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58-677: Ingenta is a provider of content services for the publishing industry, based in Oxford in the United Kingdom . Customers include both academic and trade publishers as well as information providers. Ingenta plc is listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol LSE :  ING . The company provides software systems and services for

116-458: A free content work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018​ , 202, UNESCO. Transparency (behavior) As an ethic that spans science , engineering , business , and the humanities , transparency is operating in such a way that it

174-563: A government 's meetings are open to the press and the public, its budgets may be reviewed by anyone, and its laws and decisions are open to discussion, it is seen as transparent. It is not clear however if this provides less opportunity for the authorities to abuse the system for their own interests. When military authorities classify their plans as secret, transparency is absent. This can be seen as either positive or negative; positive because it can increase national security , negative because it can lead to corruption and, in extreme cases,

232-428: A military dictatorship . While a liberal democracy can be a plutocracy , where decisions are made behind locked doors and the people have fewer possibilities to influence politics between the elections, a participative democracy is more closely connected to the will of the people. Participative democracy, built on transparency and everyday participation, has been used officially in northern Europe for decades. In

290-506: A 47-year-old custom, but still got elected. Radical transparency is a management method where nearly all decision making is carried out publicly. All draft documents, all arguments for and against a proposal, all final decisions, and the decision making process itself are made public and remain publicly archived. This approach has grown in popularity with the rise of the Internet . Two examples of organizations utilizing this style are

348-475: A change in which people communicate with others as well as receive information. About 53% use social media to read/watch the news. Many people use the information specifically from social media influencers to understand more about a topic, business, or organization. Social media has now been made part of everyday news production for journalists around the world. Not only does social media provide more connection between readers and journalists, but it also cultivates

406-451: A communication method to aid in scientific research and create interaction. The narrative, layout, and gaming features all share a relationship that can deliver meaning and value that make games an innovative communication tool. Research-focused games showed a connection towards a greater usage of dialogue within the science community as players had the opportunity to address issues with a game with themselves and scientists. This helped to push

464-421: A cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces, which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic. According to Han, the dictates of transparency enforce a totalitarian system of openness at the expense of other social values such as shame , secrecy , and trust . He was criticized for his concepts, as they would suggest corrupt politics, and for referring to

522-441: A decrease in diversity of content and views in certain countries due to actions made against broadcasters by states via their licensing authorities. This can have an impact on competition and may lead to an excessive concentration of power with potential influence on public opinion. Examples include the failure to renew or retain licenses for editorially critical media, reducing the regulator's competences and mandates for action, and

580-477: A lack of due process in the adoption of regulatory decisions. Governments worldwide have sought to extend regulation to internet companies, whether connectivity providers or application service providers , and whether domestically or foreign-based. The impact on journalistic content can be severe, as internet companies can err too much on the side of caution and take down news reports, including algorithmically, while offering inadequate opportunities for redress to

638-418: A method to prevent the concentration of media ownership. Licensing has been criticized for an alleged lack of transparency . Regulatory authorities in certain countries have been accused of exhibiting political bias in favor of the government or ruling party, which has resulted in some prospective broadcasters being denied licenses or being threatened with license withdrawal. As a consequence, there has been

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696-430: A sense of belonging through the screen. Gaming is an activity shared amongst others regardless of age, allowing for a diverse group of players to connect and enjoy their favorite games with. This helps with creating or maintaining relationships: friendships, family, or a significant other. As with most interactive media content, games have ratings to assist in choosing appropriate games regarding younger audiences. This

754-414: A service, research indicates that it becomes a crucial differentiator in the competitive digital landscape. Scholarly research in any academic discipline may also be labeled as (partly) transparent (or open research ) if some or all relevant aspects of the research are open in the sense of open source , open access and open data , thereby facilitating social recognition and accountability of

812-646: A story is genuine or not. There have also been broader initiatives bringing together a variety of donors and actors to promote fact-checking and news literacy , such as the News Integrity Initiative at the City University of New York 's School of Journalism. This 14 million USD investment by groups including the Ford Foundation and Facebook was launched in 2017 so its full impact remains to be seen. It will, however, complement

870-428: A support for media freedom and development organizations by intergovernmental organizations such as UNESCO and non-governmental organizations . There has been a continued trend of establishing self-regulatory bodies, such as press councils, in conflict and post-conflict situations. Major internet companies have responded to pressure by governments and the public by elaborating self-regulatory and complaints systems at

928-419: A system after change adheres to its previous external interface as much as possible while changing its internal behaviour. That is, a change in a system is transparent to its users if the change is unnoticeable to them. Sports has become a global business over the last century, and here, too, initiatives ranging from mandatory drug testing to the fighting of sports-related corruption are gaining ground based on

986-447: Is freedom of information legislation and requests. Modern democracy builds on such participation of the people and media. There are, for anybody who is interested, many ways to influence the decisions at all levels in society. The right and the means to examine the process of decision making is known as transparency. In politics, transparency is used as a means of holding public officials accountable and fighting corruption . When

1044-555: Is "non-transparent". A practical example of transparency is also when a cashier makes changes after a point of sale; they offer a transaction record of the items purchased (e.g., a receipt) as well as counting out the customer's change. In information security , transparency means keeping the arcane, underlying mechanisms hidden so as not to obstruct intended function—an almost opposite sense. It principally refers to security mechanisms that are intentionally undetectable or hidden from view. Examples include hiding utilities and tools which

1102-792: Is being spread.  Instagram works with these fact checkers to ensure that no false information is being spread around the site. Instagram started this work in 2019, following Facebook with the idea as they started fact checking in 2016. Developments in telecommunications has provided media the ability to conduct long-distance communication via analog and digital media: Modern communication media includes long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of people ( many-to-many communication via email , Internet forums , and telecommunications ports ). Traditional broadcast media and mass media favor one-to-many communication (television, cinema , radio, newspaper , magazines , and social media ). Electronic Media, specifically social media has become one of

1160-581: Is believed to influence children's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. The usage and consumption of gaming has tremendously increased within the last decade with estimates of around 2.3 billion people from around the world playing digital and online video games. The growth rate for the global market for gaming was expected to grow 6.2% towards 2020. Areas like Latin America had a 20.1% increase, Asia-Pacific - 9.2%, North America - 4.0%, and Europe -11.7%. Studies show that digital and online gaming can be used as

1218-403: Is done by ESRB ratings and consists of the following: E for Everyone, E for Everyone 10+, T for Teen, and M for Mature 17+. Whenever a new game is released, it is reviewed by associations to determine a suitable rating so younger audiences do not consume harmful or inappropriate content. With these ratings it helps the risks and effects of gaming on younger audiences because the exposure of media

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1276-399: Is easy for others to see what actions are performed. Transparency implies openness , communication, and accountability . Transparency is practiced in companies, organizations, administrations, and communities. For example, in a business relation, fees are clarified at the outset by a transparent agent, so there are no surprises later. This is opposed to keeping this information hidden which

1334-663: The Linux community and Indymedia . Corporate transparency , a form of radical transparency, is the concept of removing all barriers to—and the facilitating of—free and easy public access to corporate information and the laws, rules, social connivance and processes that facilitate and protect those individuals and corporations that freely join, develop, and improve the process. Accountability and transparency are of high relevance for non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In view of their responsibilities to stakeholders, including donors, sponsors, programme beneficiaries, staff, states and

1392-607: The Persian Empire ( Chapar Khaneh and Angarium ) and Roman Empire , can be interpreted as early forms of media. Writers such as Howard Rheingold have framed early forms of human communication, such as the Lascaux cave paintings and early writing, as early forms of media. Another framing of the history of media starts with the Chauvet Cave paintings and continues with other ways to carry human communication beyond

1450-487: The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights , impacts on the presence of independent journalism by defining the limits of what should or should not be carried and prioritized in the most popular digital spaces. Public pressure on technology giants has motivated the development of new strategies aimed not only at identifying ' fake news ', but also at eliminating some of

1508-486: The University of Oxford and Warwick Business School found that transparency can also have significant unintended consequences in the field of medical care. Gerry McGivern and Michael D Fischer found "media spectacles" and transparent regulation combined to create "spectacular transparency" which has some perverse effects on doctors' practice and increased defensive behaviour in doctors and their staff. Similarly, in

1566-413: The digital revolution , people no longer have a high level of control over what is public information, leading to a tension between the values of transparency and privacy . The concept of " Business Model Transparency" in online services refers to the degree to which companies disclose the nature of data collection and its monetization. While this transparency doesn't directly influence user adoption of

1624-525: The publishing industry, including systems that support the infrastructure of a publisher (including production, distribution , royalties and editorial) and the digital delivery of publishers' products. Their Publishers Communication Group division provides sales and marketing consultancy services for publishers. Ingenta operates primarily from the UK (Oxford) and the USA ( New Brunswick, New Jersey ). Ingenta

1682-403: The radio frequency spectrum was public property . This prohibited private organizations from owning any portion of the spectrum. A broadcast license is typically given to broadcasters by communications regulators, allowing them to broadcast on a certain frequency and typically in a specific geographical location. Licensing is done by regulators in order to manage a broadcasting medium and as

1740-510: The Spanish government for the first time released information on the net worth of each cabinet member, but data on ordinary citizens is private. Currently, elected officials have to disclose their net worth on a yearly basis. An unwritten norm requires that American politicians release their tax returns, in particular those running for the office of president. During the 2016 presidential campaign , Donald Trump refused to release them , breaking

1798-654: The access of programmers to satellite transponders in parts of the Western Europe , North America , the Arab region and in Asia and the Pacific . The Arab Satellite Broadcasting Charter was an example of efforts to bring formal standards and some regulatory authority to bear on what is transmitted, but it appears to not have been implemented. Self-regulation is expressed as a preferential system by journalists but also as

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1856-451: The affected news producers. In Western Europe , self-regulation provides an alternative to state regulatory authorities. In such contexts, newspapers have historically been free of licensing and regulation, and there has been repeated pressure for them to self-regulate or at least to have in-house ombudsmen . However, it has often been difficult to establish meaningful self-regulatory entities. In many cases, self-regulations exists in

1914-448: The anti-democratic Carl Schmitt . Anthropologists have long explored ethnographically the relation between revealed and concealed knowledges, and have increasingly taken up the topic in relation to accountability, transparency and conspiracy theories and practices today. Todd Sanders and Harry West, for example, suggest not only that realms of the revealed and concealed require each other, but also that transparency in practice produces

1972-558: The area of humanitarian rights, the INGO Accountability Charter has been referred to as the "first global accountability charter for the non-profit sector". In 1997, the One World Trust created an NGO Charter , a code of conduct comprising commitment to accountability and transparency. Media transparency is the concept of determining how and why information is conveyed through various means. If

2030-450: The case of requests from governments. At the same time, however, the study signaled a number of companies that have become more opaque when it comes to disclosing how they enforce their own terms of service, in restricting certain types of content and account. State governments can also use "Fake news" in order to spread propaganda. In addition to responding to pressure for more clearly defined self-regulatory mechanisms, and galvanized by

2088-499: The computer software world, open source software concerns the creation of software, to which access to the underlying source code is freely available. This permits use, study, and modification without restriction. In computer security, the debate is ongoing as to the relative merits of the full disclosure of security vulnerabilities, versus a security-by-obscurity approach. There is a different (perhaps almost opposite) sense of transparency in human-computer interaction , whereby

2146-414: The debates over so-called 'fake news', internet companies such as Facebook have launched campaigns to educate users about how to more easily distinguish between 'fake news' and real news sources. Ahead of the United Kingdom national election in 2017 , for example, Facebook published a series of advertisements in newspapers with 'Tips for Spotting False News' which suggested 10 things that might signal whether

2204-410: The free sharing of knowledge. 21st century culture affords a higher level of public transparency than ever before, and actually requires it in many cases. Modern technology and associated culture shifts have changed how government works (see WikiLeaks ), what information people can find out about each other, and the ability of politicians to stay in office if they are involved in sex scandals . Due to

2262-502: The individual company level, using principles they have developed under the framework of the Global Network Initiative . The Global Network Initiative has grown to include several large telecom companies alongside internet companies such as Google , Facebook and others, as well as civil society organizations and academics. The European Commission 's 2013 publication, ICT Technology Sector Guide on Implementing

2320-446: The media and the public knows everything that happens in all authorities and county administrations there will be a lot of questions, protests and suggestions coming from media and the public. People who are interested in a certain issue will try to influence the decisions. Transparency creates an everyday participation in the political processes by media and the public. One tool used to increase everyday participation in political processes

2378-696: The mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. According to H. L. Mencken , the phrase mass media was used as early as 1923 in the United States. The term medium (the singular form of media ) is defined as "one of the means or channels of general communication, information, or entertainment in society, as newspapers, radio, or television." The role of regulatory authorities (license broadcaster institutions, content providers , platforms) and

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2436-552: The name Platform for Transparency (PfT) in 2005. Similar organizations that promotes transparency are Transparency International and the Sunlight Foundation . A recent political movement to emerge in conjunction with the demands for transparency is the Pirate Party , a label for a number of political parties across different countries who advocate freedom of information, direct democracy, network neutrality, and

2494-426: The northern European country Sweden , public access to government documents became a law as early as 1766. It has officially been adopted as an ideal to strive for by the rest of EU, leading to measures like freedom of information laws and laws for lobby transparency . To promote transparency in politics , Hans Peter Martin , Paul van Buitenen ( Europa Transparant ) and Ashley Mote decided to cooperate under

2552-728: The offerings of other networks such as the International Fact-Checking Network launched by the Poynter Institute in 2015 which seeks to outline the parameters of the field. Instagram has also created a way to potentially expose "fake news" that is posted on the site. After looking into the site, it seemed as more than a place for political memes, but a weaponized platform, instead of the creative space it used to be. Since that, Instagram has started to put warning labels on certain stories or posts if third-party fact checkers believe that false information

2610-671: The participation and community amongst technical communicators and their audiences, clients, and stakeholders. The gaming community has grown exponentially, and about 63% have taken to playing with others, whether online or in-person. Players online will communicate through the system of microphone applicability either through the game or a third party application such as Discord . The improvements upon connectivity and software allowed for players online to keep in touch and game instantaneously, disregarding location almost entirely. With online gaming platforms it has been noted that they support diverse social gaming communities allowing players to feel

2668-505: The promotion of "datapreneurial" activity through open data initiatives outsources and interrupts the political contract between governed and government. She is concerned that the dominant model of governmental data-driven transparency produces neoliberal subjectivities that reduce the possibility of politics as an arena of dissent between real alternatives. She suggests that the radical left might want to work with and reinvent secrecy as an alternative to neoliberal transparency. Researchers at

2726-588: The public, they are considered to be of even greater importance to them than to commercial undertakings. Yet these same values are often found to be lacking in NGOs. The International NGO Accountability Charter , linked to the Global Reporting Initiative , documents the commitment of its members international NGOs to accountability and transparency, requiring them to submit an annual report, among others. Signed in 2006 by 11 NGOs active in

2784-468: The resistance to political and commercial interference in the autonomy of the media sector are both considered as significant components of media independence . In order to ensure media independence, regulatory authorities should be placed outside of governments' directives. This can be measured through legislation, agency statutes and rules. In the United States, the Radio Act of 1927 established that

2842-400: The scholars who did the research and replication by others interested in the matters addressed by it. Some mathematicians and scientists are critical of using closed source mathematical software such as Mathematica for mathematical proofs , because these do not provide transparency, and thus are not verifiable. Open-source software such as SageMath aims to solve this problem. In

2900-526: The shadow of state regulation, and is conscious of the possibility of state intervention . In many countries in Central and Eastern Europe , self-regulatory structures seems to be lacking or have not historically been perceived as efficient and effective. The rise of satellite channels that delivered directly to viewers, or through cable or online systems, renders much larger the sphere of unregulated programing. There are, however, varying efforts to regulate

2958-504: The short range of voice: smoke signals , trail markers , and sculpture . In its modern application, the term media is relating to communication channels was first used by Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan , who stated in Counterblast (1954): "The media are not toys; they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan executives. They can be entrusted only to new artists because they are art forms." By

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3016-732: The structural causes of their emergence and proliferation. Facebook has created new buttons for users to report content they believe is false, following previous strategies aimed at countering hate speech and harassment online . These changes reflect broader transformations occurring among tech giants to increase their transparency. As indicated by the Ranking Digital Rights Corporate Accountability Index, most large internet companies have reportedly become relatively more forthcoming in terms of their policies about transparency in regard to third party requests to remove or access content, especially in

3074-449: The top forms of media that people use in the twenty-first century. The percent of people that use social media and social networking outlets rose dramatically from 5% in 2005 to 79% in 2019. Instagram , Twitter , Pinterest , Tiktok , and Facebook are the most commonly used social media platforms. The average time that an individual spends on social media is 2.5 hours a day. This exponential increase of social media has additionally caused

3132-549: The transparent activities in other domains. Sigmund Freud , following Friedrich Nietzsche ("On Truth and Lie in a Nonmoral Sense"), regularly argues that transparency is impossible because of the occluding function of the unconscious. Among philosophical and literary works that have examined the idea of transparency are Michel Foucault 's Discipline and Punish or David Brin 's The Transparent Society . The German philosopher and media theorist Byung-Chul Han , in his 2012 work Transparenzgesellschaft , sees transparency as

3190-493: The understanding of how gaming and players can help advance scientific research via communication through games. A vBook is an eBook that is digital first media with embedded video , images , graphs , tables , text , and other useful media. E-Book An E-book combines reading and listening media interaction. It is compact and can store a large amount of data which has made them very popular in classrooms. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

3248-617: The user does not need to know in order to do their job, like keeping the remote re-authentication operations of Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol hidden from the user. In Norway and in Sweden, tax authorities annually release the "skatteliste ", " taxeringskalendern " , or "tax list"; official records showing the annual income and overall wealth of nearly every taxpayer. Regulations in Hong Kong require banks to list their top earners – without naming them – by pay band. In 2009,

3306-498: The very opacities it claims to obviate. Clare Birchall, Christina Gaarsten, Mikkel Flyverbom, Emmanuel Alloa and Mark Fenster, among others, write in the vein of "critical transparency studies", which attempts to challenge particular orthodoxies concerning transparency. In an article, Birchall assessed "whether the ascendance of transparency as an ideal limits political thinking, particularly for western socialists and radicals struggling to seize opportunities for change". She argues that

3364-445: Was established in 1998. In 2001 Ingenta acquired Publishers Communication Group (founded in 1990) and in 2007 acquired VISTA (founded in 1977). From 2007 until 2016, the company was known as Publishing Technology . In 2016, Ingenta purchased the advertising software company 5fifteen . Content (media) The development of early writing and paper enabling longer-distance communication systems such as mail , including in

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