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72-419: Some insect repellents are insecticides (bug killers), but most simply discourage insects and send them flying or crawling away. Nearly any would be fatal upon reaching the median lethal dose , but classification as an insecticide implies death even at lower doses. Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural" repellents. For protection against ticks and mosquito bites,

144-504: A data set that comply with postal standards. These labels may also include routing barcodes and special handling requirements to expedite delivery. Label "stock" is the carrier which is commonly coated on one side with adhesive and printed on the other, and can be: The stock type will affect the types of ink that will print well on them. Corona-treating or flame-treating some plastics makes them more receptive to inks, coatings, and other substrates by reducing surface tension and improving

216-767: A gene for the CRY toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and was introduced in 1997. For the next ca 25 years the only insecticidal agents used in GMOs were the CRY and VIP toxins from various strains of B.t, which control a wide number of insect types. These are widely used with > 100 million hectares planted with B.t. modified crops in 2019. Since 2020 several novel agents have been engineered into plants and approved.  ipd072Aa from Pseudomonas chlororaphis , ipd079Ea from Ophioglossum pendulum , and mpp75Aa1.1 from Brevibacillus laterosporus code for protein toxins. The trait dvsnf7

288-507: A seed-treatment . Contact insecticides (non-systemic insecticides) remain on the leaf surface and act through direct contact with the insect. Insects feed from various compartments in the plant. Most of the major pests are either chewing insects or sucking insects. Chewing insects, such as caterpillars, eat whole pieces of leaf. Sucking insects use feeding tubes to feed from phloem (e.g. aphids, leafhoppers, scales and whiteflies), or to suck cell contents (e.g. thrips and mites). An insecticide

360-491: A broad range of insect species. Most strains are from Beauveria , Metarhizium , Cordyceps and Akanthomyces species. Of the many types of entomopathic viruses, only baculaviruses are used commercially, and are each specific for their target insect. They have to be grown on insects, so their production is labour-intensive. Some insecticides kill or harm other creatures in addition to those they are intended to kill. For example, birds may be poisoned when they eat food that

432-451: A cumulative toxic effect to wildlife, so multiple exposures to the chemicals amplifies the toxicity. In the US, organophosphate use declined with the rise of substitutes. Many of these insecticides, first developed in the mid 20th century, are very poisonous. Many organophosphates do not persist in the environment. Carbamate insecticides have similar mechanisms to organophosphates, but have

504-573: A different pharmacophore. They are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, applied as sprays, drenches, seed and soil treatments. Although the classic risk assessment considered this insecticide group (and flupyradifurone specifically) safe for bees , novel research has raised concern on their lethal and sublethal effects, alone or in combination with other chemicals or environmental factors. Diamides selectively activate insect ryanodine receptors (RyR), which are large calcium release channels present in cardiac and skeletal muscle, leading to

576-549: A few are used in agriculture. In the USA 13 are registered for use, in the EU 6. In Korea, where it is easier to register botanical pesticides, 38 are used. Most used are neem oil , chenopodium , pyrethrins , and azadirachtin . Many botanical insecticides used in past decades (e.g. rotenone , nicotine , ryanodine ) have been banned because of their toxicity. The first transgenic crop , which incorporated an insecticidal PIP, contained

648-698: A field. Monsanto introduced the trait DvSnf7 which expresses a double-stranded RNA transcript containing a 240 bp fragment of the WCR Snf7 gene of the Western Corn Rootworm . GreenLight Biosciences introduced Ledprona, a formulation of double stranded RNA as a spray for potato fields. It targets the essential gene for proteasome subunit beta type- 5 (PSMB5) in the Colorado potato beetle . Spider venoms contain many, often hundreds, of insecticidally active toxins . Many are proteins that attack

720-623: A greater or lesser degree) by: Testing and scientific certainty were desired at the end of the 1940s. To that end products meant to be used by humans were tested with model animals to speed trials. Eddy & McGregor 1949 and Wiesmann & Lotmar 1949 used mice , Wasicky et al. 1949 canaries and guinea pigs , Kasman et al. 1953 also guinea pigs, Starnes & Granett 1953 rabbits , and many used cattle . Insecticide Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects . They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae , respectively. The major use of insecticides

792-407: A label is commonplace; labels need to remain secure throughout the life of the product. For example, a VIN plate on an automobile must be resistant to heat, oils and tampering; similarly, a food label must endure until the food has been used. Removable product labels need to bond until they are removed. For example, a label on a new refrigerator has installation, usage and environmental information:

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864-519: A label remains on an item during recycling, a label should be chosen which does not hinder the recyclability of the item. For example, when labeled corrugated boxes are recycled, wet strength paper labels do not hinder box recycling: the PSA adhesive stays with the backing and is easily removed. Paper backings without wet strength may release their adhesives, potentially contaminating recycling efforts. Labels can aid in recycling and reuse by communicating

936-403: A microorganism (e.g., a bacterium , fungus , virus or protozoan ) as the active ingredient. Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant (thus producing transgenic crops ). The global bio-insecticide market was estimated to be less than 10% of the total insecticide market. The bio-insecticde market

1008-607: A much shorter duration of action and are somewhat less toxic. Pyrethroid insecticides mimic the insecticidal activity of the natural compound pyrethrin , the biopesticide found in Pyrethrum (Now Chrysanthemum and Tanacetum ) species. They have been modified to increase their stability in the environment. These compounds are nonpersistent sodium channel modulators and are less toxic than organophosphates and carbamates. Compounds in this group are often applied against household pests . Some synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to

1080-614: A professor at the University of Manitoba's faculty of Pharmacy who led a study about mosquitos, advises that DEET should be applied 30 or more minutes later. Gu also recommends insect repellent sprays instead of lotions which are rubbed into the skin "forcing molecules into the skin". Regardless of which repellent product used, it is recommended to read the label before use and carefully follow directions. Usage instructions for repellents vary from country to country. Some insect repellents are not recommended for use on younger children. In

1152-400: A roll or sheet. Many labels are pre-printed by the manufacturer. Others have printing applied manually or automatically at the time of application. Specialized high-speed label printer applicators may be used to apply labels to packages; these and other methods may be subject to recognized standards. Some labels have protective overcoats, laminates, or tape to cover them after the final print

1224-522: A shelf label (possibly also with a barcode or numbering). They can be self-adhesive, magnetic or slide-in. Garments normally carry separate care/treatment labels which, in some regions, are subject to legislation. These labels typically indicate how the item should be washed (e.g., machine washed vs. dry cleaning ), whether bleach can be used. Textile labels may be woven into the garment or attached, and can be heat resistant (so survivable in hot-air dryers and when pressed), colorfast (so does not bleed onto

1296-527: A shorter withholding period. The spectrum of control is narrow. They are less effective and prone to adverse ambient conditions. They degrade rapidly and are thus less persistant. They are slower to act. They are more expensive, have a shorter shelf-life, and are more difficult to source. They require mor specialised knowledge to use. Most or all plants produce chemical insecticides to stop insects eating them . Extracts and purified chemicals from thousands of plants have been shown to be insecticidal, however only

1368-773: A similar effectiveness to low concentrations of DEET. However, a 2006 published study found in both cage and field studies that a product containing 40% oil of lemon eucalyptus was just as effective as products containing high concentrations of DEET. Research has also found that neem oil is mosquito repellent for up to 12 hours. Citronella oil 's mosquito repellency has also been verified by research, including effectiveness in repelling Aedes aegypti , but requires reapplication after 30 to 60 minutes. There are also products available based on sound production, particularly ultrasound (inaudibly high-frequency sounds) which purport to be insect repellents. However, these electronic devices have been shown to be ineffective based on studies done by

1440-642: A topical insect repellent for 60 years. However, the EPA also states that citronella may irritate skin and cause dermatitis in certain individuals. Canadian regulatory authorities concern with citronella based repellents is primarily based on data-gaps in toxicology , not on incidents. Within countries of the European Union, implementation of Regulation 98/8/EC, commonly referred to as the Biocidal Products Directive, has severely limited

1512-557: Is a member of the latter class, used primarily to control caterpillars that are pests. Of these, methoprene is most widely used. It has no observable acute toxicity in rats and is approved by World Health Organization (WHO) for use in drinking water cisterns to combat malaria . Most of its uses are to combat insects where the adult is the pest, including mosquitoes , several fly species, and fleas . Two very similar products, hydroprene and kinoprene, are used for controlling species such as cockroaches and white flies . Methoprene

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1584-535: Is a piece of paper , plastic film , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item. Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labelling . Labels have many uses, including promotion and providing information on a product's origin, the manufacturer (e.g., brand name ), use, safety, shelf-life and disposal, some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in

1656-416: Is a wide variety of biological insecticides with differing attributes, but in general the following has been described. They are easier, faster and cheaper to register, usually with lower mammalian toxicity. They are more specific, and thus preserve beneficial insects and biodiversity in general. This makes them compatible with IPM regimes. They degrade rapidly cause less impact on the environment. They have

1728-480: Is an RNAi agent consisting of a double-stranded RNA transcript containing a 240 bp fragment of the WCR Snf7 gene of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). RNA interference (RNAi) uses segments of RNA to fatally silence crucial insect genes . In 2024 two uses of RNAi have been registered by the authorities for use:G enetic modification of a crop to introduce a gene coding for an RNAi fragment, and spraying double stranded RNA fragments onto

1800-690: Is applied. This is sometimes before application and sometimes after. Labels are often difficult to peel and apply. A label dispenser can speed up this task. Aspects such as legibility, literacy and interpretation come into play for users of labels, and label writers therefore need some degree of professional writing skill. Depending upon country or region, international standards may be applied. Where literacy may be an issue, pictograms may feature alongside text, such as those advanced by CropLife International in their Responsible Use manual. Labels or printed packaging may include Braille to aid users with visual impairment . Criticism of label readability

1872-414: Is believed to have caused an 80 per cent decline in flying insects, which in turn has reduced local bird populations by one to two thirds. Instead of using chemical insecticides to avoid crop damage caused by insects, there are many alternative options available now that can protect farmers from major economic losses. Some of them are: Source: Label A label (as distinct from signage )

1944-502: Is dominated by microbials. The bio-insecticide market is growing more that 10% yearly, which is a higher growth than the total insecticide market, mainly due to the increase in organic farming and IPM , and also due to benevolent government policies. Biopesticides are regarded by the US and European authorities as posing fewer risks of environmental and mammalian toxicity. Biopesticides are more than 10 x (often 100 x) cheaper and 3 x faster to register than synthetic pesticides. There

2016-776: Is in agriculture , but they are also used in home and garden settings, industrial buildings, for vector control , and control of insect parasites of animals and humans. Acaricides , which kill mites and ticks , are not strictly insecticides, but are usually classified together with insecticides. Some insecticides (including common bug sprays) are effective against other non-insect arthropods as well, such as scorpions , spiders , etc. Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents , which repel but do not kill. In 2016 insecticides were estimated to account for 18% of worldwide pesticide sales. Worldwide sales of insecticides in 2018 were estimated as $ 18.4 billion, of which 25% were neonicotinoids, 17% were pyrethroids, 13% were diamides, and

2088-422: Is more effective if it is in the compartment the insect feeds from. The physicochemical properties of the insecticide determine how it is distributed throughout the plant. The best known organochloride , DDT , was created by Swiss scientist Paul Müller . For this discovery, he was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine . DDT was introduced in 1944. It functions by opening sodium channels in

2160-510: Is not uncommon; for example, Canadian researchers found that medicine labels did not consistently follow legibility guidelines. In some countries and industries, for example the UK (food) and EU (medicines) label guidelines are not legally binding (the latter using phrases such as "The type size should be as large as possible to aid readers..." ) and thus are unenforceable. On the other hand, countries may stipulate legal minima for readability, such as

2232-487: Is now conclusive evidence that thiamin has no efficacy against mosquito bites. Some claim that plants such as wormwood or sagewort, lemon balm , lemon grass , lemon thyme , and the mosquito plant (Pelargonium) will act against mosquitoes. However, scientists have determined that these plants are "effective" for a limited time only when the leaves are crushed and applied directly to the skin. There are several, widespread, unproven theories about mosquito control , such as

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2304-472: Is used to clearly identify assets for maintenance and operational purposes. Such labels are frequently made of engraved Traffolyte or a similar material. They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or frangible and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers. For example, the US Military uses a UID system for its assets. The storage locations in shelves are often marked with

2376-563: Is very dominant in the label printing industry. Additionally, specialty inks such as metallic, UV ink, magnetic ink, and more are available. Ink is usually transparent however it can be made opaque. It has been known for certain companies to patent "their own" color. Digital labels use process colors to replicate Pantone solid colors. Collecting labels is a worldwide phenomenon, from labels used on matchboxes and foodstuffs (e.g., cheese ), wine , to printed packages. Collectors are attracted to labels both for their influence on artistic design and

2448-619: The Scientific Advice Mechanism to the European Commission concluded that the effectiveness of food labelling related to health impacts was "low to moderate" according to available evidence, and that "shaping the information environment through labelling is necessary but not sufficient to advance healthy and sustainable diets". The approach of labels can involve a trade-off between financial considerations and higher cost requirements in effort or time for

2520-487: The Stockholm Convention . Since many decades the authorities require new insecticides to degrade in the environment and not to bioaccumulate. Solid bait and liquid insecticides, especially if improperly applied in a location, get moved by water flow. Often, this happens through nonpoint sources where runoff carries insecticides in to larger bodies of water. As snow melts and rainfall moves over and through

2592-997: The DEET Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported 14 to 46 cases of potential DEET associated seizures , including 4 deaths. The EPA states: "... it does appear that some cases are likely related to DEET toxicity ," but observed that with 30% of the US population using DEET, the likely seizure rate is only about one per 100 million users. The Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University states that, " Everglades National Park employees having extensive DEET exposure were more likely to have insomnia, mood disturbances and impaired cognitive function than were lesser exposed co-workers". The EPA states that citronella oil shows little or no toxicity and has been used as

2664-400: The EU due to their lack of effectiveness; this does not preclude them from being sold for other purposes, as long as the label does not indicate they are a biocide (insect repellent). A 2018 study found that Icaridin , is highly toxic to salamander larvae , in what the authors described as conservative exposure doses. The LC50 standard was additionally found to be completely inadequate in

2736-682: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends DEET , icaridin (picaridin, KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), IR3535 and 2-undecanone with the caveat that higher percentages of the active ingredient provide longer protection. In 2015, researchers at New Mexico State University tested 10 commercially available products for their effectiveness at repelling mosquitoes. The known active ingredients tested included DEET (at various concentrations), geraniol , p-menthane-3-8-diol (found in lemon eucalyptus oil), thiamine , and several oils (soybean, rosemary, cinnamon, lemongrass, citronella, and lemon eucalyptus). Two of

2808-527: The UK or United States. Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries, hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label. Labels may be used for any combination of identification, information, warning , instructions for use, environmental advice or advertising. They may be stickers, permanent or temporary labels or printed packaging. Permanent product identification by

2880-400: The USA's FDA on nutritional information and Australia/New Zealand's code for food labels and packs. Labels of sustainability standards and certification such as organic food and energy efficiency class labels are often intended to confirm compliance with relevant social and environmental considerations, enabling consumers and other purchasers to make more ethical decisions in terms of

2952-699: The United States Environmental Protection Agency and many universities. Children may be at greater risk for adverse reactions to repellents, in part, because their exposure may be greater. Children can be at greater risk of accidental eye contact or ingestion. As with chemical exposures in general, pregnant women should take care to avoid exposures to repellents when practical, as the fetus may be vulnerable. Some experts also recommend against applying chemicals such as DEET and sunscreen simultaneously since that would increase DEET penetration. Canadian researcher, Xiaochen Gu,

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3024-404: The assertion that vitamin B , in particular B 1 (thiamine), garlic , ultrasonic devices or incense can be used to repel or control mosquitoes. Moreover, manufacturers of "mosquito repelling" ultrasonic devices have been found to be fraudulent, and their devices were deemed "useless" according to a review of scientific studies. People can reduce the number of mosquito bites they receive (to

3096-503: The context of finding this result. Permethrin is highly toxic to cats but not to dogs or humans. Several natural ingredients are certified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as insect repellents, namely catnip oil, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) (and its active ingredient p-Menthane-3,8-diol ), oil of citronella , and 2-Undecanone , which is usually produced synthetically but has also been isolated from many plant sources. Many other studies have also investigated

3168-432: The environment, and it is lipophilic (fat soluble). It became the first global pollutant , and the first pollutant to accumulate and magnify in the food chain . During the 1950s and 1960s these very undesirable side effects were recognized, and after some often contentious discussion, DDT was banned in many countries in the 1960s and 1970s. Finally in 2001 DDT and all other persistent insecticides were banned via

3240-608: The environmental impact of products . Labels such as the European Eco-label and those issued by sustainability standards organisations may be used by businesses and public bodies to confirm compliance. Public procurement regulations in the European Union and the United Kingdom require that label requirements only include those which are "linked to the subject-matter of the contract". In June 2023 ,

3312-401: The first 120 minutes after application. In one comparative study from 2004, IR3535 was as effective or better than DEET in protection against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Other sources (official publications of the associations of German physicians as well as of German druggists) suggest the contrary and state DEET is still the most efficient substance available and

3384-462: The following statement: "It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling”. A label including a company name or identification number and a material content list may also be required. Mailing labels identify the addressee, the sender and any other information which may be useful in transit. Many software packages such as word processor and contact manager programs produce standardized mailing labels from

3456-478: The garment), washable, leather or PVC/Plastic. Printed labels are an alternative to woven labels. Some upholstered furniture and mattresses have labels that are required by law, describing the contents of the stuffing. Textiles containing pesticides as an ingredient may also require government approval and compulsory labeling. In the USA, for example, labels have to state the pesticide registration number, statement of ingredients, storage and disposal information, and

3528-603: The ground, the water picks applied insecticides and deposits them in to larger bodies of water, rivers, wetlands, underground sources of previously potable water, and percolates in to watersheds. This runoff and percolation of insecticides can effect the quality of water sources, harming the natural ecology and thus, indirectly effect human populations through biomagnification and bioaccumulation. Both number of insects and number of insect species have declined dramatically and continuously over past decades, causing much concern. Many causes are proposed to contribute to this decline,

3600-487: The insect's nerve cells . The contemporaneous rise of the chemical industry facilitated large-scale production of chlorinated hydrocarbons including various cyclodiene and hexachlorocyclohexane compounds. Although commonly used in the past, many older chemicals have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects ( e.g. DDT , chlordane , and toxaphene ). Organophosphates are another large class of contact insecticides. These also target

3672-443: The insect's nervous system. Organophosphates interfere with the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and other cholinesterases , causing an increase in synaptic acetylcholine and overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system . and killing or disabling the insect. Organophosphate insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (such as sarin , tabun , soman , and VX ) have the same mechanism of action. Organophosphates have

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3744-402: The insecticide kills or inactivates a pest. It provides another way of classifying insecticides. Insecticides may be systemic or non-systemic (contact insecticides). Systemic insecticides penetrate into the plant and move (translocate) inside the plant. Translocation may be upward in the xylem , or downward in the phloem or both. Systemicity is a prerequisite for the pesticide to be used as

3816-488: The label needs to be able to be removed cleanly and easily from the unit once installed. Labels for food and beverages typically include critical information pertinent to the contents or ingredients used in a product, and may also state allergy risks such as the presence of gluten or soy. For example, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provides standards to regulate the information provided on

3888-465: The labels and packaging of wine and spirits. These labels include information like brand name, class and type designation, and alcohol content. Packaging may have labeling attached to or integral to the package. These may carry pricing, barcodes, UPC identification, usage guidance, addresses, advertising, recipes, and so on. They also may be used to help resist or indicate tampering or pilferage. In industrial or military environments, asset labeling

3960-428: The loss of calcium crucial for biological processes. This causes insects to act lethargic, stop feeding, and eventually die. The first insecticide from this class to be registered was flubendiamide . Insect growth regulator (IGR) is a term coined to include insect hormone mimics and an earlier class of chemicals, the benzoylphenyl ureas, which inhibit chitin (exoskeleton) biosynthesis in insects Diflubenzuron

4032-564: The material content of the item, instructions for disassembly or recycling directions. An eco-label is used on consumer products (including foods) to identify products that may be less damaging to the environment and/or humans than other related products, such as sustainable seafood encouraged by Friend of the Sea . Ink and base stock color choices commonly conform to the Pantone Matching System (PMS) colors. The Pantone system

4104-533: The most agreed upon are loss of habitat , intensification of farming practices, and insecticide usage. Domestic bees were declining some years ago but population and number of colonies have now risen both in the USA and worldwide. Wild species of bees are still declining. Besides the effects of direct consumption of insecticides, populations of insectivorous birds decline due to the collapse of their prey populations. Spraying of especially wheat and corn in Europe

4176-424: The neonicotinoid family, is the most widely used insecticide in the world. In the late 1990s neonicotinoids came under increasing scrutiny over their environmental impact and were linked in a range of studies to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and loss of birds due to a reduction in insect populations. In 2013, the European Union and a few non EU countries restricted

4248-938: The nervous system of the insect. Vestaron introduced for agricultural use a spray formulation of GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a (HXTX), derived from the venom of the Australian blue mountain funnel web spider ( Hadronyche versuta ). Entomopathic bacteria can be mass-produced. The most widely used is Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), used since decades. There are several strains used with different applications against lepidoptera , coleoptera and diptera . Also used are Lysinibacillus sphaericus , Burkholderia spp, and Wolbachia pipientis . Avermectins and spinosyns are bacterial metabolites, mass-produced by fermentation and used as insecticides. The toxins from B.t. have been incorporated into plants through genetic engineering . Entomopathic fungi have been used since 1965 for agricultural use. Hundreds of strains are now in use. They often kill

4320-542: The nervous system. Neonicotinoids are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine .(with much lower acute mammalian toxicity and greater field persistence). These chemicals are acetylcholine receptor agonists . They are broad-spectrum systemic insecticides, with rapid action (minutes-hours). They are applied as sprays, drenches, seed and soil treatments. Treated insects exhibit leg tremors, rapid wing motion, stylet withdrawal ( aphids ), disoriented movement, paralysis and death. Imidacloprid , of

4392-601: The number and type of insect repellents available to European consumers. Only a small number of active ingredients have been supported by manufacturers in submitting dossiers to the EU Authorities. In general, only formulations containing DEET, icaridin (sold under the trade name Saltidin and formerly known as Bayrepel or KBR3023), IR3535 and citriodiol ( p-menthane-3,8-diol ) are available. Most "natural" insect repellents such as citronella, neem oil, and herbal extracts are no longer permitted for sale as insect repellents in

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4464-407: The overall adhesion of the plastics. An alternative method of labelling is weaving the text directly into the fabric. Labels can be attached by: Pressure-sensitive adhesives for labels are commonly acrylic based adhesives, with a smaller volume made using solvent-coated rubber adhesives and hot-melt coated adhesives. The most common adhesive types are: Labels may be supplied separately or on

4536-511: The potential of natural compounds from plants as insect repellents. Moreover, there are many preparations from naturally occurring sources that have been used as a repellent to certain insects. Some of these act as insecticides while others are only repellent. Below is a list of some natural products with repellent activity: Some old studies suggested that the ingestion of large doses of thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) could be effective as an oral insect repellent against mosquito bites. However, there

4608-406: The product-selection from the many available options. Labels may affect the environment during manufacture, use, and post-use. Choice of backings, coatings, adhesives and liners can be strong factors. Environmental regulations and guidelines can come from many sources. Users of labels on packaging may consider some of the sustainable packaging guidelines. Based on the solid waste hierarchy ,

4680-451: The products tested were fragrances where the active ingredients were unknown. On the mosquito Aedes aegypti , the vector of Zika virus, only one repellent that did not contain DEET had a strong effect for the duration of the 240 minutes test: a lemon eucalyptus oil repellent. However, Victoria's Secret Bombshell, a perfume not advertised as an insect repellant, performed effectively during

4752-414: The quantity and size of labels should be minimized without reducing the necessary functionality. The material content of a label should comply with applicable regulations. Life cycle assessments of the item being labeled and of the label itself are useful to identify and improve possible environmental effects. For example, reuse or recycling are sometimes aided by a label being removable from a surface. If

4824-472: The rest were many other classes which sold for less than 10% each of the market. Insecticides are most usefully categorised according to their modes of action . The insecticide resistance action committee (IRAC) list s 30 modes of action plus unknowns. There can be several chemical classes of insecticide with the same mode or action. IRAC lists 56 chemical classed plus unknowns. Further Information: List of insecticides . The mode of action describes how

4896-434: The substance of choice for stays in malaria regions, while IR3535 has little effect. However, some plant-based repellents may provide effective relief as well. Essential oil repellents can be short-lived in their effectiveness. A test of various insect repellents by an independent consumer organization found that repellents containing DEET or icaridin are more effective than repellents with "natural" active ingredients. All

4968-517: The synthetics gave almost 100% repellency for the first 2 hours, where the natural repellent products were most effective for the first 30 to 60 minutes, and required reapplication to be effective over several hours. Although highly toxic to cats, permethrin is recommended as protection against mosquitoes for clothing, gear, or bed nets. In an earlier report, the CDC found oil of lemon eucalyptus to be more effective than other plant-based treatments, with

5040-514: The use of certain neonicotinoids. and its potential to increase the susceptibility of rice to planthopper attacks. Phenylpyrazole insecticides , such as fipronil are a class of synthetic insecticides that operate by interfering with GABA receptors. Butenolide pesticides are a novel group of chemicals, similar to neonicotinoids in their mode of action, that have so far only one representative: flupyradifurone . They are acetylcholine receptor agonists , like neonicotinoids , but with

5112-432: Was recently sprayed with insecticides or when they mistake an insecticide granule on the ground for food and eat it. Sprayed insecticide may drift from the area to which it is applied and into wildlife areas, especially when it is sprayed aerially. DDT was the first organic insecticide. It was introduced during WW2 , and was widely used. One use was vector control and it was sprayed on open water. It degrades slowly in

5184-1063: Was registered with the EPA in 1975. Virtually no reports of resistance have been filed. A more recent type of IGR is the ecdysone agonist tebufenozide (MIMIC), which is used in forestry and other applications for control of caterpillars, which are far more sensitive to its hormonal effects than other insect orders. The EU defines biopesticides as "a form of pesticide based on micro-organisms or natural products". The US EPA defines biopesticides as “certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals”. Microorganisms that control pests may also be categorised as biological pest control agents together with larger organisms such as parasitic insects, entomopathic nematodes etc. Natural products may also be categorised as chemical insecticides. The US EPA describes three types of biopesticide. Biochemical pesticides (meaning bio-derived chemicals), which are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. Microbial pesticides consisting of

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