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48-634: Its name has tupi origins and its translation means "in the river cove", 'y (water/river), kûá (cove) and pe (in). The extinct unclassified Jaguanan language was formerly spoken by indigenous peoples in Iguape. Because of its location, close to the limits established by the Tordesillas Treaty , the Iguape region was the stage for constant disputes among Portuguese, Spanish, and French pirates who landed there in order to refill their vessels or to trade in their goods. The foundation of Iguape

96-451: A humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that closely borders the tropical rainforest climate (Af). Summers are warm, humid and rainy, whilst winters are noticeably cooler and somewhat drier, although there is no true dry season. The mean temperature is 21.6 °C (70.9 °F) and the mean annual rainfall is 1,976 mm (77.8 in). In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company

144-535: A distinct similarity with the voiced stop [ɡʷ] (possibly via [ɣʷ] , which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written gu . As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in Brazilian Portuguese often have j for Î and gu for Û. It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian Nhengatu and

192-442: A few others use -s- instead. Some examples: To express something happening in the future, the clitic -ne is always added to the last word in the sentence, independent of its grammatical class. This clitic has other meanings and may then be used as a particle in different positions. Tupi verbs are divided into its verbal and its nominal forms. Each division contains its respective verb moods. All nouns in old Tupi end in

240-473: A sentence in Old Tupi. Used to negate verbs in the indicative mood. Before a vowel, na just becomes n . The same rule applies for adjectives: Una do Prelado River The Una do Prelado River ( Portuguese : Una do Prelado River ) is a river in the state of São Paulo , Brazil. The Una do Prelado River is the largest in the 84,425 hectares (208,620 acres) Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station ,

288-468: A spoken language (used by Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas would last for over a century still. When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke very closely related dialects . The Portuguese (and particularly

336-693: A strictly protected area of well-preserved Atlantic Forest created in 1986. It rises in the Banhado Grande region to the south-west of the Serra da Juréia , and meanders in a north-east direction parallel to the Atlantic coast for 80 kilometres (50 mi) through a low plain between the Serra dos Itatins and the Serra da Juréia. Its main tributary is the Cacunduva River . The final section in

384-474: A strictly protected area of well-preserved Atlantic Forest created in 1986. It contains the 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres) Chauás Ecological Station , created in 1987. It also contains the 1,828 hectares (4,520 acres) Prelado State Park , created in 2006. The state park is just west of the Juréia Massif , an isolated group of mountains on the coast separated from the Serra dos Itatins by a sandy plain and

432-399: A vowel. In the case of a verb or adjective substantivized, the suffix -a is added, if it does not already end in a vowel. The same occurs when a noun and an adjective are in composition. In this way: Unlike the Portuguese language, the tense of an action, in old Tupi, is expressed by the noun, not the verb. Such tenses are future , past and a time called "unreal", which is similar to

480-547: A well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a chrestomathy published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859. The most recent dictionary is the Old Tupi Dictionary (2013), by the Brazilian scholar Eduardo de Almeida Navarro . In Brazil, tupinology is the study of tupi language and literature. It began in 1901, with the work of Theodoro Sampaio . An individual who dedicates themselves to

528-427: Is pitanga ) (from ybytyra , mountain) In Old Tupi, there are only numerals from one to four, both cardinal and ordinal, as the need for mathematical precision was small in a primitive economy. Cardinal numerals can either come after or before the noun they refer to, while ordinals only come after. For example, in the case of cardinal numbers, mokõî pykasu code: tpw is deprecated and pykasu mokõî code: tpw

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576-601: Is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi, Guarani and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the Tupian language family , in the same sense that English , Romanian , and Sanskrit belong to the Indo-European language family . One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi /s/ by the glottal fricative /h/ in Guarani. The first accounts of

624-566: Is deprecated are equivalent terms, meaning "two pigeons". In the case of ordinals, ta'yr-ypy code: tpw is deprecated means "first son (of a man)" and 'ara mosapyra code: tpw is deprecated means "third day". They are the same as prepositions, but they come after the term they refer to. They are divided into unstressed postpositions, which are appended to the previous word, and stressed postpositions, which are written separately. Just like in Portuguese or English, some verbs require certain postpositions: There are many ways to negate

672-423: Is done by adding the particle -ne to the end of the sentence, but this does not change the fact that the verb itself does not express time.) Verbs from the second class are not conjugated and are used only with pronouns of the second series. This is because they are actually adjectives generally indicating a state or characteristic. Objects of transitive verbs in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to

720-509: Is quite different from Indo-European languages in phonology , morphology , and grammar , but it was adopted by many Luso-Brazilians born in Brazil as a lingua franca . It belonged to the Tupi–Guarani language family, which stood out among other South American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of

768-474: Is sometimes attributed to Rui Garcia de Mosquera, a Spanish navigator and colonizer who established a good relationship with the Tupiniquin Indians. In another unproved account, in 1498 a Spanish group landed in the region giving the name Iguape to a tiny village, in reference to a local Indian name for a common regional plant. Some years later, a French pirate vessel attacked Iguape and set fire to

816-602: Is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce ẽ , ĩ , ũ , ŷ and ỹ ). Its key features are: Tupi features clusivity , i.e., a distiction between inclusive (including the adressee) and exclusive (excluding the adressee) first-person pronouns. Personal pronouns in Tupi come in two series, each with its own uses. First series pronouns are generally used alone or along with verbs of

864-470: Is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken. In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all colonists coming to Brazil would learn the tupinambá variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the Indigenous people and with other early colonists who had adopted the language. The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak tupinambá , but also encouraged

912-482: The Jesuit priests who accompanied them) set out to proselytise the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests. The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experienced: Latin , which they had studied in the seminary . In fact, the first grammar of Tupi —written by

960-563: The Portuguese Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane quickly, as few Brazilians were literate in it. A new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of gold , diamonds , and gems in the interior of Brazil, and these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as

1008-588: The Una do Prelado River . Further east it contains 9% of the 1,487 hectares (3,670 acres) Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve , created in 2006. These conservation units are all part of the Juréia-Itatins Mosaic . The municipality contains 45% of the 455 hectares (1,120 acres) Guará Area of Relevant Ecological Interest , created in 2008. According to the Köppen climate classification , Iguape has

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1056-487: The future perfect , of Portuguese. They are indicated, respectively, by the adjectives -ram, -pûer and -rambûer . These, when in composition with the noun, receive the suffix -a , as explained above. The degrees of the noun (augmentative and diminutive) are made by the suffixes "-'ĩ' or '-'i'", for the diminutive, and "-ûasu' or '-usu'" for the augmentative (these suffixes may suffer several phonetic transformations. Here are some examples with their explanations: (Child

1104-410: The stop consonants shifted easily to nasal stops , which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like umbu ( umu , ubu , umbu , upu , umpu ) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects. According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight [ʑ] , and Û had

1152-554: The Brazilian coast, from Pará to Santa Catarina , and the Río de la Plata basin . Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of Maranhão , Pará , Amapá , Amazonas , Mato Grosso , Mato Grosso do Sul , Goiás , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina , Rio Grande do Sul , Rio de Janeiro , and Espírito Santo ), as well as in French Guiana , Venezuela , Colombia , Peru , Bolivia , Paraguay , and Argentina . It

1200-498: The Brazilian coast: the "Valo Grande" channel. Aside from rice, other products from the Ribeira valley were transported by boat to a river port on the shore of the Ribeira river, close to Iguape, and from there by donkeys or carts to the ocean harbor, where they were loaded into big ships. To facilitate and cheapen transport, Iguape obtained permission from emperor D. Pedro II to build a 4 km long and 2 m wide channel, connecting

1248-509: The Jesuit priest José de Anchieta and published in 1595—is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in

1296-447: The Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards – when Jesuits André Thévet and José de Anchieta began to translate Catholic prayers and biblical stories into the language. Another foreigner, Jean de Lery , wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work

1344-422: The business, six newspapers were circulated in the city, and France maintained a permanent consulate in the city. The population was accustomed to attending shows from Europe. At that time, Iguape was as important as Rio de Janeiro or Salvador. Consequently, the city had no difficulties in obtaining the necessary resources for the construction of one of the biggest and most controversial hydraulic installations on

1392-481: The centre of the Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve . The Una do Prelado River is a blackwater river fed by various streams from the north side of the Serra da Juréia and the Atlantic side of the Serra dos Itatins. The river is tidal for most of its length, with seawater reaching as far as 30 kilometres (19 mi) from its mouth in dry periods. There are mangrove swamps up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from

1440-415: The close Guarani correlates ( Mbyá , Nhandéva , Kaiowá and Paraguayan Guarani ) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language. Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary. The writing system employed by Anchieta

1488-667: The east divides the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station from the Itinguçu State Park , a 5,040 hectares (12,500 acres) conservation unit created in 2006. Near the sea the river separates into two branches which later recombine, enclosing the Ilha do Ameixal, which holds the Ilha do Ameixal Area of Relevant Ecological Interest . The Barra do Una lies at the river mouth, in the municipality of Peruíbe ,

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1536-469: The expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock. Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by Antônio Gonçalves Dias ,

1584-470: The field of tupinology is a tupinologist. The phonology of tupinambá has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant /l/ or the multiple vibrant rhotic consonant /r/ . It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12). This led to a Brazilian pun about this language, that native Brazilians não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei (have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as

1632-483: The first class (those that are conjugated). For example: ixé a-karukatu : I ate well. Abápe morubixaba? – Ixé : who's the cacique ? - I (am). Second series pronouns are used in many different cases: Old Tupi verbs are divided in two classes. First class are conjugated, with person markers coming at the beginning of the word. In addition, verbs can represent a present, past, or future action because, unlike Portuguese, they do not express time. (The future, in particular,

1680-470: The first money producing institution in Brazil (today Iguape's local museum). The discovery of gold at Serra da Paranapiacaba, in the interior of Vale do Ribeira , intensified the navigation of the Ribeira de Iguape River resulting in the formation of new villages such as Registro, Eldorado Paulista, Iporanga, Jacupiranga and Sete Barras. Around 1780, the gold cycle had come to an end and many families left

1728-686: The language in English and by modern scholars (it is referred to as tupi antigo in Portuguese ). It has previously been known, in Portuguese, as língua brasílica "Brazilian language". The following is a summary of the main characteristics of Classical Tupi, its typology and other distinguishing features. Old Tupi was first spoken by the Tupinambá people , who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in Europe . It

1776-431: The natives to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in tupinambá (which he called lingua Brasilica ) and the first Tupi grammar . Luís Figueira was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published circa 1628. In

1824-608: The nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had at least seven known dialects. According to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler: This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G ( /ɣ/ ), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG ( /ŋ/ and /ⁿɡ/ ), probably because it does not regard MB ( /ⁿb/ ), ND ( /ⁿd/ ) and NG ( /ⁿɡ/ ) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization. Santos Gomes also remarks that

1872-476: The region. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 18th century the fertile grounds of the Ribeira valley were converted into large rice plantations. The rice, of an excellent quality, was intensively commercialized in Iguape and from there exported to Europe. From 1820 to 1900, Iguape experienced a period of great prosperity reaching its economic peak. Five rice factories were working day and night, filling on average 10 large vessels per week. Banks were financing

1920-489: The region. Most people had to leave Iguape, and those who decided to stay experienced serious difficulties, surviving by fishing and shrimping, much reduced in the coastal waters due to the large influx of fresh water. Iguape is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast, at the delta of the Ribeira de Iguape River . The municipality contains 86% of the 84,425 hectares (208,620 acres) Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station ,

1968-434: The river port with the ocean port. The request was approved by D. Pedro and after hard work (by enslaved workers) the canal was concluded in 1855. While meant to improve Iguape's economic conditions, the result was disastrous. The voluminous waters of the river, now with a shorter connection to the sea, washed away the sandy banks of the river, destroying both ports. Trade collapsed, resulting in rapid economic deterioration of

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2016-471: The second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father João Filipe Bettendorff wrote a new and more complete catechism . By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the de facto national language of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the Roman Catholic Church held a near monopoly of literacy. When

2064-459: The verb: either before, after or incorporated into it. In the las case, it comes after the person markers ( a -, ere -, o -, etc.) in first class verbs, but before the root. For an example of incorporation: When the object is not incorporated, then in it is replaced by a pleonastic third-person pronoun -i- , even if the object is present elsewhere in the phrase. Monosyllabic verbs use -îo- (or also -nho- close to nasals) instead of -i- , and

2112-481: The village, destroying all official documentation. The veracity of those events is unknown, but there is no doubt that the first years of Iguape's history were strongly influenced by the presence of the Spanish. With the discovery of gold at the end of the 16th century, Iguape was increasingly visited by adventurers searching for gold along the rivers. In 1635, there already existed the so-called "Casa da Oficina Real",

2160-426: The words fé (faith), lei (law) and rei (king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say pé , re'i and re'i ). It is also a double pun because Brazil has not had a king for more than two centuries. The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing [m] or [n] . They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through

2208-547: The words of Brazilian tupinologist Eduardo Navarro , "it is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country". Old Tupi belongs to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period , Tupi was used as a lingua franca throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it

2256-604: Was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). Tupi language Old Tupi , Ancient Tupi or Classical Tupi ( Portuguese pronunciation: [tuˈpi] ) is a classical Tupian language which was spoken by the indigenous Tupi people of Brazil , mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil . In

2304-571: Was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, its sole living descendant is the Nheengatu language . As the most important native language of Brazil, it is the origin of most city names of indigenous origin ( Pindamonhangaba , Ubatuba , Botucatu , Jacareí ). It also names several plants and animals, and many proper names are tupi names, such as Moacir, Iara, Iracema and Jandaia. It has a rich literature, which includes cathechisms, poems and plays. The names Old Tupi or Classical Tupi are used for

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