56°46′18″N 103°47′10″E / 56.77167°N 103.78611°E / 56.77167; 103.78611
75-775: Ilimsk (Russian: Илимск ) was a small town in Siberia, within today's Irkutsk Oblast of Russia. The town was flooded by the Ust-Ilimsk Reservoir in the mid-1970s. Ilimsk was founded in 1630 on the Ilim River , a tributary of the Angara River , as Ilimsky Ostrog (i.e., "Fort Ilim"). From here a portage ran east to the Kuta River which joins the Lena River at Ust-Kut , thereby allowing travel from
150-571: A 2012 survey 28.1% of the population of Irkutsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 7% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 6% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches , 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 1% to Islam . In addition, 37% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 17%
225-495: A July 22–24 fire almost all the central parts of the city were burnt, and more than two thirds of city buildings and 75 city districts were destroyed. The city began to revive, getting a new look. Stone and wooden constructions built after the fire have been preserved up to the present day. In 1898 the arrival of the first train via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Irkutsk Oblast was a major event. The construction of
300-624: A general and a former deputy head of the Ministry of Emergency Situations who has four children himself, had said the previous November that the sons of Irkutsk belonged to the state rather than to their families. The main industries of Irkutsk Oblast are metals, energy, logging, oil and fuels, machine-building, chemicals, food industry, and hydroelectricity. The average wages in Irkutsk Oblast are 10% higher than in Russia overall . During
375-589: A major role in the city's development. Intensive city construction took place. Private residences, hospitals, orphanages, and schools were built, while significant funds went towards education and the development of science in the region. The architecture of the city of Irkutsk underwent change. The Irkutsk White House [ ru ] , done in Russian classic style in 1800–1804, and the Moscow Triumphal Gates of Irkutsk [ ru ] –
450-537: A monument of the nineteenth century, were built in honor of the tenth anniversary of Alexander I's reign. In the second half of the nineteenth century the printing art developed in Irkutsk, the first newspapers being, “Irkutsk province news” and “Amur”. The names of A.P.Schapov, M.B.Zagoskin, V.I.Vagin were connected with the newspaper “Siberia”. In 1851, the first scientific organization in Eastern Siberia –
525-625: A railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there. The Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line was scheduled to be completed in 2026. Tuva is served by Kyzyl Airport . Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt -dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which
600-725: A third of the population reside. Historically part of Outer Mongolia as Tannu Uriankhai during the Qing dynasty , the last imperial dynasty of China, Tuva broke away in 1911 as the Uryankhay Republic following the Xinhai Revolution , which created the Republic of China . It became a Russian protectorate in 1914 and was replaced by the nominally independent Tuvan People's Republic in 1921 (known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926), recognized only by its neighbors
675-878: A tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains". Tuva is one of the few places in
750-767: A village ( selo ). In the mid 1970s, after the construction of the Ust-Ilimsk Dam ( Russian : Усть-Илимская ГЭС ) on the Angara at Ust-Ilimsk (below the fall of the Ilim into the Angara), the site of the village was flooded by the Ust-Ilimsk Reservoir . Before the site was flooded, archaeological excavations were carried out in the village during 1967–75; the Spasskaya Tower and the Church of Our Lady of Kazan from
825-496: Is atheist , and 1.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. 2,370,102 ( 2021 Census ) ; 2,428,750 ( 2010 Census ) ; 2,581,705 ( 2002 Census ) ; 2,830,641 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Irkutsk Oblast registered natural population growth in 2008, the first time after 1993. Still, the future prospects for population growth in Irkutsk seems bleak. In 2007, women in Irkutsk were having an average of 1.602 children each. Fertility rate
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#1732780941493900-647: Is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast ), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara , Lena , and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers . The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk . It borders the Republic of Buryatia and the Tuva Republic in the south and southwest, which separate it from Khövsgöl Province in Mongolia ; Krasnoyarsk Krai in the west; the Sakha Republic in
975-620: Is a drier lowland . There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tuvan Republic, including the upper course of the Yenisei River , the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries . There are also numerous mineral springs in the area. Major rivers include: There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes , including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km ) –
1050-652: Is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District ). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream. Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of
1125-530: Is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence of Khambo Lama , head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in
1200-427: Is the only Siberian city, which has the city character. ...As England created London, France - Paris, Siberia – created Irkutsk. Siberia is proud of Irkutsk, “not to see this city” means “not to see Siberia”. In the early nineteenth century the city was considerably changed, especially its center. Large buildings were being built, mason streets were being made, cab drivers and street lights appeared. The water supply and
1275-510: Is the so-called "Bug Hollanders": descendants of Polish-speaking Lutheran farmers who had moved to Siberia from the then Russian Volhynia in 1911–1912 in search of affordable land. Although they had long lost German (or Dutch) language of their ancestors (even in the early twentieth century they spoke Ukrainian and read Polish), they were still considered ethnic Germans , and during World War II were usually drafted for work in labor camps, instead of front-line military service. According to
1350-616: The Uryankhay Republic before being turned into a Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914. A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar "). Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva
1425-591: The 2021 census , Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups include Russians (10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. During the period from 1959 to 2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan ( Turkic ) and Russian ( Slavic ). Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there
1500-490: The Republic of Tuva , is a republic of Russia . Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia , in southern Siberia . The republic borders the federal subjects of the Altai Republic , Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Khakassia , and Krasnoyarsk Krai , and shares an international border with Mongolia to the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 ( 2021 census ). Its capital city is Kyzyl , in which more than
1575-834: The Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Irkutsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of
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#17327809414931650-627: The Soviet Union and Mongolia , before being annexed into the former in 1944. A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. The Great Khural is the regional parliament of Tuva. The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 AD) and
1725-557: The Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to further city development. Several politically exiled figures were connected with Irkutsk city. Among the first of the exiled was A.N. Radischev, who lived in Irkutsk for more than 3 months. Since the 1830s, the Decembrists lived in settlements and in colonies in the Irkutsk Oblast. The exiled houses of Volkonsky and Trubetskoy later became house-museums. N. A. Panov, I. V. Podzhio, A. Z. Muravyov, P. A. Mukhanov, A. P. Yushnevsky, V. A. Bechasnov,
1800-494: The Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Tang dynasty (647–682), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (7th – 13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758). Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds , inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan Republic. From 1758 to 1911, Tuva
1875-622: The Yenisei River basin to that of the Lena River . In early times the Ilimsk Uyezd was one of the few grain-producing areas in Siberia. Around 1700 there were 280 settlements, including seven ostrogs . In 1745 there were 7,605 peasants. Much of the grain was shipped down the Lena to feed the Okhotsk Coast and other areas in eastern Siberia. Grain production shifted south as the area around Irkutsk became more settled. From 1764 to 1775
1950-689: The state religion . This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East . In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on
2025-457: The " Prikaznaya izba" (order house), the first stone construction, and the Triumph gate were built. In the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, Irkutsk Province gradually increased in importance as a center of trade, craft, and culture. It became the center of Russian trade with China and, from the 1830s, a gold-manufacturing center of Eastern Siberia. In 1803 Irkutsk became
2100-490: The 1930s the industrial construction of the city had begun. Mechanical engineering plants, the air plant, brick and concrete plants, tea fabric, and food industry plants were being built. Economic development of the city contributed to scientific, educational and cultural development. The first Higher education in Eastern Siberia, Irkutsk State University was founded in 1918. Its departments were developing as independent institutes: medical, pedagogical, finance-economical. In 1930
2175-469: The 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament ( Supreme Khural ) and a Grand Khural , which deals with local legislation. The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993. At the same time, the official name
2250-659: The Angara embankment. The city was damaged and influenced by the political events of the twentieth century – the Russian revolution, the 1917 October Revolution , the Civil war and the Great Patriotic War (as the Soviet Union's part in WW2 is commonly referred to in Russia. This is distinct from WW2, in that it began with 1941 Operation Barbarossa , whereas WW2 began with the September 1939 invasion of Poland ). Since
2325-417: The Irkutsk area. The 1780s saw the opening of the second public library in provincial towns in Russia, as well as a regional museum and an amateur theater. In Irkutsk outstanding citizens appeared, still remembered today. These included the architect, geographer and historian Anton ivanovich Losev [ ru ] (1765–1829), the writer Ivan Timofeevich Kalashnikov [ ru ] (1797–1863), and
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2400-496: The Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under
2475-466: The Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Irkutsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Irkutsk Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising
2550-677: The Russian Orthodox Church established the Irkutsk Eparchy . During the 18th century, schools, professional-technical education colleges, science museums, libraries, theaters, and book-printers developed in Irkutsk. Educational and cultural organizations opened. In 1725 the first school in Eastern Siberia, attached to the Voznesensky monastery [ ru ] (founded in 1672), opened, and in 1754 sea (navigation) schools and secondary schools opened throughout
2625-644: The Russian state expanded to the east of Irkutsk, the city became the capital of enormous territories from the Yenisey River to the Pacific Ocean , and played an important role in the exploration and securing of vast Eastern-Siberian and Far-Eastern territories for Russia. Gradually, Irkutsk gained more importance as the main transportation- and trade-center of Eastern Siberia; it became a center of trade routes from Kamchatka , Chukotka , Yakutia to Mongolia , and China . The administrative importance of
2700-532: The Siberian branch of Russian geographical society, was opened. In 1877, it was called the Eastern-Siberian branch. V.I.Dybovskii, A.L.Chekanovskii, I.D.Cherskii, V.A.Obruchev, geologists, geographers and researchers of Siberia, worked in Irkutsk Oblast on exploring Lake Baikal and the Lena River . The summer of 1879 could be considered to be a dramatic period in the city of Irkutsk's history. During
2775-772: The Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed. Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast , within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , after the Soviet victory in World War II . Salchak Toka , leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party ,
2850-664: The center of the Siberian Governorate-General , and in 1822 it became the center of the Eastern Siberian Governorate-General . The Governors-General of Eastern Siberia greatly influenced the development of the city. Irkutsk merchants explored the Yeniseysky and Leno-Vitimsky gold regions and substantially increased their capital, which made them the richest merchants in Siberia. The Irkutsk merchant class began to play
2925-494: The city also increased, and it became a center of a fifth of the provinces of Siberia; in 1764 it became the center of an independent province, the Irkutsk Governorate . For Irkutsk the 18th century was a time of research expeditions. Some of the organization of Vitus Bering 's first (1725–1730) and second (1733-1743) expeditions to the shores of Kamchatka took place in Irkutsk. A merchant class developed in
3000-529: The city and trolleybus routes were opened in 1972. In 1958 a TV center was established. The city's larger districts and micro regions construction period began. New districts such as Baykalsky, Solnechny, Yubileyny, Primorsky, Akademgorodok and others were created. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine negatively affected the Irkutskian conscript class of February 2023 who all perished near Donetsk by early March 2023. Irkutsk regional governor Igor Kobzev ,
3075-487: The city of Irkutsk. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Irkutsk industrial and merchant companies of Golikov , Trapeznikov, Ivan Stepanovich Bechevin [ ru ] , Nikolai Prokofevich Mylnikov [ ru ] , Sibirakovy [ ru ] began to explore the Aleutian Islands and later Alaska . In 1799 the merchant companies came together in a Russian-American Company "for
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3150-1083: The control of the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – 93 CE), of the Mongolian Xianbei state (93–234), of the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), of the Göktürk Khaganate (555-603), of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603-744), of the Uyghur Khaganate (744-847), of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (847-1219), of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and of the Northern Yuan (1368–1691). Medieval Mongol tribes like the Merkit , Bayads , Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited Buryatia. Today Buryat-Mongols remain in
3225-403: The first electrification stations were built. The Irkutsk Regional museum was stamped with the names of Siberian researchers on its walls (1883), the building of the first public community, city theater (1897), Kazan' cathedral, made in new Byzantine style (1893), and the Roman Catholic cathedral (1895) completed an architectural style of the city. In 1908 a monument to Alexander III was opened on
3300-472: The hills and broad valleys of the Central Siberian Plateau , with the Lena-Angara Plateau . The Primorsky Range and the Baikal Mountains stretch along Lake Baikal, and in the northeast rise the North Baikal Highlands and the Patom Plateau . Pik Tofalariya is the highest point of the oblast. The climate varies from warm summer continental in the south to continental-subarctic in the northern part ( Köppen climate classification : Dwc ). For almost half
3375-434: The implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of
3450-577: The largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site ). The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola mountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier. Population : 336,651 ( 2021 Census ) ; 307,930 ( 2010 Census ) ; 305,510 ( 2002 Census ) ; 309,129 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . |- According to
3525-434: The metallurgic institute was opened, in 1934 the agricultural institute was organized. The early Soviets educated women in traditional professions like nursing and primary education. At right is the Irkutsk orphanage named for E. Medvednikova, which served both as an eleemosynary institution and educational facility. Since the 1950s a rapid development of the city of Irkutsk took place. In 1947 streetcar routes were opened in
3600-428: The ninth century BC. and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed. A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl. Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become
3675-412: The northeast; and Zabaykalsky Krai in the east. It had a population of 2,370,102 at the 2021 Census . Irkutsk Oblast borders with the Republic of Buryatia and the Tuva Republic in the south and southwest, with Krasnoyarsk Krai in the west, with the Sakha Republic in the northeast, and with Zabaykalsky Krai in the east. The unique and world-famous Lake Baikal is located in the southeast of
3750-463: The observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . The oblast is very thinly populated, with a population density of 3 people per square kilometer, compared to a national average of 8.4. Irkutsk is the administrative center and largest city, with 612,973 residents. Other large cities are Bratsk (238,825 people), Angarsk (229,592 people), Ust-Ilimsk (83,635 people), and Usolye-Sibirskoye (80,331 people). Most of
3825-644: The old ostrog (wooden fort) were taken apart and moved to the Taltsy Museum ( Russian : Тальцы ), an open-air museum of traditional architecture near Irkutsk . In the early 2000s, an exact copy of another tower of the former Ilimsk ostrog and the southern wall of the fortress were built at the Taltsy site next to the buildings moved from Ilimsk, thus recreating a large portion of the historic fortified town within easy reach from Irkutsk. Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk Oblast ( Russian : Ирку́тская о́бласть , romanized : Irkutskaya oblastʹ ; Buryat : Эрхүү можо , romanized: Erkhüü mojo )
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#17327809414933900-529: The population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers . Russians account for 18.9% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 16.4% in Kyzyl. Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism . Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso , the fourteenth Dalai Lama . In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days. On September 20, he blessed and consecrated
3975-433: The population are ethnic Russians . A minority group, the Buryats , have a special Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug inside the oblast. Russians and other Slavic/Germanic groups make up 92.9% of the population, according to the 2021 Census, while Buryats are 3.6%. Tofalars number 659, a decrease from 722 in 1989. One small ethnic group, concentrated in three villages (Pikhtinsk, Sredne-Pikhtinsk, and Dagnik) in Zalarinsky District
4050-418: The region. It is drained by the Angara , which flows north across the province; the outflow rate is controlled by the Irkutsk Dam . The two other major dams on the Irkutsk Oblast's section of the Angara are at Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk ; both forming large reservoirs. The Lena has its source in Irkutsk Oblast as well, and flows north-east into the neighboring Sakha Republic. Irkutsk Oblast consists mostly of
4125-595: The restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing. According to a 2012 survey, 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism , 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church , the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity , 1% to Protestantism . In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist . The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity –
4200-488: The singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuvan National Orchestra , at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl. The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone, agalmatolite . A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses. Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1, dating to
4275-409: The status of the Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered. Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access. Tuva was a signatory to
4350-426: The teacher Semyon Semyonovich Schukin (1789—1863). Siberian science buildings opened. A.G. Laxman, Lomonosov's apprentice, one of the first Siberian mineralogists, worked in Irkutsk. The city landscape of Irkutsk was changing. The Irkutsk Spassky church [ ru ] of 1706 (one of the oldest stone buildings in Eastern Siberia), the unique Irkutsk Krestovozdvizhenskaya church [ ru ] (1747),
4425-446: The territory of the oblast. Russian presence in the area dates from the 17th century: the Russian Tsardom expanded eastward following the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. By the end of the 17th century, Irkutsk had become a small town, monasteries were being built, and suburbs and agricultural settlements had started to form. From the 18th century trades and crafts began to develop, and gold- and silver-smiths appeared. As
4500-408: The town was the administrative center of a district ( okrug ) and had population of around 700 by the end of the 19th century. Alexander Radishchev was exiled to Ilimsk between 1792 and 1796. His wife had died, and her sister joined Radishchev in Ilimsk, bringing his younger children with her. Radishchev later married her, while still in Ilimsk. After the October Revolution of 1917, Ilimsk became
4575-408: The trades on the territory of the Aleutian and Kuril islands and the rest of the North-Eastern sea , belonging to Russia by the right of discovery". Grigorii Ivanovich Shelikhov , an outstanding seafarer, played an important role in controlling enormous spaces of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. He founded the first colonies of Russian America through the Shelikhov-Golikov Company . In 1727
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#17327809414934650-510: The vote in Tuva. In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9% Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. The Ulugh-Khem coal basin is located in Tuva. It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva, which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes. Tuva does not have
4725-578: The weather cools down significantly to an average daily high of +15.3 °C (59.5 °F) and an average daily low of +2.5 °C (36.5 °F). More than half of all precipitation falls in the summer months, with the wettest month being July, with 96.2 millimeters (3.79 in) of rain. January is the driest month, with only 11 millimeters (0.43 in) of precipitation. Annual precipitation averages 419.8 millimeters (16.53 in). Mongolic-related Slab Grave cultural monuments survive in Baikal territory. The territory of Buryatia came under
4800-412: The wife of Trubetskoy and their children stayed in Irkutsk for the rest of their lives. In the late 1850s, the Petrashevtzy appeared in Irkutsk. The exiled historian-democrat, A.P. Schapov, lived here until his last days, and the Polish rebels and revolutionaries (including the narodnik ) also lived here. A well-known Russian publicist of the nineteenth century, N. Shelgunov, wrote about Irkutsk: “Irkutsk
4875-475: The world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future. In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism
4950-433: The year, from mid-October until the beginning of April, the average temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F). Winters are very cold, with average high temperatures in Irkutsk of −14.9 °C (5.2 °F) and average lows of −25.3 °C (−13.5 °F) in January. Summers are warm but short: the average high in July is +24.5 °C (76.1 °F) and the average low is +11.2 °C (52.2 °F). However, by September,
5025-412: The yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before. The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions. Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of
5100-438: Was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993. The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak . On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool , 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva. Kara-ool's candidacy
5175-403: Was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007. Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg . Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural , has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term. In the 2024 Russian presidential election , which critics called rigged and fraudulent, President Vladimir Putin won 95.37% of
5250-401: Was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва). Tuva was one of the Russian regions with the highest number of military casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south of Siberia . Its capital city is Kyzyl, located near the geographic "center of Asia" . The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part
5325-796: Was extremely low in urban areas, where women were having just 1.477 children each. In rural areas however, the fertility rate was slightly above replaceable levels. In rural areas of Irkutsk Oblast, women were having an average of 2.165 children each. (Figures are not available for 2008, although for Russia as a whole fertility rates for 2008 were approx. 6% higher than that in 2007, and for Irkutsk 9% higher). Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.69 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 66.80 years (male — 61.90, female — 71.69) Tuva Republic Tuva ( / ˈ t uː v ə / ; Russian : Тува [tʊˈva] ) or Tyva ( / ˈ t ɪ v ə / ; Tuvan : Тыва [tʰɤ̀ʋɐ] ), officially
5400-795: Was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973. The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961. In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei , a philologist at the Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute . The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve
5475-633: Was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic , popularly called Tannu-Tuva . In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl , meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure an independent state between the World Wars . The state's ruler, Chairman Donduk Kuular , sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as
5550-426: Was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Alexander Kolchak 's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav . From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it
5625-630: Was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia . During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups. Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing a protectorate over the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time. Tuva became nominally independent as
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