Ilya Muromets or Murometz , also known as Ilya of Murom , is a bogatyr in byliny set during the time of Kievan Rus' . He is often featured alongside fellow bogatyrs Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich , the three collectively known in Russian culture as " the three bogatyrs [ ru ] ".
49-474: Attempts have been made to identify a possible historical nucleus for the character. The main candidate is Ilya Pechersky [ ru ] , a 12th-century monk in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra who was canonized in 1643. His relics are preserved in the monastery. Ilya Muromets is a major figure in byliny , a type of Russian epic folklore collected in the 18th and 19th centuries. The son of
98-831: A common predecessor spoken in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to 13th centuries, which later evolved into Ruthenian , the chancery language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Dnieper river valley, and into medieval Russian in the Volga river valley, the language of the Russian principalities including the Grand Duchy of Moscow . All these languages use the Cyrillic script , but with particular modifications. Belarusian and Ukrainian , which are descendants of Ruthenian , have
147-540: A 12th-century monk in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra who was born in Karacharovo, near Murom , and canonized in 1643. According to hagiography, before taking his monastic vows, Ilya Pechersky was a warrior famous for his strength. His nickname was "Chobotok", meaning "(small) boot", given to him after an incident when Ilya Pechersky, caught by surprise, fought off enemies with only his boot. In 1988, Soviet archeologists exhumed Ilya Pechersky's remains, which were stored in
196-712: A cave near the Upper Lavra, now called the Near Caves . Foreign travellers in the 16th–17th centuries wrote that the catacombs of the Lavra stretched for hundreds of kilometres, reaching as far as Moscow and Novgorod , spreading awareness of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. There are over a hundred burials in the Lavra. Below are the most notable ones During the Soviet era , the bodies of the saints that lay in
245-572: A cultural attraction, the monastery is once again active, with over 100 monks in residence. It was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine on 21 August 2007. Until the end of 2022, jurisdiction over the site had been divided between the state museum, National Kyiv-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) as the site of the chief monastery of that Church and
294-493: A duality between the Church Slavonic language used as some kind of 'higher' register (not only) in religious texts and the popular tongue used as a 'lower' register for secular texts. It has been suggested to describe this situation as diglossia , although there do exist mixed texts where it is sometimes very hard to determine why a given author used a popular or a Church Slavonic form in a given context. Church Slavonic
343-415: A peasant, Ilya was born in the village of Karacharovo, near Murom . He suffered a serious illness in his youth and was unable to walk until the age of 33. He could only lie on a Russian stove , until he was miraculously healed by two pilgrims . He was then given super-human strength by a dying knight, Svyatogor , and set out to liberate the city of Kiev from Idolishche to serve Vladimir I of Kiev . Along
392-794: A tradition of using Latin-based alphabets —the Belarusian Łacinka and the Ukrainian Latynka alphabets, respectively (also Rusyn uses Latin in some regions, e.g. in Slovakia ). The Latin alphabet is traditionally more common in Belarus, while the usage of the Cyrillic script in Russia and Ukraine could never be compared to any other alphabet. Modern East Slavic languages include Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian. The Rusyn language
441-695: Is mostly pronounced as /i/ (identical with the Ukrainian І), while in Ukrainian it's mostly pronounced as /ɪ/ (very similar to the Russian Ы). Other examples: B. ваўчыца (vaŭčyca) U. вовчиця (vovčyc’a) ”female wolf” B. яшчэ /jaˈʂt͡ʂe/ U. ще /ʃt͡ʃe/ “yet” /u̯/ (at the end of a closed syllable) B. стэп /stɛp/, U. степ /stɛp/ "steppe" B. Вікторыя (Viktoryja) U. кобзар (kobzár (nominative case) кобзаря (kobzar’á (genetive case) R. кровь (krov’), кровавый (krovávyj) B. кроў (kroŭ), крывавы (kryvávy) U. кров (krov), кривавий (kryvávyj) ”blood, bloody” B. скажа (skáža) U. скаже (skáže) ”(he/she) will say” After
490-553: Is one of the most important written sources of the Ruthenian language. Due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over many centuries, Belarusian and Ukrainian have been influenced in several respects by Polish, a Lechitic West Slavic language. As a result of the long Polish-Lithuanian rule, these languages had been less exposed to Church Slavonic , featuring therefore less Church Slavonicisms than
539-495: Is part of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra complex. The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra caverns are a system of narrow underground corridors (about 1-1½ metres wide and 2-2½ metres high), along with numerous living quarters and underground chapels. In 1051, the monk Anthony settled in an old cave in a hill near the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. This cave received additions including corridors and a church, and is now the Far Caves . In 1057, Anthony moved to
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#1732773041831588-531: Is sometimes considered the fourth living language of the group, its status as an independent language being the subject of scientific debate. The East Slavic territory exhibits a linguistic continuum with many transitional dialects. Between Belarusian and Ukrainian there is the Polesian dialect , which shares features from both languages. East Polesian is a transitional variety between Belarusian and Ukrainian on one hand, and between South Russian and Ukrainian on
637-665: Is used to describe high-ranking male monasteries for monks of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Therefore, the name of the monastery is also translated as Kyiv Cave Monastery, Kyiv Caves Monastery or the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves ( на печерах ). The Primary Chronicle contains contradictory information as to when the monastery was founded: in 1051, or in 1074. Anthony , a Christian monk from Esphigmenon monastery on Mount Athos , originally from Liubech of
686-790: The Kyiv Monastery of the Caves , is a historic Eastern Orthodox Christian monastery which gave its name to one of the city districts where it is located in Kyiv . Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1051, the Lavra has been a preeminent center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. In Ukrainian, the word pechera (in Ukrainian Cyrillic печера) means cave which itself came from Proto-Slavic *реktera that means cave as well. The word lavra
735-694: The Principality of Chernigov , returned to Rus' and settled in Kyiv as a missionary of monastic tradition to Kyivan Rus'. He chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnieper River and a community of disciples soon grew. Prince Iziaslav I of Kyiv ceded the whole mount to the Anthonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople . Together with
784-498: The Saint Sophia Cathedral , the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990. The monastery complex is considered a separate national historic-cultural preserve (sanctuary), the national status to which was granted on 13 March 1996. The Lavra is not only located in another part of the city, but is part of a different national sanctuary than Saint Sophia Cathedral. While being
833-766: The Slavic languages , distinct from the West and South Slavic languages . East Slavic languages are currently spoken natively throughout Eastern Europe , and eastwards to Siberia and the Russian Far East . In part due to the large historical influence of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union , the Russian language is also spoken as a lingua franca in many regions of Caucasus and Central Asia . Of
882-534: The Turkic and Uralic languages. For example: What's more, all three languages do also have false friends , that sometimes can lead to (big) misunderstandings. For example, Ukrainian орати ( oraty ) — "to plow" and Russian орать ( orat́ ) — "to scream", or Ukrainian помітити ( pomityty ) — "to notice" and Russian пометить ( pometit́ ) — "to mark". The alphabets of the East Slavic languages are all written in
931-539: The 18th century, a new gilded pear-shaped dome was built, the facade and exterior walls were decorated with stucco-moulded plant ornaments and a vestibule built of stone attached to the north end. In the early 20th century, the fronts and the walls flanking the entrance were painted by icon painters under the guidance of V. Sonin. The interior of the Gate Trinity Church contains murals by the early 18th century painter Alimpy Galik. The refectory chambers with
980-1060: The 950s; but the one emperor in Constantinople with this name most likely to be called "God-loving" was Constantine XI , r. 1449–1453 ). The cycle of tales around Ilya Muromets (including the fight against villainous Nightingale the Robber and monster Idolishche ) is classified under its own type in the East Slavic Folktale Classification ( Russian : СУС , romanized : SUS ): SUS -650C*, Russian : Илья Муромец , romanized : Ilya Muromets , closely placed with other tale types about strong heroes. The East Slavic Classification registers variants from Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian sources. Kiev Pechersk Lavra Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra or Kyievo-Pecherska Lavra ( Ukrainian : Києво-Печерська лавра ; Russian : Киево-Печерская лавра , Kievo-Pecherskaya Lavra), also known as
1029-658: The Church of the Saints Anthony and Theodosius is the third in a series of temples. The original temple was built in the 12th century and no drawings or visual depictions of it remain. The second temple was built at the time of the Cossack Hetmanate and was disassembled by the Russian authorities in the 19th century. It was replaced with the current temple, often referred to as the Refectory Church of
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#17327730418311078-400: The Cyrillic script, however each of them has their own letters and pronunciations. Russian and Ukrainian have 33 letters, while Belarusian has 32. Additionally, Belarusian and Ukrainian use the apostrophe (') for the hard sign , which has the same function as the letter Ъ in Russian. Some letters, that are not included in the alphabet of a language, can be written as digraphs . For example,
1127-709: The Dormition Cathedral, on 7 January 2023, Orthodox Christmas by the Old Calendar, a service which was celebrated by Metropolitan Epiphanius at 9am that day. On 10 March 2023, the National Kyiv-Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve announced that the 2013 agreement on the free use of churches by the UOC-MP would be terminated on the grounds that the church had violated their lease by making alterations to
1176-474: The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. The All Saints Church, erected in 1696–1698, is a fine specimen of Ukrainian baroque architecture. Characteristic of the church facades are rich architectural embellishments. In 1905, students of the Lavra art school painted the interior walls of the church. The carved wooden iconostasis is multi-tiered and was made for the All Saints church in the early 18th century. The Church of
1225-852: The Lavra include the Great Lavra Belltower , and the Dormition Cathedral , destroyed in fighting the Germans World War II , and fully reconstructed in the 1990s after the fall of Soviet Union by Ukraine. Other churches and cathedrals of the Lavra include: the Refectory Church , the Church of All Saints, the Church of the Saviour at Berestove , the Church of the Exaltation of Cross, the Church of
1274-480: The Lavra's Printing House and the Lavra's Icon Painting Workshop. The museum provides tours of the catacombs , which contain remains of Eastern Orthodox saints or their relics. The Caves are of geological interest because they are excavated into loess ground. They form one of the most extensive occurrences of loess caves in the world. The Lavra museums include: East Slavic languages The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of
1323-470: The Lavra. 96.5 meters in height, it was the tallest free-standing belltower at the time of its construction in 1731–1745, and was designed by the architect Johann Gottfried Schädel . It is a Classical style construction and consists of tiers , surmounted by a gilded dome . Built in the 11th century, the main church of the monastery was destroyed during the World War II , a couple of months after
1372-629: The Nazi Germany troops occupied the city of Kyiv , during which the Soviet Union conducted the controversial 1941 Khreshchatyk explosions . Withdrawing Soviet troops practiced the tactics of scorched earth and blew up all the Kyiv bridges over Dnieper as well as the main Khreshchatyk street and Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. The destruction of the cathedral followed a pattern of Soviet disregard for cultural heritage, as they previously blew up
1421-517: The Saviour at Berestove is located to the North of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. It was constructed in the village of Berestove around the start of the 11th century during the reign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh . It later served as the mausoleum of the Monomakh dynasty, also including Yuri Dolgoruki , the founder of Moscow. Despite being outside the Lavra fortifications, the Church of the Saviour at Berestove
1470-899: The Trinity, the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Church of the Conception of St. Anne, and the Church of the Life-Giving Spring. The Lavra also contains many other constructions, including: the St. Nicholas Monastery, the Kyiv Theological Academy and Seminary, and the Debosquette Wall. The Great Lavra Belltower is one of the most notable features of the Kyiv skyline and among the main attractions of
1519-424: The UOC-MP "confirms the correctness" of the (24 February 2022) Russian invasion of Ukraine . The UOC-MP did not fully leave Kyiv Pechersk Lavra following 29 March 2023. The hegumens of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra are listed below. The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra contains numerous architectural monuments, ranging from bell towers to cathedrals to cave systems and to strong stone fortification walls . The main attractions of
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1568-555: The ancestor of modern Belarusian and Ukrainian, was the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as "Chancery Slavonic" until the end of the 17th century when it was gradually replaced by the Polish language. It was also the native language of the Cossack Hetmanate until the end of the 18th century, when the Ukrainian state completely became part of the Russian Empire in 1764. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk from 1710
1617-453: The ancient St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery nearby in the 1930s. In 1928, the monastery was converted into an anti-religious museum park by the Soviet authorities and after their return no efforts were provided to restore the church. The temple was finally restored in 1995 after Ukraine obtained its independence and the construction was accomplished in two years. The new Dormition Church
1666-463: The caves were left uncovered due to the regime's disregard for religion. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the bodies were covered with a cloth and to this day remain in the same state. The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra is one of the largest museums in Kyiv. The exposition is the actual ensemble of the Upper (Near Caves) and Lower ( Far Caves ) Lavra territories, which house many architectural relics of
1715-411: The consonant /tsʲ/ does not exist in the Russian language, while in Ukrainian and especially Belarusian, on the contrary, it is relatively common (Ukrainian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Belarusian ц; Belarusian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Ukrainian ть). Moreover, the letter Щ in standard Russian is always pronounced softly ( palatalization ). Standard Ukrainian, unlike all
1764-606: The conversion of the East Slavic region to Christianity the people used service books borrowed from Bulgaria , which were written in Old Church Slavonic (a South Slavic language ). The Church Slavonic language was strictly used only in text, while the colloquial language of the Bulgarians was communicated in its spoken form. Throughout the Middle Ages (and in some way up to the present day) there existed
1813-528: The country from numerous attacks by the steppe people, including Kalin-tsar [ ru ] of the Tatars . Generous and simple-minded but also temperamental, Ilya once went on a rampage and destroyed all the church steeples in Kiev after Vladimir failed to invite him to a celebration. He was soon appeased when Vladimir sent for him. Some suggest that his prototype was Ilya Pechersky [ ru ] ,
1862-561: The founder of the Golden Horde ( c. 1205 – c. 1255 ); he saved Constantine the God-Loving , the tsar of Constantinople, from a monster (there were a number of Byzantine emperors named Constantine, one of them a contemporary of Vladimir I, named Constantine VIII ( r. 962–1028 ); it could also be a reference to Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ( r. 913–959 ), who encountered Olga of Kiev in
1911-509: The historic site, and other technical infractions. The UOC-MP was ordered to leave the territory by 29 March. The UOC-MP answered back that there were no legal grounds for the eviction and called it "a whim of officials from the Ministry of Culture ." On 17 March 2023 Dmitry Peskov , the press secretary for Russian President Vladimir Putin , stated that the decision of the Ukrainian authorities not to extend this lease to representatives of
1960-400: The modern Russian language, for example: Additionally, the original East Slavic phonetic form was kept in many words in Ukrainian and Belarusian, for example: In general, Ukrainian and Belarusian are also closer to other Western European languages, especially to German (via Polish). At the same time Russian was being heavily influenced by Church Slavonic (South Slavic language), but also by
2009-497: The monastery, and studied them. Their report suggested that at least some parts of the legend may be true: the man was tall, and his bones carried signs of spinal disease at early age and marks from numerous wounds, one of which was fatal. His character probably does not represent a unique historical persona, but rather a fusion of multiple real or fictional heroes from vastly different epochs. Thus, Ilya supposedly served Vladimir I of Kiev ( r. 980–1015 ); he fought Batu Khan ,
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2058-452: The other Slavic languages (excl. Serbo-Croatian ), does not exhibit final devoicing . Nevertheless, this rule is not that clear when listening to colloquial Ukrainian. It's one of the typical deviations that occur in the Ukrainian spoken language. Besides the differences of the alphabets, some letters represent different sounds depending on the language. For example, the letter И (romanized as I for Russian and Y for Ukrainian) in Russian
2107-563: The other hand. At the same time, Belarusian and Southern Russian form a continuous area , making it virtually impossible to draw a line between the two languages. Central or Middle Russian (with its Moscow sub-dialect), the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary standard. Northern Russian with its predecessor, the Old Novgorod dialect , has many original and archaic features. Ruthenian,
2156-426: The past. The collection within the churches and caves includes articles of precious metal, prints, higher clergy portraits and rare church hierarchy photographs. The main exposition contains articles from 16th to early 20th centuries, which include chalices , crucifixes , and textiles from 16th–19th centuries, with needlework and embroidery of Ukrainian masters. The remainder of the collection consists of pieces from
2205-550: The residence of its leader, Onufrius, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine . In January 2023, the Ukrainian government terminated the UOC-MP's lease of the Dormition Cathedral and the Refectory Church (also known as the Trapezna Church), returning those properties to direct state control. It also announced that the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) had been granted permission to celebrate a Christmas service in
2254-473: The sound values of the letter Ё, which doesn't exist in the Ukrainian alphabet, can be written as ЙО (ЬО before and after consonants), while the letter Щ in Russian and Ukrainian corresponds to ШЧ in Belarusian (compare Belarusian плошча and Ukrainian площа ("area")). There are also different rules of usage for certain letters, e.g. the soft sign (Ь) cannot be written after the letter Ц in Russian, because
2303-428: The three Slavic branches, East Slavic is the most spoken, with the number of native speakers larger than the Western and Southern branches combined. The common consensus is that Belarusian , Russian and Ukrainian are the extant East Slavic languages. Some linguists also consider Rusyn a separate language, although it is sometimes considered a dialect of Ukrainian. The modern East Slavic languages descend from
2352-439: The way, he single-handedly defended the city of Chernigov from nomadic invasion (possibly by the Polovtsi ) and was offered knighthood by the local ruler, but Ilya declined to stay. In the forests of Bryansk , he then killed the forest-dwelling monster known as Nightingale the Robber ( Solovei-Razboinik ), who murdered travelers with his powerful whistle. In Kiev, Ilya was made the chief bogatyr by Vladimir and he defended
2401-460: Was consecrated in 2000. The Gate Church of the Trinity is located atop the Holy Gates, which houses the entrance to the monastery. According to a legend, this church was founded by the Chernihiv Prince Sviatoslav II . It was built atop an ancient stone church which used to stand in its place. After the fire of 1718, the church was rebuilt, its revered facades and interior walls enriched with ornate stucco work made by craftsman V. Stefaovych. In
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