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50-453: Presently (01/22/2022) The organization was formed by Svyatoslav, a 34-year-old man from Ukraine. He intended for the organization to grow into the internet's largest carding group. The website was a place where vendors could advertise stolen or counterfeit credit cards or related items. According to the indictment, the first vendor to advertise their items was Muhammad Shiraz who advertised large dumps of stolen credit card details for sale. At

100-594: A full-time job, in 1867, the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary , led by Congressman William Lawrence , conducted an inquiry into the creation of a "law department" headed by the attorney general and also composed of the various department solicitors and United States attorneys . On February 19, 1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice. President Ulysses S. Grant signed

150-614: A small operation, with a staff of six. The main function was to generate legal opinions at the request of Lincoln and cabinet members, and handle occasional cases before the Supreme Court. Lincoln's cabinet was full of experienced lawyers who seldom felt the need to ask for his opinions. Bates had no authority over the US Attorneys around the country. The federal court system was handled by the Interior Department;

200-495: A website has their website listed in the indictment. Some vendors occasionally gave out free credit card dumps or compromised PayPal logins for fun, to showcase their products. The indictment contains information about the crimes the individuals face, the roles of the organization, a list of each individuals name and their alias used within the Infraud organization, a brief explanation of their part in Infraud and examples of some of

250-464: A website that supported the USA PATRIOT Act . It was criticized by government watchdog groups for its alleged violation of U.S. Code Title 18 Section 1913, which forbids money appropriated by Congress to be used to lobby in favor of any law, actual or proposed. The website has since been taken offline. On October 5, 2021, U.S. Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco has announced the formation of

300-694: Is Merrick Garland , who has served since March 2021. The Justice Department contains most of the United States' federal law enforcement agencies , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the U.S. Marshals Service , the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives , the Drug Enforcement Administration , and the Federal Bureau of Prisons . The department also has eight divisions of lawyers who represent

350-463: The United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States. It is equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department is headed by the U.S. attorney general , who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet . The current attorney general

400-574: The federal government took on some law enforcement responsibilities, and the Department of Justice was tasked with performing these. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, from the Department of the Interior . New facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia , at Alderson

450-510: The fictitious lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in the UK) mixed action of ejectment , the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe". This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song "John Doe and Richard Roe": Two giants live in Britain's land, John Doe and Richard Roe, Who always travel hand in hand, John Doe and Richard Roe. Their fee-faw-fum's an ancient plan To smell

500-657: The Attorney General's office in the Department of Justice Main Building in Washington, D.C. The building was renamed in honor of former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 2001. It is sometimes referred to as "Main Justice". The Justice Department also had a War Division during World War II . It was created in 1942 and disestablished in 1945. Several federal law enforcement agencies are administered by

550-619: The British and US-American legal system and aside generally in the United Kingdom and the United States when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed. In the context of law enforcement in the United States , such names are often used to refer to a corpse whose identity is unknown or cannot be confirmed . These names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical " everyman " in other contexts, like John Q. Public or "Joe Public". There are many variants to

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600-472: The Constitution. Both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grant's first term in office, there were 1000 indictments against Klan members, with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. By 1871, there were 3000 indictments and 600 convictions, with most only serving brief sentences, while

650-498: The Department of Justice) "who prosecutes on behalf of justice (or the Lady Justice)". The motto's conception of the prosecutor (or government attorney) as being the servant of justice itself finds concrete expression in a similarly-ordered English-language inscription ("THE UNITED STATES WINS ITS POINT WHENEVER JUSTICE IS DONE ITS CITIZENS IN THE COURTS") in the above-door paneling in the ceremonial rotunda anteroom just outside

700-536: The Department of Justice. Similarly the Office of Domestic Preparedness left the Justice Department for the Department of Homeland Security, but only for executive purposes. The Office of Domestic Preparedness is still centralized within the Department of Justice, since its personnel are still officially employed within the Department of Justice. In 2003, the Department of Justice created LifeAndLiberty.gov,

750-613: The Department of Justice: In March 2003, the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was abolished and its functions transferred to the United States Department of Homeland Security . The Executive Office for Immigration Review and the Board of Immigration Appeals , which review decisions made by government officials under Immigration and Nationality law, remain under jurisdiction of

800-547: The Department of the Interior, the prosecution of all federal crimes, and the representation of the United States in all court actions, barring the use of private attorneys by the federal government. The law also created the office of Solicitor General to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States . With the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887,

850-726: The Real Property Limitation Act of 1833; the fictional characters of John Doe and Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852; and the forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873–75." Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs v Meier and others (2009). In the UK, usage of "John Doe" survives mainly in the form of John Doe injunction or John Doe order (see above). 8.02 If an unknown person has possession of

900-468: The Treasury handled claims. Most of the opinions turned out by Bates's office were of minor importance. Lincoln gave him no special assignments and did not seek his advice on Supreme Court appointments. Bates did have an opportunity to comment on general policy as a cabinet member with a strong political base, but he seldom spoke up. Following unsuccessful efforts in 1830 and 1846 to make attorney general

950-553: The U.S. federal government in litigation: the Criminal , Civil , Antitrust , Tax , Civil Rights , Environment and Natural Resources , National Security , and Justice Management Divisions . The department also includes the U.S. Attorneys' Offices for each of the 94 U.S. federal judicial districts . The U.S. Congress created the Justice Department in 1870 during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant . The Justice Department's functions originally date to 1789, when Congress created

1000-648: The UK, Australia, and New Zealand; however such names are seldom used in legal or police circles in the same sense as John Doe. Well-known legal cases named after placeholders include: Under the legal terminology of Ancient Rome , the names " Numerius Negidius " and " Aulus Agerius " were used in relation to hypothetical defendants and plaintiffs . The names "John Doe" (or "John Do") and "Richard Roe" (along with "John Roe") were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as

1050-785: The United States, European, Australian and Asian law enforcement agencies arrested thirteen defendants, as of 8 February 2018. The Infraud website was taken down and a message saying "This operation is a coordinated effort by United States, European, Australian and Asian law enforcement agencies to disrupt and dismantle the transnational criminal enterprise known as Infraud Organization". The thirteen arrested are: Sergey Medvedev, Roland Patrick N’Djimbi Tchikaya, Miroslav Kovacevic, Fredrick Thomas, Besart Hoxha, John Telusma, Jose Gamboa, David Jonathan Vargas, Liridon Musliu, Gennaro Fioretti, Edgar Andres Viloria Rojas, Pius Sushil Wilson and Edward Lavoile. Acting Assistant Attorney General Cronan from United States Department of Justice said that "as alleged in

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1100-472: The above names, including John (or Richard ) /Jane Roe , John/Jane Smith , John/Jane Bloggs , and Johnie/Janie Doe or just Baby Doe for children. A. N. Other is also a placeholder name, mainly used in the United Kingdom — which is gender neutral — along side Joe / Jo Bloggs and the now occasional use of the "John" and "Jane Doe" names. In other English-speaking countries , unique placeholder names, numbers or codenames have become more often used in

1150-476: The age of 18 petitioning the Superior Court for a judicial bypass exception to the parental consent requirement for abortion. "Mary Moe" is also used to refer to such cases generally, i.e. "Mary Moe cases". Sometimes "Mary Doe" may be used for the individuals. Parallels in other countries include: Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure ... are silent on

1200-443: The bill into law on June 22, 1870. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as attorney general and Benjamin H. Bristow as America's first solicitor general the same week that Congress created the Department of Justice. The Department's immediate function was to preserve civil rights. It set about fighting against domestic terrorist groups who had been using both violence and litigation to oppose the 13th , 14th , and 15th Amendments to

1250-425: The confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a 'John Doe' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction was used since 1852 in the United Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to

1300-580: The context of police investigations. This has included the United Kingdom , where usage of "John Doe" originated during the Middle Ages . However, the legal term John Doe injunction or John Doe order has survived in English law and other legal systems influenced by it. Other names, such as " Joe Bloggs " or "John Smith", have sometimes been informally used as placeholders for an every-man in

1350-427: The crimes each individual committed. The charges in the indictment are only allegations, and are presumed innocent until proven guilty. On 2 August 2017, an undercover Homeland Security Investigations agent posing as a member purchased 15 credit card dumps from Doe #6 and 15 from Novak. On 4 August 2017, the agent purchased 54 compromised credit card dumps from Novak and 15 more from Doe #6. A joint operation between

1400-580: The group were placed under house arrest. A case was initiated against Novak under Part 2 of Art. 272 of the Criminal Code of Russia (illegal access to computer information). The organization was split into different roles, the administrators, the super moderators, the moderators, vendors, VIP members and members. The administrators served as the governing council of the group, initially made up of "reputable" vendors. They handled management decisions, long-term strategic planning and managing of users of

1450-464: The indictment, Infraud operated like a business to facilitate cyberfraud on a global scale" and that "the Department of Justice refuses to allow these cybercriminals to use the perceived anonymity of the Internet as a shield for their crimes. We are committed to working closely with our international counterparts to identify, investigate, and bring to justice the perpetrators of these crimes, wherever in

1500-569: The killer. The body was named Peaches (murder victim) and also Jane Doe 3. The baby victim in a 2001 murder case in Kansas City, Missouri , was referred to as Precious Doe . In 2009, the New York Times reported the difficulties and unwanted attention experienced by a man actually named John Doe, who had often been suspected of using a pseudonym . He had been questioned repeatedly by airport security staff. Another man named John Doe

1550-444: The matter ... Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a) reads, '... In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties ...' The rule contains no guidance as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential. Prior to ... 1969, only one Supreme Court case, three court of appeals' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter-century featured an anonymous individual as

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1600-439: The media. Unlike the United States, the name "John Doe" does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example: X & Y v Persons Unknown [2007] HRLR 4. Well-known cases of unidentified decedents include " Caledonia Jane Doe " (1979), " Princess Doe " (1982) and " Walker County Jane Doe " (1980), all of whom have been identified. In 1997, New York City police discovered a decapitated body and were not able to find

1650-470: The office of the Attorney General. The office of the attorney general was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 as a part-time job for one person, but grew with the bureaucracy . At one time, the attorney general gave legal advice to the U.S. Congress , as well as the president ; however, in 1819, the attorney general began advising Congress alone to ensure a manageable workload. Until 1853,

1700-563: The organization. VIP members were premiere members of the Infraud Organization. The role would be given to longstanding or notable members of the organization to distinguish them between members and vendors. Members were general members of the organization who used the site to gather and provide information about perpetrating criminal activity as well as to use the vendors to facilitate unlawful purchases of credit card dumps and other illegal products or services. The indictment

1750-536: The original intended meaning of the Latin motto appearing on the Department of Justice seal, Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur (literally "Who For Lady Justice Strives"). It is not even known exactly when the original version of the DOJ seal itself was adopted, or when the motto first appeared on the seal. The most authoritative opinion of the DOJ suggests that the motto refers to the Attorney General (and thus, by extension, to

1800-445: The purse of an Englishman, And, 'ecod, they'll suck it all they can, John Doe and Richard Roe ... This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852: As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were (mostly) abolished by

1850-400: The reign of England's King Edward III (1327–1377). Though the rationale behind the choices of Doe and Roe is unknown, there are many suggested folk etymologies . Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation in medieval English law were "John Noakes" (or "Nokes") and "John-a-Stiles" (or "John Stiles"). The Oxford English Dictionary states that John Doe is "the name given to

1900-629: The ringleaders were imprisoned for up to five years in the federal penitentiary in Albany, New York . The result was a dramatic decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was "better" or "stronger" than Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. George H. Williams , who succeeded Akerman in December 1871, continued to prosecute the Klan throughout 1872 until

1950-412: The salary of the attorney general was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early attorneys general supplemented their salaries by running private law practices, often arguing cases before the courts as attorneys for paying litigants. The lightness of the office is exemplified by Edward Bates (1793–1869), Attorney General under Abraham Lincoln (1861 to 1864). Bates had only

2000-416: The site. Administrators had full privileges and access to the computer servers hosting Infraud's websites. Super Moderators oversaw subject-matter specific areas of the forums which were either part of their expertise or was part of their geographical location. They were limited to editing and deleting posts by members as well as resolving disputes. They often reviewed other vendor's products or services which

2050-474: The sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and 22 January 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided Roe and Doe , there were twenty-one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs. United States Department of Justice The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ), also known as the Justice Department , is a federal executive department of

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2100-436: The spring of 1873, during Grant's second term in office. Williams then placed a moratorium on Klan prosecutions partially because the Justice Department, inundated by cases involving the Klan, did not have the manpower to continue prosecutions. The "Act to Establish the Department of Justice" drastically increased the attorney general's responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States attorneys, formerly under

2150-448: The third and fourth participants in an action. "Mary Major" has been used in some federal cases in the US . "James Doe" and "Judy Doe" are among other common variants. Less often, other surnames ending in -oe have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings, e.g. , In Massachusetts , "Mary Moe" is used to refer to pregnant women under

2200-563: The time of the date (1/22/2022) FSB arrested members of this organization According to the card file of the Tverskoy Court of Moscow, Andrey Novak was sent to a pre-trial detention center yesterday. TASS calls this person the alleged founder of the hacker group The Infraud Organization.  The operation was carried out with the assistance of American intelligence agencies, who were looking for him on charges of cyberfraud. According to media reports, three more alleged members of

2250-559: The world they operate." Acting Executive Associate Director Benner from Homeland Security Investigations mentioned that "criminal cyber organizations like Infraud threaten not just U.S. citizens but people in every corner of the globe" and that "the actions of computer hackers and identity thieves not only harm countless innocent Americans, but the threat they pose to our financial system and global commerce cannot be overstated". John Doe John Doe (male) and Jane Doe (female) are multiple-use placeholder names that are used in

2300-425: Was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary . Upon Medary's death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project. On a lot bordered by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues and Ninth and Tenth Streets, Northwest, it holds over 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m ) of space. Various efforts, none entirely successful, have been made to determine

2350-615: Was established in 1924. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order which gave the Department of Justice responsibility for the "functions of prosecuting in the courts of the United States claims and demands by, and offsenses [ sic ] against, the Government of the United States, and of defending claims and demands against the Government, and of supervising the work of United States attorneys, marshals, and clerks in connection therewith, now exercised by any agency or officer..." The U.S. Department of Justice building

2400-522: Was in their area of expertise. Moderators were similar to super moderators, however, they had less authority within the forums and were generally limited to moderating one or two specific sub-forums. Vendors sold illicit product or services to other members of the organization which would usually be done through the vendor's website. Products or services would be reviewed by members to ensure that products which were purchased were of high quality and vendors of low-quality products or services did not remain in

2450-425: Was often suspected of being an incognito celebrity. In cases where a large number of unidentified individuals are mentioned, numbers may be appended, such as "Doe #2" or "Doe II". Operation Delego (2009), which targeted an international child sexual abuse ring, cited 21 numbered "John Does", as well as other people known by the surnames "Doe", "Roe", "Hoe" and "Poe". "John Stiles", "Richard Miles" have been used for

2500-431: Was released on 7 February 2018. It listed 36 individuals who were alleged to be involved with the organization. They are: There are 8 others who are either unknown or deceased and is referred to as John Doe in the indictment. They are: According to the indictment, many vendors redirected traffic and potential purchases of their products to their own websites in order to complete the transaction. Each individual who owned

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