The Hurel-Dubois HD.31 , HD.32 , and HD.34 were a family of civil aircraft produced in France in the 1950s, based on Maurice Hurel 's high- aspect ratio wing designs.
36-421: The Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière (National Institute of Geographic and Forest Information), previously Institut géographique national (National Geographic Institute) or IGN , is a French public state administrative establishment founded in 1940 to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories . The IGN depends on
72-538: A Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92-powered variant, the HD.32. Other than the engines it was the same as the HD.31. Keeping the original twin tails of the prototype the first HD.32 flew on 29 December 1953. The engines were changed to 1525 hp Wright 982-4 engines and to counter the increased power the twin fin was replaced by a single one and the type was redesigated the HD.321. The second HD.32 which first flew in February 1955
108-590: A large single tail fin assisted by smaller auxiliary fins. With their new engines and tails, they were redesignated HD.321.01 and HD.321.02 . Apart from the HD.34 survey aircraft, all had fixed, faired tricycle undercarriages . Two HD.31s were ordered by the French government but only one was built, the Wright Cyclone-powered HD.31 F-WFKU flew on the 27 January 1953. The company then produced
144-432: A referendum. Three independence referendums have been held, in 2018 , 2020 and 2021. In the first two referendums, the "yes" vote was 43.3% and 46.7% respectively. In the third referendum of December 2021, massively boycotted by the native Kanak community , which represent 42% of the population, the "yes" vote was 3.5%, with a turnout of 43.9%. With 2,834,000 inhabitants in 2024, overseas France accounts for 4.1% of
180-785: A similar style to GoogleEarth. To use this function, it is necessary to install the plugin TerraExplorer . From 1 January 2012, the Institut Géographique National merged with the Inventaire forestier national to form the Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière , keeping the same IGN acronym. French overseas departments and territories Overseas France ( French : France d'outre-mer , also France ultramarine ) consists of 13 French territories outside Europe , mostly
216-571: Is considerable with more than 12 million km ² being covered. The independence of these countries will have as a consequence the creation of national services in each country (examples: DTGC in Senegal, IGN-N in Niger). To carry out the aerial survey task, the IGN was equipped in 1948 with several ex USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, specially modified for the task. They were based at Creil airfield to
252-542: Is effective de jure by French law, but where the French exclusive claim on this part of Antarctica is frozen by the Antarctic Treaty (signed in 1959), overseas France covers a land area of 120,396 km (46,485 sq mi) and accounts for 18.0% of the French Republic's land territory. Its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 9,825,538 km (3,793,661 sq mi) accounts for 96.7% of
288-592: Is responsible for the management and updating of: It has to lead research, and to take part in the standardization process in the field of geographical information. It has to manage ENSG, and the documentation service about its products, techniques and services. A group of French public administrations, in partnership with the IGN, establish the Large Scale Reference ( Référentiel à grande échelle , RGE): orthophoto , topography , cadastral survey and address databases which can be superimposed on all
324-503: The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress the company was then using. Eight aircraft were ordered by the IGN, based at Creil airfield to the north of Paris. The aircraft's wing design made it ideal for long-duration, low-speed flight, ideal for aerial photography and survey work. These machines were designated HD.34 and were fitted with an extensively glazed nose and an offset retractable nosewheel. They flew with IGN between
360-625: The Dépôt de la Guerre . The old maps produced by the SGA were divided into two batches: one which remained at the Institute and one which joined the military files of Vincennes . The general Louis Hurault, who was at the origin of these modifications, was the first director of the IGN. He tried, in vain, to recover the material shared by the Germans. A law in ten articles is signed the 14 in order to define
396-538: The EU Council . Every member state represents all its citizens in the council. The eleven inhabited French overseas territories are: Several of these territories are generally only transiently inhabited by researchers in scientific stations. Ranked by population in the metropolitan area : Hurel-Dubois HD.34 Tests with the Hurel-Dubois HD.10 research aircraft had validated Hurel's ideas about
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#1732773280437432-576: The French Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Town and Country Planning, Tourism and Sea . Its missions are fixed by decrees. State subsidies represent 51% of the budget, and sales 49%. The IGN runs four laboratories to research geographical information acquisition, production, distribution and applications. It also runs its own school to teach techniques to its staff and other students: École nationale des sciences géographiques (English: National School of Geographical Sciences) or ENSG. The IGN
468-826: The French Parliament . 2,834,000 people lived in overseas France in January 2024. Most of these residents are citizens of France and citizens of the European Union . This makes them able to vote in French and European elections . Overseas regions have exactly the same status as France's mainland regions. The French Constitution provides that, in general, French laws and regulations (France's civil code, penal code, administrative law, social laws, tax laws, etc.) apply to French overseas regions just as in metropolitan France , but can be adapted as needed to suit
504-814: The French Senate , accounting for 6.0% of the 348 senators in the Senate: The territories used to be collectively represented in the European Parliament by the Overseas Territories of France constituency . Since the 2019 European elections , France decided to switch to a single constituency, putting an end to all regional constituencies, including the Overseas Territories constituency. The special territories of EU member states are not separately represented in
540-639: The EEZ of the French Republic . Outside Europe, four broad classes of overseas French territorial administration currently exist: overseas departments/regions , overseas collectivities , the sui generis territory of New Caledonia , and uninhabited territories. From a legal and administrative standpoint, these four classes have varying legal status and levels of autonomy, although all permanently inhabited territories have representation in both France's National Assembly and Senate , which together make up
576-596: The French national government (such as defense, international relations, trade and currency, and judicial and administrative law). The overseas collectivities are governed by local elected assemblies and by the French Parliament and French Government , with a cabinet member, the Minister of the Overseas , in charge of issues related to the overseas territories. However, this process was subject to approval in
612-644: The French territory, with a 1-meter resolution . Covering the whole French territory: The IGN is also in charge of the Géoportail . The associated shop Le Monde des Cartes at 50 Rue de la Verrerie in Paris closed in 2017. The IGN is the successor to the Geographical Service of the Army (Service Géographique de L’Armée or SGA), which was founded in 1887 and disbanded in 1940, itself a successor to
648-465: The IGN apart from the French territory also develops by the control geodesic project(Ecuador 1975, Libya 1979, Saudi Arabia 1981), of cartography (Saudi Arabia, Burundi, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin...). 1982 to 1988, the control of a large topometric project and numerical cartography in Riyadh is the occasion to massively introduce digital techniques into the processing production; in parallel,
684-460: The IGN develops the concept of Reference frame on a Large Scale (référentiel à grande échelle = RGE); it is a question of completing within a deadline short digitalization the cartography of the French territory with a meter scale and according to four components: topography, land registry and address. This RGE is entirely completed at the end of 2008. Then it enter in a cycle of maintenance in June 2006,
720-476: The IGN opened the service Géoportail allowing the cartographic visualization of the French territory on a Web navigator and using on one hand funds of air photographs and on the other hand the digitized maps to the 1/25 000. "Phase 2" of Géoportail was put on line one year later, with a new ergonomics. At the end of 2006, the IGN was involved in the production of a receiver GPS , for the excursion and automobile navigation, called Evadeo. The software of navigation
756-458: The IGN were in contact with the services of allied information based in London. In secret, they brought a complete set of maps to London covering France and North Africa in order to replace maps destroyed in a bombardment. The agents of the IGN took an active part in armed resistance in 1943. Several agents were shot by the Germans or died in action. Between September 1944 and on 8 May 1945, the IGN
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#1732773280437792-440: The cities, the data base of leveling distribution, the data base of geodesic distribution, the aerial missions data base and the toponyms data base were progressively established . The "Topo data base", bases of topographic data digitized, covers from now on the whole of France and includes nearly two million toponyms. Its activities abroad begin into 1986 within a new subsidiary private company IGN France International. From 2000,
828-548: The functions of the IGN. The statutes had been signed the 8. This established the national School of geographical sciences in order to train Cartographical engineers. During the Second World War, the IGN became famous for its counterfeiters. The cartographers are indeed experts in penmanship and the material necessary to the production of fake identity papers was available to the institute. Certain engineers of
864-409: The idea of a topoland data base emerges at meetings of the "national Commission of the geographical information" chaired by Guy Lengagne; this commission returns his report in 1983 and outlines numerical geographical information then in agreement with the period of the basic map with 1:25 000.Publicly owned establishment related to administration since 1 January 1967, it is placed under the supervision of
900-504: The late 1950s and mid 1970s. A single example remains airworthy, operated by the Association des Mécaniciens-Pilotes d'Aéronefs Anciens. The Aeronatique Naval evaluated the HD.31 and the company proposed an anti-submarine warfare variant to meet a requirement for 100 aircraft but nothing materialised. Of the HD.31, HD.32, and HD.34 family, there have been two accidents, both involving Hurel-Dubois HD.32s; Data from Jane's All
936-463: The membership of the IGN to the Ministry of works and create the "geographical Section of staff of the Army", new section in charge of the military map. In 1947, the IGN receives the mission of covering the whole France, but also all the dependents' territories, like North Africa, Western Africa, Madagascar, the countries associated with Indochina and the departments and overseas territories. The task
972-478: The ministry for Transport, the equipment, tourism and the sea. In 1971, the IGN and the CNES form the "Group of research of geodesic space". This collaboration between the IGN and the CNES continues with the launching of the program SPOT the 5. The launching of satellite SPOT-1 takes place the 22.Six days after take SPOT-1 in orbit, the IGN create its programme of "data bases launches", the "data bases". The data base of
1008-474: The north of Paris. The aircraft were replaced by French-built Hurel-Dubois HD.34 twin engined survey aircraft in the late 1950s. The IGN then initiates a period of active co-operation with the majority of these organizations by providing some engineers of the IGN and also receive the students of the ENSG who intended to become the executives of the cartographic services of new independent countries. The activity of
1044-667: The population of the French Republic. They enjoy a corresponding representation in the two chambers of the French Parliament and, in the 16th legislature of the French Fifth Republic (2022–2027), overseas France is represented by 27 deputies in the French National Assembly , accounting for 4.7% of the 577 deputies in the National Assembly: Since September 2011, overseas France has been represented by 21 senators in
1080-465: The practicality of such wings, and the French government agreed to sponsor the construction of two prototypes of a medium-range airliner utilising this same principle. These aircraft, the HD.31 and HD.32 were conventional designs in all respects other than their unorthodox wings, and differed from one another only in their powerplants, although both were later converted to use the same engines. The twin-tails originally fitted were also later replaced by
1116-485: The region's particular needs. Hence, the local administrations of French overseas regions cannot themselves pass new laws. The category of "overseas collectivity" ( French : collectivité d'outre-mer or COM ) was created by France's constitutional reform of 28 March 2003. Each overseas collectivity has its own statutory laws. In contrast to overseas departments/regions, the overseas collectivities are empowered to make their own laws, except in certain areas reserved to
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1152-525: The remnants of the French colonial empire that remained a part of the French state under various statuses after decolonisation . Most, but not all are part of the European Union . "Overseas France" is a collective name; while used in everyday life in France, it is not an administrative designation in its own right. Instead, the five overseas regions have exactly the same administrative status as
1188-600: The thirteen metropolitan regions; the five overseas collectivities are semi-autonomous; and New Caledonia is an autonomous territory. Overseas France includes island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans , French Guiana on the South American continent, and several peri-Antarctic islands as well as a claim in Antarctica . Excluding the district of Adélie Land , where French sovereignty
1224-612: Was also modified to HD.321 standard. Air France originally placed an order for 24 aircraft in November 1953 to use as feederliners, it was followed by an order for four for the Institut Géographique National and four for Aigle Azur . With these orders discussion took place with SNCASE to build and market up to 150 aircraft. None were actually built for Air France or Aigle Azur but the IGN continued to be interested in an aerial photography variant to replace
1260-625: Was provided by BCI navigation (replaced in 2008 by CompeGPS ), the road data are of Navteq and it puce GPS of SiRF , and the IGN provides a part with extracts of its maps at various scales. In June 2007, the IGN started offering a service whereby it is possible to have a map printed centred on any location in France. This is similar to the service offered in Great Britain by the Ordnance Survey . In July 2007, Géportail – an online map service – began offering 3D movable views in
1296-465: Was under the control of the "provisional government" and most of its personnel and of his services are transformed into "military geographical Service". At the end of the war, the IGN received the thanks of Generals Bradley and Eisenhower. Between 1945 and 1946, the debate is intense concerning the future of the IGN, last creation of the Third Republic. A law is finally signed the 8. It confirms
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