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40-575: The Lords of Roth had been feudal lord of the village since the early 14th century. In 1406 the town was granted market rights. In 1574 the barons of Stain von Rechtenstein zu Niederstotzingen acquired the village. With the 1806 Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine , the town came to the Kingdom of Bavaria and in 1818 became a patrimonial community according to new Constitution of the Kingdom and

80-615: A Cisrhenian Republic had foundered, the territories west of the Rhine were reorganised into several départements in the First Republic . After the allied victory over Napoleon I in 1814, the territories were temporarily administered by the Central Administrative Departement ( Zentralverwaltungsdepartement ). The Sarre province and the district of Landau in der Pfalz , which had been French before

120-875: A Prince-Primate of the confederation. As such, he was President of the College of Kings and presided over the Diet of the Confederation, designed to be a parliament-like body although it never actually assembled. The President of the Council of the Princes was the Prince of Nassau-Usingen. In return for their support of Napoleon, some rulers were given higher statuses: Baden , Hesse, Cleves , and Berg were made into grand duchies , and Württemberg and Bavaria became kingdoms. Several member states were also enlarged with

160-650: A loose confederation of sovereign states (the treaty called it the États confédérés du Rhin . The " Protector of the Confederation " was a hereditary office of the Emperor of the French, Napoleon. On 1 August, as the treaty compelled them to do, the members of the confederation formally seceded from the Holy Roman Empire, and on 6 August, following an ultimatum by Napoleon, Francis II , who had already proclaimed himself Emperor of Austria in 1804, declared

200-584: A rational simplified centralised system controlled by Paris and run by Napoleon's relatives. The most important impact came from the abolition of all feudal privileges and historic taxes, the introduction of legal reforms of the Napoleonic Code and the reorganisation of the judicial and local administrative systems. The economic integration of the Rhineland with France increased prosperity, especially in industrial production, and business accelerated with

240-462: A voluntary option for its future member states. Negotiations between France and the princes who had been selected by Napoleon to be members of the future alliance had been dragging on for the first six months of 1806 when Napoleon decided to rush things. On 12 July, the Paris envoys of the various princes were summoned to the ministry of Foreign Affairs to find themselves instructed by Talleyrand to sign

280-678: The Congress of Vienna redrew the continent's political map. Napoleonic creations such as the huge Kingdom of Westphalia, the Grand Duchy of Berg and the Duchy of Würzburg were abolished; suppressed states, including Hanover, the Brunswick duchies, Hesse-Kassel and Oldenburg, were reinstated. On the other hand, most members of the Confederation of the Rhine located in central and southern Germany survived with minor border changes. They, along with

320-672: The Electorate of Baden and the Duchy of Württemberg benefited the most from these changes. The disappearance of ecclesiastical territories meant the emperor lost important political support. The end of the crippled Holy Roman Empire was foreseeable. Francis II took the title of Emperor of Austria in 1804 to counter the loss of prestige. When the War of the Third Coalition broke out in 1805, with Russia, Austria and Great Britain on

360-669: The Napoleonic Wars , became by the final act of the Congress of Vienna ceded to the members of the anti-Napoleonic coalition. The annexations done under the First Republic were undone. From those territories, the Bavarian Circle of the Rhine ( Rheinkreis ) and the Hessian province of Rhenish Hesse ( Rheinhessen ) were formed in 1816. The regions in the north went to Prussia and were initially part of

400-729: The Treaty of Lunéville , which saw the annexation of the German territories of the left bank of the Rhine occupied by France, a new order of Central European states was established. The Final Imperial Recess of 1803 led to a radical transformation within the Holy Roman Empire . Some 112 immediate territories east of the Rhine were absorbed by larger states. Over three million people were affected by this change. All ecclesiastical territories save one were secularized and most free imperial cities underwent mediatisation . Besides Prussia,

440-592: The War of the Sixth Coalition . The founding members of the confederation were German princes of the Holy Roman Empire . They were later joined by 19 others, altogether ruling a total of over 15 million people. This granted a significant strategic advantage to the French Empire on its eastern frontier by providing a buffer between France and the two largest German states, Prussia and Austria (which also controlled substantial non-German lands). After

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480-475: The communal act , which lasted until 1843 when the patrimonial status ended and it became a regular community. In 1913 Ichenhausen was elevated to city status. For centuries, Jewish families have lived in the village. They set up their own Jewish cemetery on the road to Krumbach and built a synagogue in 1687. This was renewed in 1781. In 1933, 13% of the population was Jewish. At the November pogrom in 1938,

520-667: The synagogue and the Jewish cemetery were destroyed, organized by the NSDAP . In a criminal trial before the Memmingen Regional Court in 1948, seven people were sentenced to prison for this reason. Many Jewish citizens moved to larger cities where they felt more secure in anonymity or emigrated abroad. Those left behind were deported and killed; 1942 (82 people to Lublin , 28 people to Theresienstadt ) and 1943 (ten people to Auschwitz ); only one woman survived. In 1964

560-589: The trade embargo with Great Britain , the Continental System . The Confederation of the Rhine collapsed in 1813, in the aftermath of Napoleon's failed invasion of the Russian Empire . Many of its members changed sides after the Battle of Leipzig , when it became apparent Napoleon would lose the War of the Sixth Coalition . Both French influence and internal autonomy varied greatly throughout

600-712: The "General Ruling Commissar of All Conquered Lands between the Meuse and the Rhine and the Rhine and the Moselle". Rudler had hitherto been the judge at the Court of Cassation in Paris. His division of the region into four départements lasted until the end of the French period and consisted of: An area in the South Palatinate was allocated to the: In addition to the centralization of the administration along French lines

640-423: The French Empire. Thus, as either emperor of the French or protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon was now the overlord of all of Germany except Austria, Prussia , Danish Holstein , and Swedish Pomerania , plus previously independent Switzerland, which were not included in the Confederation. In 1810 large parts of what is now northwest Germany were quickly annexed to France in order to better monitor

680-782: The Habsburgs when they were within the Holy Roman Empire. In order to add luster to his newly-founded dynasty, the French Emperor pressed hard to arrange a marriage between his step-son Eugène de Beauharnais and Augusta of Bavaria . Napoleon had already contemplated marrying Beauharnais to a Wittelsbach princess in 1804 but it’s only in 1806, following his elevation to the status of king, that Max Joseph gave in to Napoleon’s pressure. Other royal marriages were arranged between Stéphanie de Beauharnais and Charles of Baden and Jérôme Bonaparte and Catharina of Württemberg . After Prussia lost to France in 1806, Napoleon cajoled most of

720-475: The Holy Roman Empire dissolved. According to the treaty, the confederation was to be run by common constitutional bodies, but the individual states (in particular the larger ones) wanted unlimited sovereignty . Instead of a monarchical head of state , as the Holy Roman Emperor had been, its highest office was held by Karl Theodor von Dalberg , the former Arch Chancellor, who now bore the title of

760-466: The Rhine , simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine or Rhine Confederation , was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz . Its creation brought about the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire shortly afterward. The Confederation of the Rhine lasted for only seven years, from 1806 to 1813, dissolving after Napoleon's defeat in

800-543: The Rhineland still often appealed to Jacobinism to oppose unpopular government programs. The intelligentsia demanded the maintenance of the Napoleonic Code, which remained in effect for a century. In 1798 the administration of the region was reorganized along French lines and it was divided into départements. The French Directory charged the Alsatian, François-Joseph Rudler, with this task and appointed him as

840-450: The Rhineland until 1814 and radically and permanently liberalized its government, society and economy. The coalition of France's enemies made repeated efforts to retake the region, but France repelled all of its attempts. The French swept away centuries worth of outmoded restrictions and introduced unprecedented levels of efficiency. The chaos and barriers in a land divided and subdivided among many different petty principalities gave way to

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880-477: The absorption of the territories of Imperial counts and knights who were mediatized at that time. They had to pay a very high price for their new status, however. The Confederation was above all a military alliance; the member states had to maintain substantial armies for mutual defense and supply France with large numbers of military personnel. As events played out, the members of the confederation found themselves more subordinated to Napoleon than they had been to

920-418: The confederations' existence. There was also a great variation between the power and influence of the individual states. There are three basic types: The following table shows the members of the confederation, with their date of joining, as well as the number of troops provided, listed in parentheses. The allies opposing Napoleon dissolved the Confederation of the Rhine on 4 November 1813. After its demise,

960-689: The course of the territorial reform. Ichenhausen is arranged into six districts: In Ichenhausen is the Bavarian School Museum , a branch museum of the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum . Another cultural asset in Ichenhausen is the former synagogue , which served as a fire station after the Second World War and was converted into a "House of Encounter" in the late 1980s. The Jewish Cemetery is also one of

1000-402: The elevation of both Bavaria and Württemberg to the rank of kingdom and Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt and Berg to that of grand duchy. With French encouragement, the vestiges of small Imperial estates in the region were annexed. This reorganisation of the right bank of the Rhine laid the groundwork for the Confederation of the Rhine. The formation of the Confederation of the Rhine was not altogether

1040-471: The new efficiency and lowered trade barriers. The Jews were liberated from the ghetto. There was only limited resistance, and most Germans welcomed the new regime, especially the urban elites, but one sore point was the hostility of the French officials toward the Roman Catholic Church , the religion of most inhabitants. The reforms were permanent, and decades later, workers and peasants in

1080-414: The old Catholic church St. Johannes was extended and partly rebuilt. The church tower collapsed on Easter Monday in 1964 as a result of the reconstruction work. No injuries were sustained. Ichenhausen has incorporated five other communities. Hochwang was incorporated on January 1, 1971. Oxenbronn was added on 1 July 1971. On 1 May 1978, the communities of Autenried, Deubach and Rieden an der Kötz followed in

1120-567: The one side and France on the other, Bavaria, Baden and Wurttemberg allied with Napoleon. After the victory at Austerlitz and the resultant Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Napoleon could significantly reassert his position in the German states. Furthermore, Austria had to concede territory and Napoleon named his brothers Joseph and Louis kings of Naples and Holland , respectively, and his brother-in-law Joachim Murat , Grand Duke of Berg . He also worked toward establishing an alliance with Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. Francis II had to assent to

1160-636: The only attempt at political coordination in Germany until the creation on 8 June 1815 of the German Confederation was a body called the Central Administration Council (German: Zentralverwaltungsrat ); its president was Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein (1757–1831). It was dissolved on 20 June 1815. On 30 May 1814 the Treaty of Paris declared the German states independent. In 1814–1815,

1200-493: The princes had been sent a copy of the proposed treaty, was aghast. Among other things, Bavaria would lose control of its foreign policy which would now be in the hands of Napoleon, the " Protector of the Confederation " . He hurriedly sent Baron Karl von Gravenreuth to Paris with instructions to reject a confederation which he said gave to the Protector a power "more extensive than the Emperor of Germany ever had". Von Gravenreuth

1240-657: The region were consolidated into the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine for 48 years (1871–1919), but Alsace–Lorraine itself was allocated to France after the First World War . The remainder of the Rhineland was retained by Germany, albeit under Allied occupation from 1918 to 1930. By the late autumn of 1794, the French Army had occupied the left bank of the Rhine . The legal annexation of

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1280-701: The reinstated states, Prussia, and Austria, formed the German Confederation . Left Bank of the Rhine The Left Bank of the Rhine ( German : Linkes Rheinufer , French : Rive gauche du Rhin ) was the region north of Lauterbourg that is now in western Germany and was conquered during the War of the First Coalition and annexed by the First French Republic . After the French attempt to create

1320-489: The rest of French law was introduced. That included the lifting of all estates-based privileges, the creation of egalitarianism, the establishment of a new judicial order and the introduction of the Napoleonic code. Ecclesiastical estates were secularised . Bound up with that was a fundamental restructuring of the land ownership and economic relationships. The primary beneficiaries were the ordinary citizens. Less successful

1360-546: The secondary states of Germany into the Confederation of the Rhine. Eventually, an additional 23 German states joined the Confederation. It was at its largest in 1808, when it included 36 states—four kingdoms, five grand duchies, 13 duchies , seventeen principalities , and the Free Hansa towns of Hamburg , Lübeck , and Bremen . The west bank of the Rhine and the Principality of Erfurt had been annexed outright by

1400-550: The sightseeings. In the Autenried district there is the Schloss Autenried from the beginning of the 18th century with a museum of paintings and a library. This Günzburg district location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Confederation of the Rhine 50°07′N 8°41′E  /  50.117°N 8.683°E  / 50.117; 8.683 The Confederated States of

1440-621: The territories was formally prepared at the Treaty of Leoben (1797) and concluded by the Treaties of Camp Formio (1797) and Lunéville (1801). At the 1795 Peace of Basel , all of the Left Bank of the Rhine was taken by France. Its population was about 1.6 million and was divided into numerous small states. In 1806, all of the Rhenish princes joined the Confederation of the Rhine , a puppet state of Napoleon. France took direct control of

1480-456: The treaty of the new alliance, whose terms had been decided between him and Napoleon. This caused consternation among the envoys given that the terms were far more onerous for the princes than what had been expected. They all protested that they were not empowered to sign before their masters authorized them to do so, but Talleyrand compelled them to sign then and there and so they did under duress. King Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria , who alone among

1520-680: The two provinces of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine , from which the Rhine Province emerged in 1822. The southern Left Bank territories, which had for centuries been part of the Holy Roman Empire until they were seized by France, mostly in the 17th century during Louis XIV 's wars, were restored to the new German Empire in 1871, after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War . Parts of

1560-542: Was detained long enough at the French border so that when he finally arrived in Paris all the other princes had signed. He therefore found it unadvisable to deliver the King’s views on the matter. In the words of Enno E. Kraehe: "Only by such crude methods was Napoleon able at last to found the Confederation of the Rhine". On signing the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (German: Rheinbundakte ), 16 German states joined in

1600-466: Was the area of educational politics. Instead of a reform of the universities, the French administration established specialist high schools. Criticism came from church-influenced counties as well as, during the Napoleonic period , from former German Jacobins . Whilst the former complained about secularisation, the later protested about the suppression of freedom. Resentment over military conscription

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