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108-662: Dermayu is the old name for Indramayu, in the form of the Dermayu Sultanate that was founded by Sultan Khalif Aria Wirasamudra in 1478 after gaining independence from the Majapahit empire. Sultan Marangali became the last Dermayu Sultan in 1770, after that the area fully came under colonial rule of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Indramayu is divided into 18 villages which are as follows: Eight of these are urban ( kelurahan - indicated by #) and

216-417: A gadha (a kind of mace ); his phallus is depicted as protruding with a shawl hanging between his legs; he is wearing a serpent upavita , a crown of supit urang , a grim face, and a thick transverse mustache; and the hair above the forehead is described as curly, forming a jamang (forehead decoration). The similarity between the statue of Brajanata as the embodiment of Gajah Mada and the statue of Bima

324-512: A Sundanese patih explained in the kidung Sundayana that Gajah Mada wore a gold-embossed karambalangan ( breastplate ) and was armed with a gold-layered spear and a shield full of diamond decoration. According to Munandar, at first Gajah Mada was depicted as a Brajanata character from the Panji tales , and as Bima from the Mahābhārata in later eras. The Panji story was known earlier than

432-493: A conflict between Gajah Mada's and Ra Kembar's forces which was only resolved when Tribhuwana herself led the battles against both rebelling regions. After Arya Tadah's retirement, Gajah Mada was picked as mahapatih in 1334. It was during Gajah Mada's reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta visited Sumatra . It is said that it was during his appointment as mahapatih under queen Tribhuwanatunggadewi that Gajah Mada took his famous oath,

540-538: A daughter together and he stayed with her in Java. Kelantan was ruled by his brother, Sultan Sadik Muhammad Shah, until his death in 1429. This necessitated Kemas Jiwa to return and took the throne as Iskandar, where he declared Kelantan as Majapahit II in Mahligai. Although Pararaton listed her husband as Bhra Hyang Parameswara Ratnapangkaja, which suggests she remarried after Kemas Jiwa returned. The reign of Suhita

648-661: A figurative sense, he can be seen as a restorer and successor to Kertanegara's ideas in the Dwipantara Mandala concept. Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life, but he was born into an ordinary family. Early accounts mention his career as a commander of the Bhayangkara , an elite royal guard for the Majapahit king and royal family. When Rakrian Kuti , an official from Majapahit, rebelled against King Jayanegara (r. 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and

756-438: A foothold on the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while the Majapahit were steadily pushed back. Wikramawardhana ruled until 1429 and was succeeded by his daughter Suhita , who ruled from 1429 to 1447. She was the second child of Wikramawardhana by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi. She was married to future Kelantan king Iskandar Shah or Kemas Jiwa in 1427. Both of them had

864-401: A human body, the son of Shiva and Parvati . As for the word "Mada", in the ancient Javanese language (possibly derived from Sanskrit , where the word has the same meaning), it means "drunk". When an elephant is drunk, he will walk arbitrarily and violently, overcoming all obstacles. So when it is associated with the figure of Gajah Mada, the name can be interpreted in two ways, namely: In

972-439: A king with formal name Rajasawardhana. He died in 1453. A three-year kingless period was possibly the result of a succession crisis. Girisawardhana , son of Kertawijaya, came to power in 1456. He died in 1466 and was succeeded by Singhawikramawardhana. In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana, promoting himself as the king of Majapahit. Deposed Singhawikramawardhana retreated upstream of Brantas River, moved

1080-500: A legend linked to the establishment of a new settlement in the forest of Trik by Raden Wijaya in 1292. It was said that the workers clearing the Trik forest encountered some maja trees and consumed their bitter-tasting fruit which then gave its name to the village. Strictly speaking, the name Majapahit refers to the kingdom's capital, but today it is common to refer to the kingdom with its capital's name. In Javanese primary sources,

1188-483: A massive expedition of 1000 ships to Java in 1293. By that time, Jayakatwang , the Adipati (Duke) of Kediri , a vassal state of Singhasari, had usurped and killed Kertanagara. After being pardoned by Jayakatwang with the aid of Madura's regent Arya Wiraraja, Kertanegara's son-in-law Raden Wijaya was given the land of Tarik timberland. He then opened the vast timberland and built a new settlement there. The village

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1296-735: A naval exploration, but also a show of power and a display of geopolitical reach. The Chinese Ming dynasty had recently overthrown the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and was eager to establish their hegemony in the world, which changed the geopolitical balance in Asia. The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, Sri Lanka and other places in Indian Ocean coasts. However, perhaps

1404-540: A primary historical account of Majapahit court during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk , as well as detailed information about the East Javanese countryside and a summary of Singhasari history. The Pararaton focuses on Ken Arok , the founder of Singhasari , but includes a number of shorter narrative fragments about the formation of Majapahit. The Javanese sources incorporate some poetic mythological elements into their historical accounts. This complexity has led to

1512-416: A royal monopoly. It also claimed relationships with Champa , Cambodia , Siam , southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent missions to China. Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit

1620-605: A sacred building of Caitya , dedicated for the late Paduka Bhatara Sang Lumah ri Siwa Buddha ( King Kertanegara ) who had died in 1214 Saka (1292 CE) in the month of Jyesta. The inscription was discovered in Singosari subdistrict, Malang, East Java, and was written in Old Javanese script and language. The caitya or temple mentioned in this inscription is possibly Singhasari temple . The special reverence to King Kertanegara of Singhasari demonstrated by Gajah Mada suggests that

1728-603: A son from his previous marriage, the crown prince Wirabhumi , who also claimed the throne. By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, the latter which according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom until the rise of Malacca Sultanate , supported by the Ming dynasty . In

1836-440: A story about a country called Tawalisi which oppose the king of China (Yuan dynasty) and waged war with him using numerous junks until he made a peace on certain conditions. Hayam Wuruk , also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350–1389. During this period, Majapahit attained its peak with the help of the prime minister Gajah Mada . Under Gajah Mada's command (1313–1364), Majapahit conquered more territories and became

1944-415: A variety of interpretive approaches. Cornelis Christiaan Berg, a Dutch historian, have considered the entire historical record to be not a record of the past, but a supernatural means by which the future can be determined. Most scholars do not accept this view, as the historical record corresponds in part with Chinese materials that could not have had similar intention. The references to rulers and details of

2052-570: Is also credited to the famous prime minister Gajah Mada . According to the Nagarakretagama written in 1365, Majapahit was an empire of 98 tributaries, stretching from Sumatra to New Guinea ; including territories in present-day Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia , Brunei , southern Thailand , Timor Leste , southwestern Philippines (in particular the Sulu Archipelago ) although the scope of Majapahit sphere of influence

2160-555: Is also referred to by the Sanskrit-derived synonym Wilwatikta ( Sanskrit : विल्वतिक्त , romanized :  vilvatikta , lit.   'bitter maja '). Toponyms containing the word maja are common in the area in and around Trowulan (e.g. Mojokerto ), as it is a widespread practice in Java to name an area, a village or settlement with the most conspicuous or abundant tree or fruit species found in that region. The 16th-century chronicle Pararaton records

2268-489: Is found in the Indramayu area. Pertamina , the state's oil company, have operated a refinery just outside the town since 1994. That aside, because of an overall lack of industry and jobs, there is migration to other parts of Indonesia . In 2015, the unemployment in the town is 11.85% compared to a national average of 6.3% in 2016. Agriculture, trades, and services are the largest employers which altogether employed 73% of

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2376-454: Is impossible for the face of a figure as big as Gajah Mada to be displayed in a piggy bank. Such a portrayal is considered an insult because usually the state leaders during the Hindu - Buddhist era, including Majapahit, were made in effigy as statues. Some even believe that the face was none other than Yamin's own face. Another illustration of the historical Gajah Mada, different from Yamin's,

2484-421: Is not a coincidence, but there is an underlying conception that is developed along with the distance between historical events and their worshippers at a later time. The word "Gajah" (elephant) refers to a large animal that is respected by other animals. In Hindu mythology it is believed to be a vahana (animal mount) of the god Indra . Elephants are also associated with Ganesha , the elephant-headed god with

2592-404: Is still the subject of debate among historians. The nature of Majapahit's relations and influence upon its overseas vassals and also its status as an empire still provokes discussion. Majapahit was one of the last major Hindu-Buddhist empires of the region and is considered to be one of the greatest and most powerful empires in the history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is sometimes seen as

2700-452: Is subject to debate. It may have had limited or entirely notional influence over some of the tributary states , including Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan , and eastern Indonesia, over which authority was claimed in the Nagarakretagama . Geographical and economic constraints suggest that rather than a regular centralised authority, the outer states were most likely to have been connected mainly by trade connections, which were probably

2808-493: Is the result of research at the University of Indonesia by archaeologist Agus Aris Munandar. He interpreted that Gajah Mada was depicted as Bima in wayang shadow-puppet shows, with a transverse mustache. In popular depiction, Gajah Mada is mostly shown bare-chested, wearing a sarong , and using a weapon in the form of a kris . While this may have been true on civilian duties, his official outfit might have been different:

2916-624: The Nusantara Archipelago, [then] I will amukti palapa . If [I have] conquered Gurun , Seram , Tanjungpura , Haru , Pahang , Dompo , Bali , Sunda , Palembang , Tumasik (Singapore), then I will amukti palapa ." Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder defines amukti palapa as "enjoying a state where everything can be taken", or simply "enjoying pleasure"; while according to Slamet Muljana it means "enjoying rest". Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but Gajah Mada kept pursuing his dream to unify Nusantara under

3024-589: The Pararaton ("The Book of Kings"), the Nagarakretagama (a Javanese-language eulogy), and an inscription dating from the mid-14th century. Much of the modern popular depiction of Gajah Mada derives from the imagination of Mohammad Yamin in his 1945 book Gajah Mada: Pahlawan Persatuan Nusantara . One day in the 1940s, Yamin visited Trowulan , the site of the capital city of the former Majapahit kingdom. He found fragments of terracotta , one of which

3132-478: The Gajah Mada inscription , another nickname was used, namely Rakryan Mapatih Jirnnodhara . It is possible the name is just a title for Gajah Mada, but it can also be seen as the official name. The meaning of the word Jirnnodhara is "builder of something new" or "restorer of something that has fallen apart". In a literal sense, Gajah Mada is the builder of caitya for Kertanegara, which did not exist before. In

3240-533: The Hindu epics , including the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata , became ingrained in the Javanese culture and worldview through the performing arts of wayang kulit (“leather puppets”). He is considered an important national hero in modern Indonesia , as well as a symbol of patriotism and national unity. Historical accounts of his life, political career, and administration are taken from several sources, mainly

3348-756: The Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra in 1275, Singhasari became the most powerful kingdom in the region. Kublai Khan , the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the Emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, challenged Singhasari by sending emissaries demanding tribute. Kertanegara of Singhasari refused to pay the tribute, insulted Kublai's envoy, and challenged the Khan instead. In response, Kublai Khan sent

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3456-482: The National Museum of Indonesia (No. 5136/310d), the statue is depicted with a sturdy body, transverse mustache, and wavy curls, at the top of the head there is a hair tie with a ribbon forming like a tekes hat. He wears clothes and jewelry, bracelets, and an upper armband in the form of a snake-like Bima's. The traditional Bima statue depiction associated with Gajah Mada was made at the end of Majapahit in

3564-666: The Palapa Oath or Sumpah Palapa . The telling of the oath is described in the Pararaton (Book of Kings), an account of Javanese history that dates from the 15th or 16th century: Sira Gajah Madapatih amangkubhumi tan ayun amuktia palapa, sira Gajah Mada: "Lamun huwus kalah nusantara isun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seran, Tañjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun amukti palapa". Translation: [Eventually] Gajah Mada became patih mangkubumi, [but] did not want to amukti palapa . Gajah Mada [swore], "If I have conquered

3672-491: The Regreg War , is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406. The war was fought as a contest of succession between the western court led by Wikramawardhana and the eastern court led by Bhre Wirabhumi . Wikramawardhana was victorious. Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. However the civil war drained financial resources, exhausted the kingdom, and weakened Majapahit's grip on its outer vassals and colonies. During

3780-680: The Trowulan area, which was the royal capital of the kingdom. The area has become the centre for the study of Majapahit history. The Trowulan archaeological site was first documented in the 19th century by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles , Lieutenant-Governor of British Java of the East India Company from 1811 to 1816. He reported the existence of "ruins of temples... scattered about the country for many miles", and referred to Trowulan as "this pride of Java". Aerial and satellite imagery has revealed an extensive network of canals crisscrossing

3888-405: The 14th century (1368 AD, 1376 AD). The close proximity of the site with the kraton means there were Muslim people in close relation with the court. Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession. Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince Wikramawardhana . Hayam Wuruk also had

3996-502: The 14th century a Malay Kingdom of Singapura was established, and it promptly attracted a Majapahit navy that regarded it as Tumasik , a rebellious colony. Singapura was finally sacked by Majapahit in 1398, after approximately 1 month long siege by 300 jong and 200,000 men. The last king, Parameswara , fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the Melaka Sultanate in 1400. A war of succession, called

4104-547: The Dutch apathy and established the first state university, which freely admitted native pribumi Indonesians. Universitas Gadjah Mada , in Yogyakarta is named in honour of Gajah Mada and was completed in 1945, and had the honour of being the first Medicine Faculty freely open to natives. Launched on 9 July 1976, Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite was called Satelit Palapa signifying its role in uniting

4212-450: The Majapahit capital. Findings from April 2011 indicate the Majapahit capital was much larger than previously believed after some artefacts were uncovered. While significant details about the history of Majapahit remain vague, this period of Javanese history is the more comprehensively documented than any other. The most reliable written sources for this period are Old Javanese inscriptions on stone and metal, which are contemporary with

4320-474: The Majapahit rulers, as well as to correct certain errors found in the Pararaton . A few inscriptions found outside Java, such as the Pura Abang C inscription discovered in northern Bali, offer conclusive evidence that these areas were under Majapahit control during the late 14th century. Two important chronicle sources are available to historians of Majapahit: Deśavarṇana ("Description of Districts")

4428-534: The Ming emperor. Malacca actively encouraged the conversion to Islam in the region, while the Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in coastal northern Java, thus created a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as Semarang , Demak , Tuban , and Ampel ; thus Islam began to gain

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4536-478: The Princess of Sunda was not to be hailed as the new queen consort of Majapahit, but merely as a concubine, as a sign of submission of Sunda to Majapahit. This misunderstanding led to embarrassment and hostility, which quickly rose into a skirmish and then the full-scale Battle of Bubat . The Sunda King with all of his guards as well as the royal party were overwhelmed by Majapahit troops and subsequently killed in

4644-728: The Sunda royal family and the Majapahit troops on Bubat square was inevitable. Despite courageous resistance, the royal family were overwhelmed and decimated. Almost the whole of the Sundanese royal party was killed. Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess committed suicide to defend the honour of her country. The Battle of Bubat , or the Pasunda Bubat tragedy, became the main theme of Kidung Sunda , also mentioned in Carita Parahyangan and Pararaton , but it

4752-412: The activities of making Bima statues, which apparently began in the mid-15th century, so the former was likely Gajah Mada's original depiction. The glorification of Gajah Mada in the first stage is profane—in the form of its depiction as Brajanata, but then the glorification of Gajah Mada occurs in the second stage which is more sacred, which is equated with Bima as an aspect of Siva. In the statue found at

4860-585: The actual fall of Majapahit itself as a whole. Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung , who later died in battle and was replaced by Sunan Kudus , but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya army. This event is mentioned in Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom. Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with

4968-411: The age of 74. King Hayam Wuruk considered the power Gajah Mada had accumulated during his time as mahapatih too much to handle for a single person. Therefore, the king split the responsibilities that had been Gajah Mada's, between four separate new mahamantri (equal to ministries), thereby probably increasing his own power. King Hayam Wuruk, who is said to have been a wise leader, was able to maintain

5076-538: The already crumbling empire. The rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca began to gain effective control of the Malacca Strait in the mid-15th century and expanding its influence to Sumatra. And amidst these events, Indragiri and Siantan, according to Malay Annals were given to Malacca as a dowry for the marriage of a Majapahit princess and the sultan of Malacca , further weakening Majapahit's influence on

5184-544: The capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to assess the situation. After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada raised resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion. After Kuti forces were defeated, Jayanegara was safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada

5292-405: The country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days. Ibn Battuta said that the women of Java ride horses, understand archery, and fight like men. Ibn Battuta recorded

5400-580: The early 14th century, the Italian Friar Odoric of Pordenone visited the Majapahit court in Java. He mentioned Java to be well-populated and filled with cloves, nutmeg and many other spices. He also mentioned that the king of Java had seven vassals under him and engaged in several wars with the "khan of Cathay". In 1328, Jayanegara was murdered by his physician, Tanca , during a surgical operation. In complete mayhem and rage, Gajah Mada immediately killed Tanca. The motive behind this regicide

5508-530: The empire slowly declined before collapsing in 1527 due to an invasion by the Sultanate of Demak . The fall of Majapahit saw the rise of Islamic kingdoms in Java. Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuvana and her son Hayam Wuruk , whose reigns in the mid-14th century were marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This achievement

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5616-490: The events they describe. These inscriptions provide valuable information about dynasties, religious affairs, village communities, society, economics, and the arts. The Majapahit dynasty is described in royal inscriptions such as Kudadu (issued in 1294), Sukhamerta (1296), Tuhanyaru (1323), Gajah Mada (1351), Waringin Pitu (1447) and Trailokyapuri (1486). These sources help us to clarify the family relationships and chronologies of

5724-595: The expansion of the Majapahit Empire involved diplomacy and alliance. Hayam Wuruk decided, probably for political reasons, to take princess Citra Rashmi (Dyah Pitaloka) of neighbouring Sunda Kingdom as his consort . The Sundanese took this proposal as an alliance agreement. In 1357 the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit to accompany and marry his daughter to Hayam Wuruk. However, Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship. The skirmish between

5832-570: The far flung islands within the Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit suzerainty, was used by Indonesian nationalists to argue that an ancient form of unity had existed prior to Dutch colonialism . Thus, Gajah Mada was a great inspiration during the Indonesian National Revolution for independence from Dutch colonization. In 1942, only 230 Indonesian natives held a tertiary education. The Republicans sought to mend

5940-609: The field of Bubat. Tradition holds that the heartbroken princess, Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi , committed suicide. Hayam Wuruk was deeply shocked by the tragedy. Majapahit courtiers, ministers and nobles blamed Gajah Mada for his recklessness, and the brutal consequences were not to the taste of the Majapahit royal family. Gajah Mada was promptly demoted and spent the rest of his days at the estate of Madakaripura in Probolinggo in East Java . Gajah Mada died in obscurity in 1364, at

6048-871: The first battle in April 1358; killed Majapahit soldiers were burned in Tambak Wasi. Nansarunai captain Jamuhala was also killed in this battle. While prince Jarang and prince Idong hid in Man near Tabalong-kiwa river. Nansarunai soldiers were concentrated in Pulau Kadap before the second battle happened in December 1362. Casualties from this second battle were buried in Tambak in Bayu Hinrang. In this war Raden Anyan

6156-422: The formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to the war between the Sultanate of Demak and Daha since Demak rulers were descendants of Kertabhumi. During this period, Demak , being the dominant ruler of the Javanese coastal lands and Java as a whole, seized the region of Jambi and Palembang in Sumatra from Majapahit. In 1498, there was a turning point when Girindrawardhana

6264-418: The fortune of Malayu in Sumatra, in the 1370s, a Malay ruler of Palembang sent an envoy to the court of the first emperor of the newly established Ming dynasty . He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like Srivijaya did several centuries earlier. Learning this diplomatic manoeuvre, immediately King Hayam Wuruk sent an envoy to Nanking, convinced the emperor that Malayu was their vassal, and

6372-885: The glory of Majapahit. Soon he conquered the surrounding territory of Bedahulu ( Bali ) and Lombok (1343). He then sent the navy westward to attack the remnants of the thalassocratic kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang . There he installed Adityawarman , a Majapahit prince, as vassal ruler of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra . He then conquered the first Islamic sultanate in Southeast Asia , Samudra Pasai , and another state in Svarnadvipa ( Sumatra ). Gajah Mada also conquered Bintan , Tumasik ( Singapore ), Melayu (now known as Jambi), and Kalimantan . At

6480-780: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian history. It is considered a commercial trading empire in the civilisation of Asia. In 1355, Hayam Wuruk launched the third invasion of Dayak Ma'anyan kingdom of Nan Sarunai , which at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri with his entourage which according to Hikayat Banjar included his advisor Aria Megatsari, general Tumenggung Tatah Jiwa, minister Wiramartas, punokawan Patih Baras, Patih Basi, Patih Luhu, dan Patih Dulu, and bodyguards Sang Panimba Segara, Sang Pembelah Batung, Sang Jampang Sasak, and Sang Pengeruntung 'Garuntung' Manau. Multiple battles happened with

6588-572: The hegemony of Majapahit in the region that was gained during Gajah Mada's service. However, Majapahit slowly fell into decline after the death of Hayam Wuruk. His reign helped further Indianisation of Javanese culture through the spread of Hinduism and sanskritization . The Blahbatuh royal house in Gianyar, Bali, has been performing Gajah Mada's mask dance drama ritually for the past 600 years. The mask of Gajah Mada has been protected and brought to life every couple of years to unite and harmonize

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6696-544: The king of Java lived. The report was composed and collected in Yingya Shenglan , which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java ( 爪哇 , chao-wa ) during Majapahit period. The Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty ( Ming shi-lu ) provide supporting evidence for specific events in Majapahit history, such as the Regreg War . After defeating

6804-478: The king's wishes. It was not clear what motivated Jayanegara's wish – it might have been his way to ensure his claim to the throne by preventing rivals from being his half-sisters' suitors, although in the later period of the Majapahit court the custom of marriage among cousins was quite common. In the Pararaton , he was known as Kala Gemet , or "weak villain". Around the time of Jayanegara's reign in

6912-542: The kingdom as an extended territory is generally referred to not as Majapahit but rather as bhūmi Jawa ("land of Java") in Old Javanese or yava-dvīpa- maṇḍala ("country of the island of Java") in Sanskrit . Compared to contemporary societies elsewhere in Asia, little physical evidence of Majapahit remains, Majapahit did produce physical evidence: the main ruins dating from the Majapahit period are clustered in

7020-540: The kingdom's capital further inland to Daha (the former capital of Kediri kingdom ), effectively splitting Majapahit, under Bhre Kertabumi in Trowulan and Singhawikramawardhana in Daha. Singhawikramawardhana continued his rule until he was succeeded by his son Girindrawardhana (Ranawijaya) in 1474. And in between this period of the dividing court of Majapahit, the kingdom found itself unable to control its western part of

7128-515: The mahapatih Arya Tadah rescued the king and his family by escaping from the capital city of Trowulan . Later Gajah Mada helped the king return to the capital and crush the rebellion. Seven years later, Jayanegara was murdered by the court physician Rakrian Tanca , an aide of Rakrian Kuti. Another version suggests that Jayanegara was assassinated by Gajah Mada in 1328. Jayanegara was overly protective of his two half-sisters, born from Kertarajasa 's youngest queen, Dyah Dewi Gayatri . Complaints by

7236-491: The mahapatih honoured the late king tremendously, and possibly the two are related. Some historian suggests that possibly Kertanegara was Gajah Mada's grandfather. In 1357, the only remaining state refusing to acknowledge Majapahit's hegemony was Sunda , in West Java , bordering the Majapahit Empire. King Hayam Wuruk intended to marry Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, a princess of Sunda and the daughter of Sunda's king. Gajah Mada

7344-568: The mid-15th century. The characteristics are: a) wearing a supit urang crown (his hair is shaped in two arches at the top of the head like a shrimp tongs), b) a transverse mustache, c) strong body, d) wearing poleng (black and white) cloth, and e) the phallus is always depicted standing out. In the Bima statue stored in the National Museum (No. 2776/286b), he is depicted standing upright with both hands beside his body, his right hand holding

7452-479: The modern Indonesian archipelago under Majapahit control, which spanned not only the territory of today's Indonesia but also that of Temasek (the historical name for Singapore ), and the states comprising modern-day Malaysia , Brunei , the southern Philippines and East Timor . According to the Gajah Mada inscription , dated 1273 Saka (1351 CE), in the month of Wesakha, Sang Mahamantrimukya Rakryan Mapatih Mpu Mada (Gajah Mada) commanded, created and inaugurated

7560-475: The most significant Chinese intervention was its support for the newly established Sultanate of Malacca as a rival and counter-weight to the Majapahit influence of Java. Previously, Majapahit had succeeded in asserting its influence in Malacca strait by containing the aspiration of Malay polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to ever reach the geopolitical might like those of Srivijaya. The Hindu Majapahit

7668-783: The neighbouring island of Bali . According to the Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit forces led by Gajah Mada, assisted by his general Arya Damar, the regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king and captured the Balinese capital of Bedulu in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers, Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong, and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit suzerainty, and he would become

7776-602: The old Srivijaya , the only suzerainty under Majapahit in Sumatra, bordering Pagaruyung Kingdom on the west and independent Muslim kingdoms on the north. This Ming dynasty voyages are extremely important for Majapahit historiography, since Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote Yingya Shenglan , a detailed description of Majapahit, which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java during Majapahit period. The Chinese provided systematic support to Malacca, and its sultan made at least one trip to personally pay obeisance to

7884-450: The other ten are rural desa . Indramayu has a tropical savanna climate of Aw sub-type with moderate to little rainfall from May to November and heavy rainfall from December to April. The number of (registered) citizens of Indramayu Regency is about 1,851,000, but in the town itself just 120,866 people reside as at mid 2021. The estimated land area of the town of Indramayu is 51.78 km (19.99 sq mi). The local population near

7992-461: The precedent for Indonesia's modern boundaries. Its influence extended beyond the modern territory of Indonesia and has been the subject of many studies. The name Majapahit (sometimes also spelled Mojopait to reflect Javanese pronunciation), derives from Javanese , meaning "bitter maja ". German orientalist Berthold Laufer suggested that the maja element comes from the Javanese name of Aegle marmelos , an Indonesian tree. Majapahit

8100-663: The progenitor of the Balinese kings of the Tabanan and Badung royal houses. Through this campaign, Majapahit planted a vassal dynasty that would rule the Bali Kingdom in the following centuries. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of her mother in 1350. She abdicated the throne in favour of her son, Hayam Wuruk. Ibn Battuta in his travels between 1332 and 1347 visited a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or Majapahit Java, as opposed to "al-Jawa" which refers to Sumatra). The empire spanned 2 months of travel and ruled over

8208-462: The queen of Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices. Tribhuwana appointed Gajah Mada as the prime minister in 1336. During his inauguration Gajah Mada declared his Palapa oath , revealing his plan to expand Majapahit realm and building an empire . During Tribhuwana's rule, the Majapahit kingdom grew much larger and became famous in the area. Under the initiative of her able and ambitious prime minister, Gajah Mada , Majapahit sent its armada to conquer

8316-755: The regional power. According to the Nagarakretagama , canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Borneo , Sulawesi , Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku , New Guinea , Mindanao , Sulu Archipelago , Luzon and some parts of the Visayas islands as under the Majapahit realm of power. The Hikayat Raja Pasai , a 14th-century Aceh chronicle describe a Majapahit naval invasion on Samudra Pasai in 1350. The attacking force consisted of 400 large jong and an uncountable number of malangbang and kelulus . This expansion marked

8424-416: The reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of Ming armada naval expeditions led by Zheng He , a Muslim Chinese admiral, arrived in Java several times spanning the period from 1405 to 1433. These Chinese voyages visited numbers of ports in Asia as far as Africa, including Majapahit ports. It was said that Zheng He has paid a visit to the Majapahit court in Java. These massive Chinese voyages were not merely

8532-445: The resignation of queen Tribuwanatunggadewi, her son, Hayam Wuruk (ruled 1350–1389), became king. Gajah Mada retained his position as mahapatih under the new king and continued his military campaign by expanding eastward into Logajah, Gurun, Seram , Hutankadali , Sasak , Buton , Banggai , Kunir, Galiyan , Salayar , Sumba , Muar ( Saparua ), Solor , Bima , Wandan (Banda), Ambon , Timor , and Dompo. He thus effectively brought

8640-467: The shore subside on fishing. Furthermore, kapok , cloves , citrus and other fruits are cultivated. Indramayu is famous for the special sweet mangosteens and is also known as one of mango producers in West Java . Indramayu was known as Indonesia's main rice supplier in the early 1980s to late 1990s. 98.8% of the inhabitants are adherents of Islam , with the others being Protestant or Catholic Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and Confucians. Crude oil

8748-459: The state structure show no sign of being invented. The Chinese historical sources on Majapahit mainly acquired from the chronicles of the Yuan and following Ming dynasty . The Chinese accounts on Majapahit are mainly owed to the Ming admiral Zheng He 's reports during his visit to Majapahit between 1405 and 1432. Zheng He's translator Ma Huan wrote a detailed description of Majapahit and where

8856-494: The two princesses – Gitarja and Rajadewi, the daughters of Gayatri Rajapatni from the king's cruelty. Since the slain king was childless, he left no successor. Jayanegara's stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni – the most revered matriarch of the court – was supposed to take the helm. However, Rajapatni had retired from worldly affairs to become a Buddhist nun . Rajapatni appointed her daughter, Dyah Gitarja , or known in her formal regnal name as Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, as

8964-460: The two young princesses led to the intervention of Gajah Mada. His solution was to arrange for a surgeon to murder the king while pretending to perform surgery. Jayanegara was immediately succeeded by his half-sister Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (r. 1328–1350). However, when she took the throne, the Sadeng and Keta region did not send their delegations, which was interpreted as a rebellion. This

9072-457: The way for Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi. Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478, traditionally described in sinengkalan or chandrasengkala ( chronogram ) Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi that is correspond to 1400 Saka , to 1527. The year 1478 was the year of Sudarma Wisuta war , when Ranawijaya's army under general Udara (who later became vice-regent) breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace, but not

9180-496: The western part of the archipelago. Kertabhumi managed to stabilize this situation by allying with Muslim merchants, giving them trading rights on the north coast of Java, with Demak as its centre and in return asked for their loyalty to Majapahit. This policy boosted the Majapahit treasury and power but weakened Hindu-Buddhism as its main religion because Islamic proselytizing spread faster, especially in Javanese coastal principalities. Hindu-Buddhist followers' grievances later paved

9288-568: The workforce. The majority of "agricultural" workers are either rice farmers or fishermen, which employs about 5,000 workers each. This West Java location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Majapahit Majapahit ( Javanese : ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀ , romanized:  Måjåpahit ; Javanese pronunciation: [mɔd͡ʒɔpaɪt] (eastern and central dialect) or [mad͡ʒapaɪt] (western dialect) ), also known as Wilwatikta ( Javanese : ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ ; Javanese pronunciation: [wɪlwatɪkta] ),

9396-665: The world, this sacred ritual was intended to bring peace to Bali. Gajah Mada's legacy is important for Indonesian Nationalism, and invoked by the Indonesian Nationalist movement in the early 20th century. The Nationalists prior to the Japanese invasion, notably Sukarno and Mohammad Yamin , often cited Gajah Mada's oath and Nagarakretagama as the inspiration and a historical proof of Indonesian past greatness — that Indonesians could unite, despite vast territory and various cultures. The Gajah Mada campaign that united

9504-415: Was a Javanese Hindu - Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia ). At its greatest extent, following significant military expansions, the territory of the empire and its tributary states covered almost the entire Nusantara archipelago , spanning both Asia and Oceania . After a civil war that weakened control over the vassal states,

9612-419: Was a piggy bank in the form of the face of a man with a stocky face and curly hair. Based on the look on the piggy bank's face, Yamin interpreted this as the face of Gajah Mada, the unifier of the archipelago. Yamin then asked the artist Henk Ngantung to make a painting based on the terracotta fragment. The painting was displayed as the cover of Yamin's book. Many people disagree with Yamin's opinion because it

9720-545: Was a powerful military leader and mahapatih of the Javanese empire of Majapahit during the 14th century. He is credited in Old Javanese manuscripts, poems, and inscriptions with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. He delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa , in which he vowed not to rest until he had conquered all of the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara for Majapahit. During his reign,

9828-492: Was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds home; otherwise, they would have had to wait for another six months. In 1293, Raden Wijaya founded a stronghold with the capital Majapahit. The exact date used as the birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of his coronation, the 15th of Kartika month in the year 1215 using the Javanese Shaka era , which equates to 10 November 1293. During his coronation he

9936-430: Was composed 1365 and the Pararaton ("The Monarchs") was compiled sometime between 1481 and 1600. Both of these chronicles survive as 19th- or 20th-century palm-leaf manuscripts. The Deśavarṇana (also known as Nagarakretagama ) is an Old Javanese eulogy written during the Majapahit golden age under the reign of Hayam Wuruk , after which some events are covered narratively. Composed by Mpu Prapanca , it provides

10044-708: Was deposed by his vice-regent, Udara. After this coup, the war between Demak and Majapahit receded, since Raden Patah , Sultan of Demak, left Majapahit alone like his father had done before, some source said Udara agreed to become a vassal of Demak, even marrying Raden Patah's youngest daughter. Meanwhile, in the west, Malacca was captured by Portuguese in 1511 . The delicate balance between Demak and Majapahit ended when Udara, seeing an opportunity to eliminate Demak, asked for Portuguese help in Malacca, forcing Demak to attack both Malacca and Majapahit under Adipati Yunus to end this alliance. Gajah Mada Gajah Mada (c. 1290 – c. 1364), also known as Jirnnodhara ,

10152-507: Was founded, Muslim traders and proselytisers began entering the area. The Troloyo/Tralaya tomb, a remnant of Islamic cemetery compound was discovered within the Trowulan area, the royal capital of Majapahit. Experts suggest that the cemetery was used between 1368 and 1611 AD, which means Muslim traders had resided in the capital as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. Two Muslim tombstones in Troloyo were dated from

10260-546: Was given the formal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. King Kertarajasa took all four daughters of Kertanegara as his wives, his first wife and prime queen consort Tribhuwaneswari, and her sisters: Prajnaparamita, Narendraduhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. According to Pararaton, he also took a Sumatran Malay Dharmasraya princess named Dara Petak as his wife. The new kingdom faced challenges. Some of Kertarajasa's most trusted men, including Ranggalawe , Sora , and Nambi rebelled against him, though unsuccessfully. It

10368-515: Was given the task to go to the Bubat square in the northern part of Trowulan to welcome the princess as she arrived with her father and escort to Majapahit palace. Gajah Mada took this opportunity to demand Sunda submission to Majapahit rule. While the Sunda King thought that the royal marriage was a sign of a new alliance between Sunda and Majapahit, Gajah Mada thought otherwise. He stated that

10476-633: Was killed, speared by Mpu Nala, and buried in Banua Lawas. In its place, Ampu Jatmika founded a Hindu kingdom state, Negara Dipa under Majapahit tributary, predecessor of Banjar . While surviving Javanese, Dayak, Madurese, and Bugis soldiers, sailors, metalsmiths of this war settled in Amuntai, Alabio, and Nagara. These invasions were recorded in Dayak Ma'anyan poetry as Nansarunai Usak Jawa . Along with launching naval and military expeditions,

10584-421: Was later confirmed when Tribhuwana's spies discovered that both regions were preparing for rebellions. Sadeng and Keta were coastal regions who were formerly conquered by Majapahit. However, the death of Nambi in 1316 (a local patih who was deemed instrumental in raising both regions) also contributed to the rebellion. At this time Sadeng was also led by a famed Majapahit general, Wirota Wiraganti. While Gajah Mada

10692-554: Was named Majapahit , which was taken from the name of a fruit that had a bitter taste ( maja is the fruit name and pahit means bitter). When the Yuan army sent by Kublai Khan arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang. Once Jayakatwang was destroyed, Raden Wijaya forced his allies to withdraw from Java by launching a surprise attack. The Yuan army had to withdraw in confusion as they were in hostile territory, with their ships being attacked by Javanese navy. It

10800-450: Was never clear. According to the Pararaton , it was Tanca's revenge for the king sexually abusing his wife. However, according to the Balinese manuscript Babad Dalem , the assassination was a stratagem crafted by Gajah Mada himself to rid the kingdom of an evil tyrant. Tradition mentions that the immoral, cruel and abusive king often seduced and abused women, even the wives of his own subordinates. Other possible reason includes to protect

10908-664: Was never mentioned in Nagarakretagama . The Nagarakretagama , written in 1365, depicts a sophisticated court with refined taste in art and literature and a complex system of religious rituals. The poet describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge mandala extending from New Guinea and Maluku to Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula . Local traditions in many parts of Indonesia retain accounts of 14th-century Majapahit's power in more or less legendary form. The direct administration of Majapahit did not extend beyond east Java and Bali , but challenges to Majapahit's claim to overlordship in outer islands drew forceful responses. To revive

11016-517: Was not an independent country. Subsequently, in 1377, a few years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against a rebellion in Palembang, contributing to the end of the Srivijayan successor kingdom. Besides Gajah Mada, Another famous military leader was Adityawarman , known for his chronicle in Minangkabau . The nature of the Majapahit empire and its extent

11124-399: Was promoted to high office to begin his career in royal court politics. According to tradition, Wijaya's son and successor, Jayanegara, was notorious for his immorality. One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his half-sisters, Gitarja and Rajadewi, as wives. Since Javanese tradition abhorred the practice of half-siblings marrying, the council of royal elders spoke strongly against

11232-401: Was still currently a patih, he was sent by Tribhuwana with the advice of the sickly mahapatih Arya Tadah, to negotiate with rebel leaders in 1331. However, the Majapahit general Ra Kembar, a rival of Gajah Mada, preceded his arrival with his army to crush both rebellions. His men Jabung Tarewes, Lembu Peteng, dan Ikal-Ikalan Bang were also the ones implicated in the murder of Nambi. This led to

11340-530: Was succeeded by his heir Jayanegara . The reign of Jayanegara was a difficult and chaotic one, troubled with several rebellions by his father's former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314, Semi rebellion in 1318 , and the Kuti rebellion in 1319 . The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous one, as Kuti managed to take control of the capital city. With the help of Gajah Mada and his Bhayangkara palace guard, Jayanegara barely escaped from

11448-522: Was suspected that the Mahapati Halayudha set the conspiracy to overthrow all of his rivals in the court, led them to revolt against the king, while he gained king's favour and attained the highest position in the government. However, following the death of the last rebel Kuti , Halayudha's treachery was exposed, subsequently, he was captured, jailed for his stratagems and then sentenced to death. Wijaya himself died in 1309. Kertarajasa Wijaya

11556-550: Was the most powerful maritime power in Southeast Asian seas that time and were opposed to Chinese expansion into their sphere of influence. The Ming's support for Malacca and the spread of Islam propagated by both Malacca and Zheng He's treasure fleet has weakened Majapahit maritime influence in Sumatra, which caused the northern part of the island to increasingly converting to Islam and gained independence from Majapahit, leaving Indragiri , Jambi and Palembang , remnants of

11664-468: Was the second time Majapahit was reigned by a queen regnant after her great-grandmother Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. Her reign is immortalized in Javanese legend of Damarwulan , as it involves a maiden queen named Prabu Kenya in the story, and during Suhita's reign there was a war with Blambangan as stated in the legend. In 1447, Suhita died and was succeeded by Kertawijaya , her brother. He ruled until 1451. After Kertawijaya died, Bhre Pamotan became

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