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62-794: Archaeological sites in the valley date from the Mesolithic (8th–7th millennium BC) to the Middle Ages (15th century) and include marks of the Andronovo culture and Sargat culture civilizations. Some of the artifacts are stored in the State Hermitage Museum as the Siberian collection of Peter the Great  [ ru ] ; others belonged to the lost well-known private collection of Nicolaes Witsen . The Ingala Valley

124-420: A "ceramic Mesolithic" can be distinguished between c.  9,000 to 5,850 BP. Russian archaeologists prefer to describe such pottery-making cultures as Neolithic, even though farming is absent. This pottery-making Mesolithic culture can be found peripheral to the sedentary Neolithic cultures. It created a distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by

186-596: A concept in use. In the archaeology of the Americas , an Archaic or Meso-Indian period, following the Lithic stage , somewhat equates to the Mesolithic. The Saharan rock paintings found at Tassili n'Ajjer in central Sahara , and at other locations depict vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa . Some of these paintings were executed by a hunting people who lived in a savanna region teeming with

248-611: A generic term for hunter-gatherer cultures after the Last Glacial Maximum, whether they are transitional towards agriculture or not. In addition, terminology appears to differ between archaeological sub-disciplines, with "Mesolithic" being widely used in European archaeology, while "Epipalaeolithic" is more common in Near Eastern archaeology. The Balkan Mesolithic begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe,

310-463: A macrolithic technology was used in the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic, the microlithic technology was replaced by a macrolithic technology, with an increased use of polished stone tools such as stone axes. There is some evidence for the beginning of construction at sites with a ritual or astronomical significance, including Stonehenge , with a short row of large post holes aligned east–west, and

372-404: A mark of the Neolithic. The terms "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic" were introduced by John Lubbock in his work Pre-historic Times in 1865. The additional "Mesolithic" category was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. Westropp's suggestion was immediately controversial. A British school led by John Evans denied any need for an intermediate: the ages blended together like

434-534: A possible "lunar calendar" at Warren Field in Scotland, with pits of post holes of varying sizes, thought to reflect the lunar phases . Both are dated to before c.  9,000 BP (the 8th millennium BC). An ancient chewed gum made from the pitch of birch bark revealed that a woman enjoyed a meal of hazelnuts and duck about 5,700 years ago in southern Denmark. Mesolithic people influenced Europe's forests by bringing favored plants like hazel with them. As

496-603: A result of ideological reluctance, different worldviews and an active rejection of the sedentary-farming lifestyle. In one sample from the Blätterhöhle in Hagen , it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area; such societies may be called " Subneolithic ". For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated

558-472: A town. The Middle Ages is represented in the valley with 21 monuments, seven of them belonging to the Bakal culture (9th–15th century), and four belonging to Yudino (10th–13th century). Ten monuments do not have cultural attribution. It is believed that Bakal and Yudino cultures coexisted, but there is a need to justify the earlier date of the Bakal culture to fill the gap in the 300 years after disappearance of

620-734: Is a Natufian carving in calcite . A total of 33 antler frontlets have been discovered at Star Carr. These are red deer skulls modified to be worn by humans. Modified frontlets have also been discovered at Bedburg-Königshoven, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, and Berlin-Biesdorf. Weaving techniques were deployed to create shoes and baskets, the latter being of fine construction and decorated with dyes. Examples have been found in Cueva de los Murciélagos in Southern Spain that in 2023 were dated to 9,500 years ago. In North-Eastern Europe , Siberia , and certain southern European and North African sites,

682-634: Is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in soapstone from Finland . The rock art in the Urals appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden Shigir Idol is a rare survival of what may well have been a very common material for sculpture. It is a plank of larch carved with geometric motifs, but topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would apparently have been over 5 metres tall when made. The Ain Sakhri figurine from Palestine

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744-730: Is from the last quarter of the 11th to the end of the 8th century BC. During the late Bronze Age construction of hill forts began in the Ingala Valley, the earliest of which is the Ak-Pash-I. The tallest of hill forts is the Lizunovo (Krasnogorskoe) in the Iset District; it is located on a promontory with a steep slope nearly 45 meters high. Its discovery began an opening of the Barkhatovo culture. Transition time from

806-640: Is located 75 km south of Tyumen , at the mouth of the Iset River. At this point, the borders of the Isetsky , Yalutorovsky , Zavodoukovsky and Uporovsky Districts of the Tyumen Oblast are closed. The valley was named in 1994 by the most common local toponyms translated from the Siberian Tatar language as scirpus . The valley covers an area of about 1500 square kilometres . It

868-583: Is presented with 54 monuments, of which 28 belong to the Lybaevo culture, 12 to the Andreevskoe and 14 did not get a reliable attribution. Early Chalcolithic (the Buzan period of the Lybaevo culture) is identified with artifacts of the grave field "Buzan-III" (3190 BC ± 60 years), and the settlements "Sazyk-IX" (3150 BC ± 60 years) and "Lipihinskoe-V". The most prominent artifact of the grave field "Buzan-III"

930-746: Is the remains of a wooden funerary ladya  [ Wikidata ] longer than 5 m found in 1996, the oldest in Northern Eurasia . Its age is comparable to Stonehenge 1 , the Protodynastic Period of Ancient Egypt , Egyptian hieroglyphics , the first cities in Mesopotamia and the late period of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture . A replica of the ladya is situated now in the Archaeological gallery of

992-566: The Academic Expedition (1768-1774)  [ Wikidata ] described the kurgans Tyutrinskiy, Savinovskiy and Peschaniy-I. In 1861, Nikolay Abramov (scientist)  [ Wikidata ] published information about kurgans and hill forts of the Yalutorovsky , Tyumensky and Kurgansky Okrugs . In 1890, Ivan Slovtsov published a list of burial mounds and hill forts of Tobolsk Governorate , including information about

1054-838: The Neolithic . The term Epipaleolithic is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in the Levant and Caucasus . The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of Eurasia . It refers to the final period of hunter-gatherer cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution . In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000  BP ; in

1116-608: The Northern Black Sea Coast  [ Wikidata ] and Central Asia . So, during excavations of the Tyutrinsky grave field near the village Suerka in 1981, Natalya and Alexander Matveevs found beads from blue spinel , which is produced only in Hindustan , Sri Lanka and Borneo , and also a miniature (less than 2 cm in length) faience amulet of Harpocrates (Hellenistic tradition of an image of

1178-495: The Siberian collection of Peter the Great , which is now available in the State Hermitage at the gallery of jewels called "The Scythian Gold". Some of the treasures extracted by bugrovschiki appeared in private collections abroad. The most famous was the collection of Amsterdam mayor Nicolaes Witsen ; a part of it is known only from tables drawn in the third edition of his book Noord en Oost Tartatye (1785), and

1240-406: The archaeology of China , and can be mostly regarded as happily naturalized, Mesolithic was introduced later, mostly after 1945, and does not appear to be a necessary or useful term in the context of China. Chinese sites that have been regarded as Mesolithic are better considered as "Early Neolithic". In the archaeology of India , the Mesolithic, dated roughly between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, remains

1302-524: The highway P402  [ Wikidata ] . The northern route begins from highway P402, between Tyumen and Zavodoukovsk. From highway P402 the river Uk may be crossed to reach Sungurovo, and from there the Tobol River crossed to reach Novolybaevo and the Ingala Valley. Continuing the route through Karasye and Shilikul, the northern route is connected with the southern route, additionally back roads can be traveled through Pushkareva to Ingalinskoe (to

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1364-466: The last glacial period ended have a much more apparent Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In northern Europe, for example, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviors that are preserved in the material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. Such conditions also delayed

1426-408: The " Neolithic package" (including farming, herding, polished stone axes, timber longhouses and pottery) spread into Europe, the Mesolithic way of life was marginalized and eventually disappeared. Mesolithic adaptations such as sedentism, population size and use of plant foods are cited as evidence of the transition to agriculture. Other Mesolithic communities rejected the Neolithic package likely as

1488-615: The "Ingala" sanatorium complex in the Zavodoukovsky District would be put into operation (land area of 13 ha, number of rooms 350 seats), being built to replace the "Niva" resort (not opened yet as of 2014). Mesolithic The Mesolithic ( Greek : μέσος, mesos 'middle' + λίθος, lithos 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and

1550-599: The "Younger Stone Age". Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin , which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are now mostly cliff faces in

1612-575: The Alakuls were at first considered evidence of random attacks of Alakul squads to the north. But finds in the settlement "Uk-III" near Zavodoukovsk and in the Khripunova grave field near village Krasnogorskoe discovered at the end of the 20th century forced more serious consideration of the presence of Andronovo culture in the Ingala Valley. According to Alexander Matveev, the Alakul culture consists of

1674-694: The Ancient Egyptian god Horus ). According to Alexander Matveev, the wealth of the Sargats' kurgans may indicate the Ingala Valley was a burial place of representatives of one or more Sargat "royal" families at the beginning of the Common Era , which had a source of enrichment from control of the supply of strategic goods along the Silk Road . A Sargat village discovered in the tract Copper Borok covers an area of 15.5 ha, which makes it considered

1736-489: The Barkhatovo culture and coexisted with Itkul and Gorokhovo tribes, being destroyed by Sargats. The Gorokhovo people (originating in the 7th century BC) were not immediately dissolved by the Sargats and coexisted with them until the 3rd century BC. If the early stage of the Sargat culture (5th – early 3rd century BC) co-existed with its neighbors, then from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD Sargats have no rivals throughout

1798-849: The Bronze Age to the Iron one is presented in the Ingala Valley with four monuments of the Itkul culture (late 8th-5th century BC) and three monuments without sustainable cultural attribution. There are 139 sites from the early Iron Age; among them 30 belong to the Baitovo culture, 16 belong to the Gorokhovo, 55 to the Sargat culture , one to the Kashino, and 37 do not have a strong cultural attribution. Baitovo tribes (7th-5th century BC) were successors of

1860-615: The Early Mesolithic, or Azilian , begins about 14,000 years ago, in the Franco-Cantabrian region of northern Spain and Southern France . In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene ), and it ends with the introduction of farming, depending on the region between c.  8,500 and 5,500 years ago. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as

1922-788: The Eastern Baltic. Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the Ertebølle culture of Denmark and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related Swifterbant culture of the Low Countries . A 2012 publication in the Science journal, announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found in Xianrendong cave in China, dating by radiocarbon to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present, at

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1984-552: The Ingala Valley include: There are the archaeological school camp "Issedon" in the Isetsky District and "Lukomorye" in Zavodoukovsk. The Zavodoukovsk History Museum offers an exhibition "Secrets of the Ingala Valley" and summer car tour "An archaeological heritage of the Ingala Valley" along a path Zavodoukovsk - Lybaevo - archaeological sites - Lower Ingal (with customer's transport). It was announced that in 2013

2046-526: The Ingala Valley received the status of cultural heritage site in Russia  [ Wikidata ] of federal importance. From 1995 to 2003, 300 new archaeological sites were identified. Currently, these are 549 archaeological sites discovered in the Ingala Valley; the oldest one dates to the Middle Stone Age . The Mesolithic is presented in the Ingala Valley with early cultural deposits of

2108-663: The Koshkino (middle 6th millennium BC – late 5th millennium BC ), and the Sosnovka-Ostrov (middle 5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC ) was the next. Boborykino culture (late 5th millennium BC – late 4th millennium BC) coexisted with the Koshkinskino and Sosnovka-Ostrov. Monuments of the Poludenskoe culture are few; perhaps they were functioning at a time when the surrounding area was empty. The Chalcolithic

2170-467: The Middle After-Ural  [ Wikidata ] . Kurgans in the valley are associated with Sargats (and partly with Baitovo tribes) first of all. The number of kurgans reaches 177, a diameter of individual ones more than 60 m. Many kurgans contain highly artistic artifacts made of gold, silver, gemstones and numerous decorations made in workshops of Ancient Egypt, slave-owning states of

2232-557: The Middle East (the Epipalaeolithic Near East ) roughly 20,000 to 10,000  BP . The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all beyond Eurasia and North Africa . The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with a decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader hunter-gatherer way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than

2294-688: The Neolithic farmers. Though each area of Mesolithic ceramic developed an individual style, common features suggest a single point of origin. The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around Lake Baikal in Siberia. It appears in the Yelshanka culture on the Volga in Russia 9,000 years ago, and from there spread via the Dnieper-Donets culture to the Narva culture of

2356-594: The Paleolithic and Neolithic. By the time of Vere Gordon Childe 's work, The Dawn of Europe (1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that a transitional period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic was indeed a useful concept. However, the terms "Mesolithic" and "Epipalaeolithic" remain in competition, with varying conventions of usage. In the archaeology of Northern Europe, for example for archaeological sites in Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Ukraine, and Russia,

2418-537: The Sargats in the 5th century. Tourists may be interested in visiting protected areas and objects of cultural heritage located in the valley. Thus, Buzan, Zinovskiy and Khokhlovskiy kurgans in the Yalutorovsky District and Mary's ravine located in the Isetsky District are the natural monuments of regional significance. A list of the objects of cultural heritage of federal importance in

2480-462: The Siberian kurgans are lost forever. In 1712, a commander of Shadrinsk , prince Vasily Meshchersky, began excavations of kurgans to get gold, silver and copper items to replenish the state treasury by order of the Siberian governor prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin  [ ru ] . During the years 1715-1717 governor Gagarin sent Siberian treasures to Peter the Great four times. 250 ancient gold jewelry pieces sent by Gagarin became known as

2542-419: The Tobol River. In the central part of the valley flow the Hog Ingala  [ Wikidata ] and Large Ingala  [ Wikidata ] rivers, which are tributaries of the Iset River. There are two routes leading into the valley. The southern route is from Tyumen by the highway M51 towards Kurgan. Beyond the village Isetskoe  [ ru ] it crosses the Iset River and turns in front of

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2604-422: The Upper Paleolithic immediately followed by the Mesolithic. As "Mesolithic" suggests an intermediate period, followed by the Neolithic, some authors prefer the term "Epipaleolithic" for hunter-gatherer cultures who are not succeeded by agricultural traditions, reserving "Mesolithic" for cultures who are clearly succeeded by the Neolithic Revolution, such as the Natufian culture . Other authors use "Mesolithic" as

2666-518: The Yalutorovsky Ostrog. During the first third of the 3rd millennium BC members of the Andreevskoe culture penetrated into the valley from the Tura cultural and historical province, and until the end of the 3rd millennium BC the Lybaevo and Andreevskoe cultures evolved synchronously. Eugene Volkov calls this phase the Dvuhozerny period of the Lybaevo culture (represented by artifacts of the settlements "Dvuhozernoe-I", "Lower Ingalinskoe-IIIa", "Ostrov-IIa" and "Upper Ingalsky Borok-II"). The Bronze Age in

2728-424: The adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherer in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members. In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the Medieval period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in Scandinavia no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred "Older Stone Age" moving into

2790-427: The archaeological monument "Ostrov-II". Absence of radiocarbon dating does not allow setting an age of the finds. By analogy with other Mesolithic parkings  [ Wikidata ] in the south of the Tyumen Oblast ("Katenka" and "Zvezdniy"), a chronological framework of the oldest finds in the valley was limited within 8th – 7th millennium BC . The Neolithic presents with 37 sites found during excavations of

2852-462: The burial mounds Krasnogorskiy-I and Krasnogorskiy Borok, also the hill forts Zmeevo and Lizunovo (Krasnogorskoe). In 1893, Axel Heikel became the first to discover traces of the Andronovo culture near Yalutorovsk. Studies of the valley resumed in 1959 due to P. M. Kozhin. An expedition of Ural State University (V. Frolov, T. Gasheva, V. T. Yurovskaya (Kovaleva), T. G. Bushueva, B. B. Ovchinnikova) has continued since 1962. In 1970–1980, exploration

2914-428: The collection was lost after 1717. The first among scientists to get acquainted with findings of the Ingala Valley was Daniel Messerschmidt , whose expedition into the Siberia Governorate took place in 1719-1727. Gerhard Müller , who visited Siberia in 1733-1743 together with the Great Northern Expedition , stated that bugrovschiki activity was finished because the kurgans had been totally robbed. Peter Pallas during

2976-407: The colors of a rainbow, he said. A European school led by Gabriel de Mortillet asserted that there was a gap between the earlier and later. Edouard Piette claimed to have filled the gap with his naming of the Azilian Culture. Knut Stjerna offered an alternative in the "Epipaleolithic", suggesting a final phase of the Paleolithic rather than an intermediate age in its own right inserted between

3038-421: The coming of the Neolithic until some 5,500 BP in northern Europe. The type of stone toolkit remains one of the most diagnostic features: the Mesolithic used a microlithic technology – composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped stone tools ( microliths ), while the Paleolithic had utilized Modes I–IV. In some areas, however, such as Ireland, parts of Portugal, the Isle of Man and the Tyrrhenian Islands,

3100-554: The end of the Last Glacial Period . The carbon 14 datation was established by carefully dating surrounding sediments. Many of the pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking. These early pottery containers were made well before the invention of agriculture (dated to 10,000 to 8,000 BC), by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum. Epipalaeolithic Near East Caucasus Zagros While Paleolithic and Neolithic have been found useful terms and concepts in

3162-431: The following stages: Chistolebyazhsky, Alakul (developed), Kamyshinsky (late) and Amangeldinsky (transition to the Fedorovo culture). Of these there were found in the Ingala Valley monuments of the middle (the Khripunova grave field is the most northern of the Alakul cemeteries, the settlement "Lower Ingalinskoe-III") and late (the second group of burials of the Khripunova grave field, the settlement "Uk-III") stages of dating

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3224-500: The heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of pottery and textiles may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking transition into the Neolithic . The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose burial mounds are

3286-579: The open air, and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at Roca dels Moros . Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and food-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more schematically, though often in energetic poses. A few small engraved pendants with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in amber , and one from Star Carr in Britain in shale . The Elk's Head of Huittinen

3348-550: The second quarter of the 18th – middle 16th century BC. The Fedorovo antiquities are dated from the middle 16th to late 14th century BC; the Cherkaskul ones are dated to the 13th–11th centuries BC. The late Bronze Age in the valley is presented with 24 monuments, of which 12 belong to Pakhomovo culture (though it existed in sync with the Cherkaskul one), seven belong to Barkhatovo culture  [ Wikidata ] , and five are not identified. A chronological boundary of Barkhatovo antiquities (settlements "Schetkovo-II" and Kolovskiy)

3410-408: The settlement "Dvuhozernoe-I", the ritual complex "Ostrov-II", and the grave field "Old-Lybaevo-IV". Six of these belong to the Koshkino archaeological culture, twelve to the Sosnovka-Ostrov culture, eleven to the Boborykino, three to the Poludenskoe and five do not have a reliable cultural attribution. According to Eugene Volkov, the earliest Neolithic culture of the Ingala Valley should be considered

3472-405: The term "Mesolithic" is almost always used. In the archaeology of other areas, the term "Epipaleolithic" may be preferred by most authors, or there may be divergences between authors over which term to use or what meaning to assign to each. In the New World, neither term is used (except provisionally in the Arctic). "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes also used alongside "Mesolithic" for the final end of

3534-469: The valley is divided into three stages. Early Bronze Age (late 22nd/early 21st century BC – middle 18th century BC) is represented with seven settlements of the Tashkovo culture (a sequel of the Andreevskoe one) and two monuments of the Imbiryay culture. The stage of the Andronovo antiquities is presented with 13 monuments (four both from the Alakul and Fedorovo cultures and five from the Cherkaskul ). Opened by Axel Heikel near Yalutorovsk in 1893, traces of

3596-411: The valley that first allowed perceiving it as a united archaeological complex. The following year, research by the West Siberian archaeological expedition of the Institute of Northern Development of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences  [ Wikidata ] was begun. By Decree of the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin on February 20, 1995 No. 176, many archaeological sites of

3658-466: The village Soloboevo, then through Malyshy, Botniki, and Krasnogorskoe—the beginning of the valley. From here, travelers may access the route Krasnogorskoe-Loga—Minino—Onufrieva—Upper Ingal—Niphaki—Ingalinskoe—Lykovo—Koklyagina—Surka—Tyutrina—Byzovo— Uporovo from the south west to travel around the valley. From Uporovo, Zavodoukovsk can be reached by crossing the Tobol River heading north through Lesnoy—Central—Michurinskiy. The route returns to Tyumen via

3720-437: The west) or to Koklyagina (to the south). The first explorers of the valley were so-called bugrovschiki  [ ru ] , robbers of ancient graves. In 1669, the governor of the Tobolsk rank  [ Wikidata ] Petr Ivanovich Godunov told tsar Alexei Mikhailovich that gold, silver items and utensils were extracted from "Tatar graves" near the Iset River . As a result of bugrovschiki most treasures of

3782-503: Was carried out by V. A. Mogilnikov from the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences  [ Wikidata ] , and also by N. P. Matveeva, Alexander Matveev (historian)  [ Wikidata ] and I. V. Usacheva (Zilina) from the Tyumen State University , and by A. S. Sergeev from the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences  [ Wikidata ] . In 1994, A. V. Matveev identified natural boundaries of

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3844-410: Was formed as a result of a merger of the river valleys of the Tobol and Iset rivers. It has the shape of a trapezoid on a map, with a vertex extending to the northeast. The north–south length is about 55 km; on the east–west axis it is from 20 to 45 km. In terms of relief it looks like a cavity, which is bounded on the north by a high terrace of the Iset River, and on the east by a terrace of

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