the nature of colonial society waned following World War I and the opening of the Suez Canal , when there was a substantial influx of white Dutch families. By 1925, 27.5 percent of all Europeans in Indonesia who married chose either native or mixed-blood spouses, a proportion that remained high until 1940, when it

5842-447: The Dutch East Indies. Not only that, Indische Partij also accepted members of Chinese, Arab and other descent. Under the slogan of “Indie voor Indiers” membership was opened to Indo-Europeans, Dutch permanent settlers, Indo-Chinese natives and all indigenous peoples. Inspired by the leading role Eurasian Ilustrados had played in the independence struggle in the Philippines , the IP envisioned

5969-877: The Dutch East Indies. Upon arrival in the Dutch East Indies, Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo engaged in politics and later became a member of the PNI . Meanwhile, Dekker and Suwardi plunged into education. They each founded the ‘ Ksatrian Instituut ’ school and the Taman Siswa school, which meant strengthening the ranks of private schools that had been pioneered by the Muhammadiyah school. Tjipto became future president Sukarno 's second political mentor, after an imprisonment in Banda he died in 1943. After Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 Douwes Dekker, now named Danoedirdja Setiaboeddhi to sound Indonesian, became minister of state in

6096-606: The Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from the United Nations . For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district", making it the only region headed by a recognised monarchy in Indonesia . The area of the city of Yogyakarta

6223-457: The Dutch term Indo-European . Other terms used at various times are 'Dutch Indonesians', 'Eurasians', 'Indo-Europeans', 'Indo-Dutch' and 'Dutch-Indos'. In the Indonesian language , common synonymous terms are Sinjo (for males), Belanda-Indo , Indo-Belanda , Bule , and Indo means Eurasian: a person with European and Indonesian parentage. Indo is an abbreviation of

6350-482: The European legal class. They were formally considered to be Dutch and held Dutch passports. Yogyakarta Yogyakarta ( English: / ˌ j oʊ ɡ j ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə / YOHG -yə- KAR -tə ; Javanese : ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ Ngayogyakarta [ŋɑːˈjɔɡjɔˈkɑːrtɔ] ; Petjo : Jogjakarta ) is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia , in the south-central part of

6477-468: The Greater Yogyakarta area lies Yogyakarta city. Yogyakarta is divided into fourteen district -level subdivisions called kemantren ( Javanese : ꦏꦼꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦤ꧀ ), which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of the kemantren s with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census and

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6604-822: The Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) of Yogyakarta City at current prices was 31.31 trillion rupiahs (around US$ 2.2 billion). The tertiary sector contributed an important share (around 78% of GDP). the tertiary sector included wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars and motorcycles, transportation and warehousing; provision of accommodation and eating and drinking; information and communication; financial services and insurance; real estate; corporate services; government administration, defence and compulsory social security; educational services; health services and social activities as well as other services. In 2017, economic growth of Yogyakarta City reached 5.24 percent slightly faster compared to 2016, which

6731-456: The IP membership numbers were rising speedily. Within a month the Party's magazine had a 1,000 paying subscribers. In fear of a Malay language edition and collaboration with the ‘ Sarekat Islam ’ the colonial authorities stepped up its efforts to ban the IP. The Indische Partij made several efforts to create co-operation between Indo and Bumiputera people. These efforts included: After the end of

6858-567: The Indies as their homeland and nationality. This understanding emulsified into what was known as Indisch Nationalism, which later through the Indonesian Association and the Indonesian National Party became Indonesisch Nationalism or Indonesian Nationalism . In 1913, the government announced plans to establish a representative council in the Dutch East Indies under the name Koloniale Raad or Council of

6985-499: The Indies at this time. The ships' passenger lists from the 17th century also evidence this. Not until later in the 17th century did the numbers of passengers to Asia drop drastically. Given the small population of their country, the Dutch had to fill out their recruitment for Asia by looking for overseas emigration candidates in the underprivileged regions of north-western Europe . Originally, most Dutch VOC employees were traders, accountants, sailors and adventurers. In 1622, over half

7112-496: The Indische Partij; non-Muslims who were reluctant to join Sarekat Islam could move freely in the Indische Partij; progressives of Budi Utomo who were dissatisfied with the organisation could easily find political satisfaction in the Indische Partij; and revolutionary Sarekat Islamists had their wishes fulfilled by joining the Indische Partij. Revolutionary action enables people to achieve their objectives quickly. Surely this

7239-589: The Indo's as inferior to them. This view was expressed in the newsletter of the ‘ Bond van geneesheeren ’ (Association of doctors) in September 1912. In the bulletin, the native Dutch doctors denounced the government's intention to establish a second Medical School (NIAS) in Surabaya that was open to all nations. They considered the lowly Indo people unfit to become doctors. According to Dekker, if Indo's wanted to change their fate, then they had to work together with

7366-533: The Indonesian people who are just waking up and becoming brave. I will protest as loudly as I can..." Then Tjipto Mangunkusumo also wrote an article entitled Kracht of Vrees? which means ‘Power or Fear?’. As a result, they were both arrested by the Dutch and exiled. Later Dekker protested against the arrest of his two friends and wrote Onze Helden: Tjipto Mangunkusumo en R.M. Suwardi Suryaningrat (Our Heroes: Tjipto Mangunkusumo and R.M. Suwardi Suryaningrat). He to

7493-618: The Indos who settled via the legislative refugee measures number at least 25,000. The original post-war refugee legislation of 1948, already adhering to a strict 'affidavit of support' policy, was still maintaining a color bar making it difficult for Indos to emigrate to the US. By 1951, US consulates in the Netherlands registered 33,500 requests and had waiting times of 3 to 5 years. Also the US Walter-McCarran Act (1953) adhered to

7620-399: The Japanese occupation, the Dutch were put into the lowest class. Native blood was the only thing that could free Indos from being put into concentration camps, 160,000 Indos (Eurasians) were not herded into camps. It is estimated that 8,200 european POW and 16,800 Indo people and European civilians died in Japanese concentration camps and the number of Indo people who died outside the camps

7747-473: The Japanese to realise an independent nation. Two days after Japan's surrender in August 1945, the independence leaders declared an independent Republic of Indonesia . The majority of Indo males were either captive or in hiding and remained oblivious to these developments. During the occupation, the Japanese had imprisoned some 42,000 Dutch military personnel and around 100,000 civilians, mostly Dutch people who could not provide proof of Indonesian descent. During

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7874-409: The Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura . A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between Pakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler of Kartasura , and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne, Prince Mangkubumi (later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta , and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with

8001-449: The Netherlands will have an Indies or Indonesian restaurant and toko (shop). Even most Chinese restaurants have added Indonesian dishes to their menu such as babi panggang (roasted pork), and many now call themselves Chinese Indies Restaurants . Indo influence in Dutch society is also reflected in the arts, i.e. music and literature. An important champion of Indo culture was the writer Tjalie Robinson (1911–1974), who co-founded

8128-446: The Netherlands without separating from the mother country. This was, of course, the opposite of Dekker's thinking. In his speech to the members of the Indische Bond on 12 December 1911 entitled ‘ Aansluiting tussen blank en bruin ’ (The union of white and brown skin), Dekker stirred up the spirit of the Indo people to rebel and break away from the colonial government. And because of the small number of Indo's, they had to fight together with

8255-469: The Netherlands, US Indos did not increase numerically because of their relative small numbers and their geographical dispersion. Also the disappearance of a proverbial "old country" able to supply a continual influx of new immigrants stimulates the rapid assimilation of Indos into the US. Although several Indo clubs have existed throughout the second half of the 20th century, though the community's elders are passing away steadily. Some experts expect that within

8382-435: The Netherlands, only the Indos have an average income similar to that of citizens born in the Netherlands. Job participation in government, education, and health care is similar as well. A 2005 CBS study, among foreign-born citizens and their children living in the Netherlands, shows that on average, Indos own the largest number of independent enterprises. A 2007 CBS study shows that over 50% of first-generation Indos have married

8509-430: The Tong Tong Fair. Louis Couperus ' Of Old People, the Things that Pass (Van oude mensen, de dingen die voorbij gaan, 1906) is a well-known example of an older Indies narrative. Maria Dermoût is known as a nostalgic Indies writer. Marion Bloem 's postmemory work evolves around an artistic exploration of Indo identity and culture, which puts her in the tradition of Tjalie Robinson. Eurasians were officially part of

8636-423: The United States. A 2005 study estimates the number of Indos who went to Australia around 10,000. Research has shown that most Indo immigrants are assimilating into their host societies. The Indos are disappearing as a group. Notable Americans whose families came from the Dutch East Indies include the musicians Eddie Van Halen , Alex Van Halen and Michelle Branch , the actor Mark-Paul Gosselaar , and

8763-399: The Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the Java War . In 1942, the Japanese Empire invaded the Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945. Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic on 17 August 1945; Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX promptly sent a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for

8890-447: The Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt. The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in Indonesian history , leaving

9017-463: The added prefix nga -. In the orthography of the time , the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant / j / came to be written with ⟨y⟩ , and the consonant / dʒ / with ⟨j⟩ . Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography . Thus,

9144-533: The administrators and soldiers who came from the Netherlands. There is evidence of considerable care by officers of the Dutch East India Company for their illegitimate Eurasian children: boys were sometimes sent to the Netherlands to be educated, and sometimes never returned to Indonesia. Using the evidence of centuries old Portuguese family names many Indos carried matriarchal kinship relations within Eurasian communities, it has been argued by Tjalie Robinson that

9271-619: The applicants contained this standard sentence in English: "It is not the policy of the department to give reasons so please do not ask". In 1956, an Australian security official publicly stated in the Australian newspaper that Dutch Eurasians may become a serious social problem and even an Asian fifth column. In the early 1960s, only vocationally skilled migrants were accepted to Australia. Originally, applicants were required to be of 100% European descent. Later, Indos were required to show

9398-541: The area of the Buddhist Shailendra dynasty . Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the Progo River valley , on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous candi , including Borobudur and Prambanan . Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of

9525-604: The area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom , identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya of Mataram . The inscription was found in a Hindu temple in Central Java, 40 km away from Yogyakarta and 20 km away from the giant Borobudur temple complex . This Hindu temple itself was on the border between the area of the Hindu Sañjaya dynasty and

9652-429: The article itself surprised the Indische Partij board because the Dutch East Indies government had long intended to abandon the article. After learning of the rejection decision, on 5 March, Dekker and the other board members held a discussion about the next step. The meeting resulted in a decision to change the wording of article 2 regarding the purpose of the Indische Partij. After that, Dekker went back to Idenburg, but

9779-409: The backbone of officialdom. In general they feel the same loyalty to the Netherlands as do the white Dutch. They have full rights as Dutch citizens and they are Christians and follow Dutch customs. This group has suffered more than any other during the Japanese occupation". — Official US Army publication for the benefit of G.I. 's, 1944. Leaders of the Indonesian independence movement cooperated with

9906-404: The cabinet of Indonesian prime minister Sjahrir . Soewardi became Indonesian minister of education in 1949, having changed his name to Ki Hadjar Dewantara in 1922. Indo people The Indo people ( Dutch : Indische Nederlanders , Indonesian : Orang Indo ) or Indos are Eurasian people living in or connected with Indonesia . In its narrowest sense, the term refers to people in

10033-512: The city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents. According to the Canggal inscription dated 732 CE,

10160-479: The city, and the ruins of the Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction. Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi , with the northern outskirts of the city running up to

10287-786: The community; most never returned to Indonesia. Migration to the US occurred under legislative refugee measures; these immigrants were sponsored by Christian organizations such as the Church World Service and the Catholic Relief Services . An accurate count of Indo immigrants is not available, as the US Census classified people according to their self-determined ethnic affiliation. The Indos may have been included in overlapping categories of "country of origin", "other Asians," "total foreign", "mixed parentage", "total foreign-born" and "foreign mother tongue". However

10414-428: The country has not yet become independent. In the right corner, there is a tri-colour strip of green-red-blue. The green colour symbolises the goal to be achieved, namely prosperity, the red colour symbolises the spirit of the party's courage, and the blue colour symbolises the indier's loyalty to his homeland. The Indies was a national home for all people of Bumiputera, Dutch, Chinese, Arab and other descent who recognised

10541-527: The country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious. Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution , with Gedung Agung as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta, Kotagede , was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613. The city's population

10668-597: The essence of their apparently seamless assimilation into Dutch society: Dutch citizenship, and the amount of 'Dutch cultural capital', in the form of school attainments and familiarity with the Dutch language and culture, which Indos already possessed before migrating to the Netherlands. There were few public signs of the Indo culture. The most visible one was the yearly event Pasar Malam Besar (the Great Night Market) in The Hague that currently continues under

10795-478: The exploitation carried out by the government. Meanwhile, Tjipto Mangunkusumo criticised it through his writings published in De Locomotief newspaper. According to him, Javanese society was difficult to progress because it was confined by feudalism and society as a whole experienced excessive exploitation. This led to so much poverty and backwardness that he thought colonialism had to end. According to him,

10922-404: The following centuries of formal Dutch colonization. This would change after the formal colonisation by the Dutch in the 19th century. Eurasian men were recruited by the colonial regime as go-betweens in both the civil administration and the military, where their mastery of two languages was useful. Few European women came to the Indies during the Dutch East India Company period to accompany

11049-544: The former Dutch East Indies who held European legal status but were of mixed Dutch and indigenous Indonesian descent as well as their descendants today. In the broadest sense, an Indo is anyone of mixed European and Indonesian descent. Indos are associated with colonial culture of the former Dutch East Indies, a Dutch colony in Southeast Asia and a predecessor to modern Indonesia after its proclamation of independence shortly after World War II . The term

11176-533: The government had to be careful. On 25 December 1912, the Indische Partij leaders went to the Bogor Palace to gain recognition from the Dutch East Indies government. This was important so that the Indische Partij would not be considered a wild and unsettling association. Upon seeing Dekker's application for legal recognition of the Indische Partij, the government assigned its advisor on indigenous affairs, Dr G.H.J Hazeu, to investigate Dekker. On 13 January 1913,

11303-456: The government's strict measures resulted in many Indische Partij members losing their nerve, De Expres continued to survive. In 1914, business cards, papers and the like with Indische Partij colours were still advertised in De Expres . The triumvirate continued to voice their criticism of the government through De Expres . For example, when the Dutch East Indies government wanted to celebrate

11430-413: The growth reached 5.11 percent. To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesian high speed train is currently being developed from Bandung to Yogyakarta & Solo , initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024. This proposal would connect to other high-speed rail in Indonesia . A large majority of the population are Javanese . However, as

11557-483: The island of Java . As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy , Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, batik textiles, drama, literature , music , poetry , silversmithing, visual arts , and wayang puppetry. Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education , Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University ,

11684-419: The issue of independence for the Dutch East Indies did not matter. Explicitly and vigorously opposing widespread racial discrimination by the colonial elite of expatriate Dutchmen and advocating total independence from the Netherlands, the colonial government hastened to brand the political organisation as subversive and banned it only one year after its foundation. Having been designated a banned organisation,

11811-484: The larger (Indo) European population, who could prove close native ancestry, were subjected to a curfew, usually in their homes, which was known as Buiten Kampers (Dutch for outside campers). First the POWs , then all male adults and finally all females with their children and adolescents were interned. Boys of 10 years old and older were separated from their mothers and put into a boys camp usually together with old men. While

11938-478: The lifespan of the second and third-generation descendants, the community will be assimilated and disappear completely into American multicultural society. The great leap in technological innovation of the 20th and 21st centuries, in the areas of communication and media, is mitigating the geographical dispersion and diversity of American Indos. Triggered by the loss of family and community elders, US Indos are starting to rapidly reclaim their cultural heritage as well as

12065-562: The name Tong Tong Fair . Indo culinary culture has made an enduring impact on Dutch society. There is no other place outside Indonesia with such an abundance of Indonesian food available. Indos played a pivotal role in introducing both Indonesian cuisine and Indo fusion cuisine to the Netherlands, making it so popular that some consider it an integral part of Dutch cuisine. The Countess C. van Limburg Stirum writes in her book "The Art of Dutch Cooking" (1962): here exist countless Indonesian dishes, some of which take hours to prepare; but

12192-618: The newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic. The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and

12319-471: The organisation to a stillborn baby, meaning that the Indische Partij could not prove its greatness amidst the national movement organisations because the Dutch East Indies government had already dissolved it. The exile of E.F.E. Douwes Dekker was lifted in August 1917, Suwardi Suryaningrat in July 1918, and Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo in July 1914. They were able to remain politically active and eventually return to

12446-516: The origin of the Indo was less of a thin facade laid over a Dutch foundation, but sprang from an ancient mestizo culture going back all the way to the beginning of the European involvement in Asia. In 1720, Batavia's population consisted of 2,000 Europeans, mainly Dutch merchants (2.2 percent of the total population), 1,100 Eurasians, 11,700 Chinese, 9,000 non-Indonesian Asians of Portuguese culture (mardijkers), 600 Indo-Arab Muslims, 5,600 immigrants from

12573-444: The other 50,000 foreign-born Dutch. The formation of Indo enclaves did not occur because of various factors. Indos settled initially with their sponsors or in locations offered them by the sponsor. Indos also had a wide variety of occupations and in this respect were not limited to certain geographic areas. There were no forces in the host society limiting the choice of location; there was a full choice as to where to settle. Unlike in

12700-431: The party leadership decided to dissolve the Indische Partij on 31 March 1913. With heavy heart, Dekker's final message to his members was that they should join the government-recognised Insulinde association with the spirit of the Indische Partij. Its activities were continued by Insulinde , which was based in Semarang. The date 6 September, when the Indische Partij was formed, is celebrated as Indische Partij Day. Although

12827-399: The precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below 100 millimetres (3.9 inches). The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling 392 millimetres (15.4 inches). The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius. The city of Yogyakarta

12954-480: The propaganda journey, on 25 December 1912 a meeting of Indische Partij representatives was held. In this meeting, the Articles of Association and the party's management were drawn up. The composition of the board was as follows: The black flag was used as the party flag. Some interpreted the black colour as identical to the colour of Indier skin. There are also those who interpret it as the colour of mourning because

13081-665: The reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram. During the Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognised as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled by Bhre Mataram . During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the Hindu King Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of

13208-482: The religious composition in Yogyakarta was distributed over Islam (82.32%), Catholicism (10,66%), Protestantism (6.54%), Buddhism (0.34%), Hinduism (0.13%), and Confucianism (0.01%). Yogyakarta has been traditionally known as a region where different faiths live in harmony , but in recent years religious intolerance has grown. In 2018, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta , Hamengkubuwono X , called for religious freedoms to be preserved after

13335-399: The ruling classes do by no means give them the right to look down on a class of (indigenous) Indiers with whom they are bound together with unbreakable chains [...] In 1912 the removal of the Batavia school for Civil Servants from the Dutch East Indies and the ban on establishing a Medical school for Indo-Europeans and Indo-Chinese had contributed to a strong undercurrent of dissatisfaction and

13462-547: The ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the Palace of Yogyakarta , still the seat of the reigning sultan , on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate . During the brief period of British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by

13589-716: The south of Africa or the Americas to create a commercial monopoly. In the early 16th century, the Portuguese established important trade posts in South East Asia, which was a diverse collection of many rival kingdoms, sultanates and tribes spread over a huge territory of peninsulas and islands. A main Portuguese stronghold was in the Maluku Islands (the Moluccas), the fabled "Spice Islands". The Spanish established

13716-531: The southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency . Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in May 2018. Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ) as

13843-460: The term Indo-European which originated in the Dutch East Indies of the 19th century as an informal term to describe the Eurasians. Indische is an abbreviation of the Dutch term Indische Nederlander . Indische was a term that could be applied to everything connected with the Dutch East Indies. In the Netherlands, the term Indische Nederlander includes all Dutch nationals who lived in

13970-419: The thousands. Many settled in Batavia for long periods. Some of the settlers in the 18th and early 19th centuries were men without wives, and intermarriage occurred with the local inhabitants; others brought their families. The VOC and later the colonial government to a certain extent encouraged this, partly to maintain their control over the region. The existing Indo (or Mestizo) population of Portuguese descent

14097-571: The traditional American policy of limiting immigrants from Asia. The yearly quota for Indonesia was limited to 100 visas, even though Dutch foreign affairs attempted to profile Indos as refugees from the alleged pro-communist Sukarno administration. The 1953 flood disaster in the Netherlands resulted in the US Refugee Relief Act including a slot for 15,000 ethnic Dutch who had at least 50% European blood (one year later loosened to Dutch citizens with at least two Dutch grandparents) and

14224-420: The unequal life of colonial society were published in newspapers and magazines such as Het Tijdschrift and De Expres . Suwardi was of the view that the domination of the Dutch totok group over Indo and Bumiputera people must end because it was based on the arbitrariness of the colonial government. In his writings, Suwardi pressed on the importance of Indies nationalism in every political struggle so as to end

14351-456: The video game designer Henk Rogers . During the 1950s and 1960s an estimated 60,000 Indos arrived in the US, where they have integrated into mainstream American society. These Indos were sometimes also referred to as Indo-Europeans and Amerindos . They are a relatively small Eurasian refugee-immigrant group in the US. Indos who emigrated to the US following Indonesian independence assimilated into their new country, marrying people outside

14478-417: The way from Malang to meet his old friend because he saw the similarity in his political vision with Dekker. Meanwhile, Suwardi joined because Dekker was impressed by his writings in De Expres and Oetoesan Hindia . In November 1912, both were drawn to Bandung to become directors of the daily De Expres. Dekker gave speeches at vergadering to attract the masses and this was new in the Dutch East Indies. At

14605-411: The way to end colonialism was through political struggle. This is what caused Tjipto Mangunkusumo to leave Budi Utomo who did not share his views. Then he met with Dekker and Suwardi Suryaningrat who were like-minded and formed the Indische Partij. Its influence as the first multi-racial political party that clearly stated the, at the time radical, notion of independence was far reaching. The IP's aim

14732-417: The women were interned with children in women's camps, Vrouwenkampen all working age men were interned as forced unpaid labor. The Japanese failed in their attempts to win over the Indo community, and Indos were made subject to the same forceful measures. "Nine-tenths of the so-called Europeans are the offspring of whites married to native women. These mixed people are called Indo-Europeans… They have formed

14859-454: Was 388,627 at the 2010 Census, and 373,589 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 375,699, composed of 182,840 males and 192,859 females. Its metropolitan area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010, which includes the city of Magelang and 65 districts across Sleman , Klaten , Bantul , Kulon Progo and Magelang regencies. Yogyakarta has one of the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in Indonesia. Yogyakarta

14986-400: Was a large number of women from the Netherlands recorded as marrying in the years around 1650. At least half the brides of European men in Batavia came from Europe. Many of these women were widows, already previously married in the Indies, but almost half of them were single women from the Netherlands marrying for the first time. There were still considerable numbers of women sailing eastwards to

15113-634: Was absorbed into Central Java Province. Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta , causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against

15240-413: Was again rejected in a decision letter dated 11 March 1913 on the grounds that although the wording of article 2 was changed, it did not in any way intend to change the basis and spirit of the organisation. On 13 March, Dekker tried a third time but was still rejected. At that time Dekker questioned whether the future government would grant independence to the colonies. Idenburg shook his head and stated that

15367-441: Was arrested. The activities of the committee initiated by this triumvirate were considered dangerous by the government so that based on article 48 of the R.R, Governor-General Idenburg sentenced them to exile . Initially 18 August 1913 on domestic exile, and then changed to foreign exile on 27 August, to the Netherlands. With the exile of the Indische Partij leaders, the Indische Partij's work in Indonesia ended. Van Deventer likened

15494-497: Was estimated that they were 80 percent of the European population, which at the previous census had numbered 250,000. An Indo movement led by the Indo Europeesch Verbond (Indo European Alliance) voiced the idea of independence from the Netherlands, however only an Indo minority led by Ernest Douwes Dekker and P.F.Dahler joined the indigenous Indonesian independence movement. Examples of famous Indo people in

15621-555: Was passed allowing for a one-off acceptance of 10,000 Dutchmen from Indonesia (excluding the regular annual quota of 3,136 visas). It was hoped however that only 10% of these Dutch refugees would in fact be racially mixed Indos and the American embassy in The Hague was frustrated with the fact that Canada, which was more strict in ethnic profiling, was getting the full–blooded Dutch and the US was getting Dutch "all rather heavily dark". Still in 1960 senators Pastore and Walter managed to get

15748-429: Was still 20 percent. By 1930, there were more than 240,000 people with European legal status in the colony, still making up less than half of one percent of the population. Almost 75% of these Europeans were in fact native Eurasians known as Indo-Europeans. The majority of legally acknowledged Dutchmen were bi-lingual Indo Eurasians. Eurasian antecedents were no bar to the highest levels of colonial society. In 1940, it

15875-591: Was therefore welcome to integrate. An Indo-European society developed in the East Indies. Although most of its members became Dutch citizens, their culture was strongly Eurasian in nature, with a focus on both Asian and European heritage. 'European' society in the Indies was dominated by this Indo culture into which non-native born European settlers integrated. The non-native-born (totok) Europeans adopted Indo culture and customs. The Indo lifestyle (e.g. language and dress code) only came under pressure to westernise in

16002-498: Was to unite all native peoples of the Indies in a struggle for an independent nation. When the IP was banned and its leadership exiled, members of the IP founded the equally radical Insulinde. In Bandung, there have long been Indo-European organisations such as the Indische Bond (1898) and Insulinde (1907). Both organisations aimed to elevate the status of Indo-Europeans in the socio-economic field and forge an alliance with

16129-400: Was used to describe people acknowledged to be of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, or it was a term used in the Dutch East Indies to apply to Europeans who had partial Asian ancestry. The European ancestry of these people was predominantly Dutch, but also included Portuguese, German, British, French, Belgian and others. The term "Indo" is first recorded from 1898, as an abbreviation of

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