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34-620: According to an ARPA-sponsored history of the organization, IPTO grew from a distinctly unpromising beginning: the Air Force had a large, expensive computer ( AN/FSQ 321A ) which was intended as a backup for the SAGE air defense program, but no longer needed; and it also had too few required tasks to maintain the desired staffing level at its main software contractor, the System Development Corporation (SDC). Accordingly,

68-737: A transistorized , or solid-state, computer" by IBM and when announced in June 1958, the planned "SAGE Solid State Computer...was estimated to have a computing capability of seven times" the AN/FSQ-7. ADC's November 1958 plan to field—by April 1964—the 13 solid state AN/FSQ-7A was for each to network "a maximum of 20 long-range radar inputs [40 LRI telephone lines ] and a maximum dimension of just over 1000 miles in both north-south and east-west directions." "Low rate Teletype data" could be accepted on 32 telephone lines (e.g., from "Alert Network Number 1"). On 17 November 1958, CINCNORAD "decided to request

102-529: A byte without separate masking operations. Other modifiers allowed the single 48-bit ALU to operate on a pair of 24-bit operands to facilitate vector operations. CPU controls included sense switches to control various software functions, a run/halt switch, and a switch, amplifier, and speaker assembly, to provide audio feedback or even play music, by connecting one of four bits in the main accumulator which could then be toggled under software control at an appropriate rate to produce whatever tones one wanted. Memory

136-425: A fixed length of one word providing 24 bits for the operation and 24 bits for the address. The address consisted of 18 bits (3 bytes) for the memory address, with other bits used for the specification of index registers and indirect addressing. The operation field provided the operation code and a variety of modifiers. Some modifiers allowed instructions to operate only on specific bytes of a word or on specific bits of

170-415: A lot of little ones. Under Licklider's direction, the stated mission of IPTO was: [To] create a new generation of computational and information systems that possess capabilities far beyond those of current systems. These cognitive systems - systems that know what they're doing: Ivan Sutherland replaced J. C. R. Licklider as IPTO's director when Licklider left ARPA in 1964. Sutherland was 26 years old at

204-635: A name or term commonly used to identify a person or thing in non-specialist language, in place of another usually more formal or technical name. In the philosophy of language , "colloquial language" is ordinary natural language , as distinct from specialized forms used in logic or other areas of philosophy. In the field of logical atomism , meaning is evaluated in a different way than with more formal propositions . Colloquialisms are distinct from slang or jargon . Slang refers to words used only by specific social groups, such as demographics based on region, age, or socio-economic identity. In contrast, jargon

238-516: A primitive ROM . The memory had a cycle time of 2.5 microseconds, and the lack of memory management was a limitation in the computer. High-Speed Input/Output provided interfaces to the Drum Memory system, which consisted of a control system, and two vertical drum memory devices. Each drum read and wrote 50 bits at a time in parallel so transferring data could be done quickly. The drums were organized as 17 fields with 8192 words per field for

272-640: A time-sharing network of computers with the software of the era. An early remote user of the prototype was the Augmentation Research Center at the Stanford Research Institute . By June 1963 the Time-Sharing System (TSS) Model Zero was demonstrated after magnetic drums were added to the time-sharing. Each user was given a priority-based time slice, measured in milliseconds, when the user's program

306-602: A total capacity of 139264 words. The motors that rotated the drums required 208 VAC at 45 Hz so a motor generator unit was required to change the frequency from 60 Hz. This added to the noise level in the computer room. The other connection to/from the HSIO was to the SACCS EDTCC , which then interfaced to the rest of the SACCS . Low-Speed Input/Output interfaced to several different devices: *The AN/FSQ-32 planned for

340-423: Is most commonly used within specific occupations, industries, activities, or areas of interest. Colloquial language includes slang, along with abbreviations, contractions, idioms, turns-of-phrase, and other informal words and phrases known to most native speakers of a language or dialect. Jargon is terminology that is explicitly defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group. The term refers to

374-400: Is not necessarily connected to the difference between formal and colloquial. Formal, colloquial, and vulgar language are more a matter of stylistic variation and diction , rather than of the standard and non-standard dichotomy. The term "colloquial" is also equated with "non-standard" at times, in certain contexts and terminological conventions. A colloquial name or familiar name is

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408-638: Is preferred in formal usage, but this does not mean that the colloquial expression is necessarily slang or non-standard . Some colloquial language contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all. Slang is often used in colloquial speech, but this particular register is restricted to particular in-groups, and it is not a necessary element of colloquialism. Other examples of colloquial usage in English include contractions or profanity . "Colloquial" should also be distinguished from "non-standard". The difference between standard and non-standard

442-413: Is termed a colloquialism. The most common term used in dictionaries to label such an expression is colloquial . Colloquialism or general parlance is distinct from formal speech or formal writing . It is the form of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially self-conscious. An expression is labeled colloq. for "colloquial" in dictionaries when a different expression

476-453: Is the most common functional style of speech, the idiom normally employed in conversation and other informal contexts . Colloquialism is characterized by wide usage of interjections and other expressive devices; it makes use of non-specialist terminology, and has a rapidly changing lexicon . It can also be distinguished by its usage of formulations with incomplete logical and syntactic ordering. A specific instance of such language

510-665: The Advanced Research Projects Agency and remained in Santa Monica. This action set the stage for ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office . SDC's research included ways to permit the prototype to handle multiple batch tasks simultaneously (" time-sharing ") and to simultaneously process data multiple geographically-separated computer users. On April 23, 1963, Dr. J. C. R. Licklider , ARPA Director of Behavioral Sciences Command & Control Research, identified early challenges in establishing

544-703: The Information Innovation Office (I2O) in 2010. AN/FSQ-32 The AN/FSQ-32 SAGE Solid State Computer (AN/FSQ-7A before December 1958, colloq. "Q-32") was a planned military computer of the United States Air Force . It was central for deployment to Super Combat Centers in nuclear bunkers and to some above-ground military installations . In 1958, Air Defense Command planned to acquire 13 Q-32 centrals for several Air Divisions /Sectors. In 1956, Air Research and Development Command sponsored "development of

578-531: The Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering decided to capitalize on these "sunk costs" and SDC expertise by standing up an ARPA program in Command & Control Research. It was accordingly begun in June 1961 with an initial budget of $ 5.8 million, to include shipping, installation, and checking out the computer at SDC facilities. This new ARPA program was envisioned to "support research on

612-591: The "Canadian" 35th Air Division (in the Ottawa Air Defense Sector ) was to have the " DC program only", and the 3 centrals for Albuquerque, Miami, and Shreveport were planned for use only in Direction Centers (rather than Super Combat Centers or SCC/DCs). Colloq. Colloquialism (also called colloquial language , everyday language , or general parlance ) is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. It

646-1028: The 1st operational computer network ( cf. the experimental networks for Bomarc test launches and SAGE compatibility tests), in October 1965 Lincoln Labs' used a TX-2 solid-state computer tied to the Q-32 prototype for the first telecommunication of time packets . The prototype was an IBM 4020 Military Computer that included a central processing unit , memory, High-Speed Input/Output, Low-Speed Input/Output, and for both computer operations and maintenance, an Operations Console. The AN/FSQ-32 central would have included additional equipment such as display and console equipment for use by Air Defense Command , Army Air Defense Command , Federal Aviation Administration , and other personnel (e.g., at SCC/DCs, weapons direction consoles for dispatching/ guiding manned interceptors, launching/guiding CIM-10 Bomarcs , and launching Nike surface-to-air missiles ). The Instruction set used

680-774: The Office of the Secretary of Defense recommended the SCC program be cancelled. The AN/FSQ-32, as part of the SCC Program, was cancelled by March 18, 1960, and the SAGE Air Traffic Integration (SATIN) was similarly cancelled by the DoD. Back-Up Interceptor Control eventually with smaller solid-state computers at above-ground SAGE radar stations was instead implemented for survivability. Planned deployment

714-574: The USAF, DoD, and FAA designated emplacement of ATC facilities "in the hardened structure of the nine U. S. SCC's", and SAGE Air Defense Sectors and FAA regions were to have coincident boundaries in a June 19, 1959, air defense plan used to create a new SAGE Implementation Schedule on July 1, 1959. On December 21, 1959, the Office of Defense Research and Engineering informed NORAD a stop order had been placed on AN/FSQ-32 production and in January 1960,

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748-442: The command control field. Licklider quickly set about detaching the program from its sole reliance on a surplus Air Force computer and single industrial contractor. As he recalled: Essentially what I did on the command and control thing was to try to figure out where the best academic computer centers were, and then go systematically about trying to get research contracts set up with them, aiming for three or four major ones and then

782-445: The conceptual aspects of command and control." Most fortunately, ARPA then hired J.C.R. Licklider away from Bolt, Beranek and Newman to be IPTO's first director. Licklider started work in October 1962, and until his term ended in 1964, he "...initiated three of the most important developments in information technology : the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing , and networking ". By

816-612: The director and his secretary. The budget was $ 19 million which funded computer research projects at MIT and other institutions in Massachusetts and California. In 1966 Taylor went to ARPA, on Ring E, for funding to create a computer network that used interactive computing . He got $ 1 million and hired Lawrence Roberts to manage the project. IPTO was combined with the Transformational Convergence Technology Office (TCTO) to form

850-419: The language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Similar to slang, it is shorthand used to express ideas, people, and things that are frequently discussed between members of a group. Unlike slang, it is often developed deliberately. While a standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon

884-560: The late 1960s, his promotion of the concept had inspired a primitive version of his vision called ARPANET , which expanded into a network of networks in the 1970s that became the Internet . Licklider described how he had re-envisioned command and control research as research into interactive computing as follows: There was a belief in the heads of a number of people -- a small number -- that people could really become very much more effective in their thinking and decision-making, if they had

918-473: The memory subsystem in that they were addressed via fixed reserved memory addresses, were 4 48 position switch banks, in which a short program could be inserted, and a plug panel, similar to the one used in IBM Unit-Record equipment, that had the capacity of 32 words, so longer bootstrap or diagnostic programs could be installed in plug panels which could then be inserted into the receptacle and used as

952-576: The solid state computer and hardened facilities", and the remaining vacuum-tube AN/FSQ-8 centrals for combat centers were cancelled (one was retrofitted to function as an AN/FSQ-7). "Each AN/FSQ-32 computer would be" used: "Air Defense and Air Traffic Control Integration" was planned for airways modernization after the USAF, CAA , and AMB agreed on August 22, 1958, to "collocate air route traffic control centers and air defense facilities" (e.g., jointly use some Air Route Surveillance Radars at SAGE radar stations ). The May 22, 1959, agreement between

986-439: The support of a computer system, good displays and so forth, good data bases, computation at your command. It was kind of an image that we were working toward the realization of.... It really wasn't a command and control research program. It was an interactive computing program. And my belief was, and still is, you can't really do command and control outside the framework of such a thing... of course, that wasn't believed by people in

1020-685: The time. Bob Taylor was hired as Sutherland's assistant in 1965 and became director in 1966. During Taylor's tenure, the IPTO facility consisted of a spacious office for the director in Ring D of The Pentagon and a small "terminal room" with remote terminals to mainframe computers at MIT, the University of California, Berkeley and the AN/FSQ-32 in Santa Monica. The staff at the Pentagon consisted of

1054-471: Was addressed by words, which were 48 bits long. Each word was divided into eight 6- bit bytes. A 6-bit byte, as opposed to the 8-bit byte in common use today, was common in IBM and other scientific computers of the time. The address space provided a maximum of 256K words. The prototype was equipped with 128k words (48 bits plus two parity bits ) of memory that was oil and water cooled. Also considered as part of

Information Processing Techniques Office - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-615: Was for Ottawa , St Louis, San Antonio , Raleigh, Syracuse, Chicago, Spokane, Minot , Portland, Phoenix , Miami (above-ground), Albuquerque (above-ground), and Shreveport (above-ground). (During 1959 SAGE/FAA "boundary alignments", the total was reduced to 12. ) The prototype of the AN/FSQ-32 was the largest transistor (solid state) computer ever made. Initial weight: 66.5 short tons; 60.3 metric tons (132,960 lb), expanded (18 tape drives, 10 storage units): 90.8 short tons; 82.4 metric tons (181,560 lb). The Q-32 prototype

1122-467: Was installed at System Development Corporation (SDC) headquarters in Santa Monica, California , and SDC developed the prototype software using JOVIAL . The mainframe occupied nearly an entire floor of a large office building (refrigeration units were also in the building). The prototype used batch processing of the military data. In the early 1960s, the AN/FSQ-32 prototype was taken over by

1156-556: Was written from the magnetic drums into much higher speed memory, processed, and then written back to the magnetic drums with any computational changes that had occurred. It was influenced by early experiments at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman , and the CTSS project at MIT . Terminals included several Teletype Model 33 ASRs. After the SAGE Sector Warning Network for the 1st operational SAGE direction center used

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