77-565: Irvine Spectrum is a district in southeastern Irvine , Orange County, California , centered on the Irvine Spectrum Center shopping and lifestyle center . It is also an edge city , a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown, as defined by Joel Garreau in his 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier . The Irvine Spectrum Center is anchored by Target , Nordstrom and
154-528: A 19th century increase of crofts but, particularly in Sweden, also to a shift from tenant farmers to farm laborers ( statare ) hired on yearlong contracts, paid in-kind. The lives of torpare and statare were described by prominent Swedish and Finnish novelists and writers such as Ivar Lo-Johansson , Jan Fridegård , Väinö Linna ( Under the North Star trilogy ) and Moa Martinson . The Statare system
231-621: A Spanish explorer, came to the area in 1769, which led to the establishment of forts, missions and cattle herds. The King of Spain parceled out land for missions and private use. After Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican Congress passed the Mexican secularization act of 1833 which secularized the missions and resulted in the Mexican government assuming control of the lands of said missions. It began distributing
308-480: A large Edwards Cinema multiplex. Office space is leased by the Irvine Company , which promotes Irvine Spectrum as Orange County's new "tech hub" and its new "Downtown" of office space, with 13 million square feet of office space in over 40 office "communities". The area also includes apartments, and is immediately adjacent to two other districts that by Garreau's abovementioned criteria would make them part of
385-566: A major street which now stretches from Newport Beach to the city of Orange, was named in honor of this event. David Sills , then a young Boy Scout from Peoria, Illinois , was among the attendees at the 1953 Jamboree. Sills came back to Irvine as an adult and went on to serve four terms as the city's mayor. Myford Irvine died in 1959. The same year, the University of California asked the Irvine Company for 1,000 acres (4 km ) for
462-411: A male householder with no wife present. There were 3,218 (4.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 463 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 18,475 households (23.4%) were made up of individuals, and 4,146 (5.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61. There were 51,453 families (65.1% of all households); the average family size
539-658: A memorial to U.S. soldiers who died in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan , and the first memorial in the United States built before the wars ended. Other parks include: Irvine is a charter city , operating under a council–manager form of government. The City Council consists of the mayor and four City Council members. The Mayor serves a two-year term and Council members serve four-year terms. The city has
616-510: A new airport at El Toro. The Orange County Great Park was developed there. Irvine borders Tustin to the north, Santa Ana to the northwest, Lake Forest to the east and southeast, Laguna Hills and Laguna Woods to the south, Costa Mesa to the west, and Newport Beach to the southwest. Irvine also shares a small border with Orange to the north on open lands by the SR 261 . San Diego Creek , which flows northwest into Upper Newport Bay ,
693-443: A new university campus. The Irvine Company sold the requested land for $ 1 and later the state purchased an additional 500 acres (2.0 km ). William Pereira , the university's consulting architect, and the Irvine Company planners drew up master plans for a city of 50,000 people surrounding the new university. The plan called for industrial, residential and recreational areas, commercial centers and greenbelts. The new community
770-576: A periodic tenancy or a fixed term. In the cycle of animal husbandry and land use and improvement, the long-term effect of the Farm Business Tenancy on the landscape of Britain is not yet proven. It was predicted by landowners and other industry spokesmen that the 1995 Act would create opportunities for new tenants by allowing large areas of new lettings but this has not happened in practice as most landowners have continued to favour share farming or management agreements over formal tenancies and
847-452: A population of 212,375. The population density was 3,195.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,233.9/km ). The racial makeup of Irvine was 107,215 (50.5%) White , 3,718 (1.8%) African American , 355 (0.2%) Native American , 83,176 (39.2%) Asian , 334 (0.2%) Pacific Islander , 5,867 (2.8%) from other races , and 11,710 (5.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19,621 persons (9.2%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 45.1% of
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#1732790760608924-500: A result, though the husmenn were technically free to leave the land at any time, their poor economic state made them in essence "economic serfs". Failing to own their own land also made tenant farmers ineligible to vote according to the Norwegian Constitution at the time. The number of tenant farmers in the country grew during the 19th century, rising from 48,571 in 1825 to 65,060 in 1855, the latter figure representing
1001-476: A son or a widow. Their situation was usually poor but, contrary to in Denmark, they were in theory always free to leave. The croft's lease was typically paid in the form of corvée . They would work their own land as well as that of a landowning farmer ( bonde ), noble or other. In some aspects their situation made them easy victims of impressment . Population growth and landreforms ( enskiftet ) contributed to
1078-399: A substantial Chinese collection. Katie Wheeler was the granddaughter of James Irvine, and the library is a replica of the house owned by Irvine in which she grew up. Additionally, most UCI Libraries are open to the public. Irvine is home to USA Water Polo , the national governing body of the sport of water polo . Irvine is home to Orange County SC , a professional soccer team who
1155-599: A trade or business will fall within the limited protection of the 1995 Act so as to enjoy (provided the term is more than two years in length or there is a yearly tenancy) a mandatory minimum twelve months written notice to quit, including in respect of fixed terms. There is for all tenancies within the scope of the Act a mandatory tenants' right to remove fixtures and buildings (section 8) together with compensation for improvements (Part III). The rent review provisions in Part II may be
1232-671: A two-term limit for elected officials. Elections are held every two years, on even-numbered years. Before 2024, two Council members and the Mayor's seat were up for consideration in each election. The City Council appoints the City Manager, who functions as the chief administrator of the city. The City Council sets the policies for the city, and the City Manager is responsible for implementing the policies. The City Council appoints volunteers that serve on various advisory boards, commissions and committees. Tenant farming A tenant farmer
1309-644: Is a major issue in Irvine and Orange County, as the city council faces pressure to approve future income-subsidized housing projects to meet the demands of working-class citizens. Irvine's tourism information is coordinated through the Destination Irvine program run by the Chamber of Commerce. The program provides information on Irvine as a place to vacation and as a destination for meetings, events and other business initiatives. Irvine has been rated one of
1386-539: Is a member of the USL Championship . The team plays its home matches at Championship Soccer Stadium , located inside Great Park . Community parks in Irvine have public facilities located on each site, and neighborhood parks provide open space and some recreational amenities within the various villages of Irvine. Northwood Community Park features the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial ,
1463-399: Is a person ( farmer or farmworker ) who resides on land owned by a landlord . Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management, while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. Depending on the contract, tenants can make payments to
1540-420: Is a tenant farmer who usually provides no capital and pays fees with crops. A hired hand is an agricultural employee even though he or she may live on the premises and exercise a considerable amount of control over the agricultural work, such as a foreman. A sharecropper is a farm tenant who pays rent with a portion (often half) of the crop he raises and who brings little to the operation besides his family labor;
1617-477: Is the primary watercourse draining the city. Its largest tributary is Peters Canyon Wash . Most of Irvine is in a broad, flat valley between Loma Ridge in the north and San Joaquin Hills in the south. In the extreme northern and southern areas, however, are several hills, plateaus and canyons. Los Angeles architect William Pereira and Irvine Company employee Raymond Watson designed Irvine's layout beginning in
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#17327907606081694-832: The 2020 census . As of 2023, it is the second most populous city in Orange County, fifth most in the Greater Los Angeles region, and 63rd most in the United States . A number of corporations, particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors, have their national or international headquarters in Irvine. Irvine is also home to several higher-education institutions including the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Concordia University , Irvine Valley College , and campuses of California State University, Fullerton (CSUF), University of La Verne , and Pepperdine University . The Gabrieleño indigenous group inhabited Irvine about 2,000 years ago. Gaspar de Portolà ,
1771-464: The Black Death in the mid-14th century, the number of free tenants substantially increased. Many tenant farmers became affluent and socially well connected, and employed a substantial number of labourers and managed more than one farm. Tenancy could be either in perpetuity or rotated by the owners. Cottiers (cottagers) held much less land. The 17th century to the early 19th century witnessed
1848-543: The Church of Ireland and State. The majority of the people had no access to land. 1.5% of the population owned 33.7% of the island, and 50% of the country was in the hands of only 750 families. Absenteeism was common and detrimental to the country's progress. Tenants often sub-rented small plots on a yearly basis from local farmers paying for them by labour service by a system, known as conacre , most without any lease or land rights. Irish smallholders were indistinguishable from
1925-533: The Santa Fe Railroad extended its line to Fallbrook Junction, north of San Diego , and named a station along the way after James Irvine. The town that formed around this station was named Myford, after Irvine's son, because a post office in Calaveras County already bore the family name. The town was renamed Irvine in 1914. By 1918, 60,000 acres (240 km ) of lima beans were grown on
2002-477: The freehold was assigned under mortgage to tenant farmers and farm workers. The focus had been on the compulsory purchase of untenanted estates so that they could be divided into smaller units for local families. In 1983, the Commission ceased acquiring land; this signified the start of the end of the commission's reform of Irish land ownership, though freehold transfers of farmland still had to be signed off by
2079-559: The "pendant"). Residential areas are now bordered by two commercial districts, the Irvine Business Complex to the west (part of the South Coast Plaza–John Wayne Airport edge city ) and Irvine Spectrum to the east. All streets have landscaping allowances. Rights-of-way for powerlines also serve as bicycle corridors, parks, and greenbelts to tie together ecological preserves. The city irrigates
2156-579: The 1980s and later may be levied a Mello-Roos special tax, which came about in the post- Proposition 13 era. Each of the villages was initially planned to have a distinct architectural theme. Business and commercial areas Late spring and early summer in Irvine is subject to the June Gloom phenomenon widespread in southern California, with overcast mornings and occasional drizzle. Late summer and autumn are warm and mostly dry, with occasional bouts of humid weather extending from Pacific hurricanes off
2233-615: The Act of 1903 and the consequential Act of 1909, the national situation was completely transformed. When in March 1920, the Irish Estate Commission reviewed the development since 1903 under these Acts, they estimated that 83 million sterling had been advanced for 9 million acres (36,000 km ) transferred, whilst a further 2 million acres (8,100 km ) were pending costing 24 million sterling. By 1914, 75% of occupiers were buying out their landlords, mostly under
2310-498: The Commission into the 1990s. The commission was dissolved in March 1999. In Japan, landowners turned over their land to families of tenant farmers to manage. During the Meiji period , Japanese tenant farmers were traditionally cultivators rather than capitalistic or entrepreneurial venture by nature, paid in kind for their labors. Approximately 30% of land was held by tenants. Many aspects of Tokugawa feudalism continued. After WWII,
2387-542: The Farm Land Reform Law of 1946 banned absentee landlordism, re-distributing land and permitted tenants to buy. By the 1950s, it virtually eliminated the landlord-tenant relationship. Historically, despite Norway being practically a Danish province for almost 300 years before 1814, the countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (with Finland) had differing approaches to land tenure. A tenant farmer in Norway
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2464-538: The Great Drought. In 1866, Irvine, Flint and Bixby acquired 47,000-acre (190 km ) Rancho Lomas de Santiago for $ 7,000. After the Mexican-American War the land of Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana fell prey to tangled titles. In 1868, the ranch was divided among three claimants as part of a lawsuit: Flint, Bixby and Irvine. The ranches were devoted to sheep grazing. However, in 1870, tenant farming
2541-602: The Irvine Global Village Festival to celebrate the diversity among the citizens of Irvine and Orange County. The festival consists of exhibits from local merchants, entertainment from diverse cultures, and sampling of foods from various regions of the world. The event is held at the Orange County Great Park . The Irvine Community Television (ICTV) produces and broadcasts television programs on news, sports, arts, culture, safety for
2618-569: The Irvine Ranch. Two Marine Corps facilities, MCAS El Toro and MCAS Tustin , were built during World War II on ranch land sold to the government. James Irvine II died in 1947 at the age of 80. His son, Myford, assumed the presidency of the Irvine Company. He began opening small sections of the Irvine Ranch to urban development. The Irvine Ranch played host to the Boy Scouts of America 's 1953 National Scout Jamboree . Jamboree Road ,
2695-510: The Irvine community. The motto of ICTV is "For You, About You". ICTV airs on Cox Communications channel 30 and online. Irvine has three public libraries: Heritage Park Regional Library, University Park Library, and Katie Wheeler Library. The Heritage Library serves as the regional reference library for Central Orange County and has a strong business and art focus while the University Park Library has 95,745 books, including
2772-606: The Pacific Ocean. It can occasionally snow in the Santa Ana Mountains to the northeast of Irvine. Snow within the lower-lying parts of Irvine is very rare, but the area received three inches of snow in January 1949. A tornado touched down in Irvine in 1991, an event that happens in Orange County more generally approximately once every five years. The 2010 United States Census reported that Irvine had
2849-425: The age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 persons and the average family size was 3.17. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under
2926-437: The age of 18, 14.4% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males. According to 2007 Census Bureau estimates, the median income for a household in the city was $ 98,923, and the median income for a family was $ 111,455; these numbers make Irvine
3003-545: The breakup or reduction of many large estates, allowing many tenants to buy their holdings at favourable prices. The landmark 1948 Act was enacted at a time when war-time food rationing was still in force and sought to encourage long-term investment by tenants by granting them lifetime security of tenure. Under the Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976, security was extended to spouses and relatives of tenants for two successions, providing that they had been earning
3080-581: The cashless system. Economic historians Lee Alston and Joseph Ferrie (1999) describe the system as essentially an informal contract that: Tenant farmers often had agricultural managers who supervised their activities. In 1907, for instance, J. H. Netterville began employment for the Panola Company, an agricultural business founded by William Mackenzie Davidson in the rich farming area of St. Joseph in Tensas Parish in northeastern Louisiana in
3157-540: The city. The population density was 3,098.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,196.1/km ), as of the census. There were 53,711 housing units at an average density of 1,163.0 per square mile (449.0/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 61.1% White , 7.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 1.5% Black or African American , 0.2% Native American , 29.8% Asian , 1.1% Pacific Islander , 2.5% from other races , and 4.8% from two or more races. There were 51,199 households, out of which 36.0% had children under
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3234-692: The cottiers of England. The abuse of tenant farmers led to widespread emigration to the United States and the colonies and was a key factor within the Home Rule Movement . They also underlined a deterioration in Protestant-Catholic relationships, although there were notable elements of cooperation in reform attempts such as the Tenant Right League of the 1850s. Following the Great Famine tenant farmers were
3311-429: The definition of "agriculture" in section 96(1) was wide enough to include various uses that in themselves were not agricultural but were deemed so if ancillary to agriculture (e.g. woodlands). The essence of the code was to establish complex constraints on the landlord's ability to give the notice to quit while also converting fixed-term tenancies into yearly tenancies at the conclusion of the fixed term. In addition, there
3388-458: The edge city: Irvine, California Irvine ( / ˈ ɜːr v aɪ n / ) is a master-planned city in central Orange County, California , United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28, 1971. The 66-square-mile (170 km ) city had a population of 307,670 at
3465-543: The existence of the 1995 Act and for those tenancies falling within section 4 of the 1995 Act. For all other tenancies granted on or after 1 September 1995, their regulation is within the 1995 Act framework. That Act was altered with effect from 18 October 2006 by the Regulatory Reform (Agricultural Tenancies)(England and Wales) Order 2006 SI 2006/2805, which also contains changes to the 1986 Act. Tenancies granted after 18 October 2006 over agricultural land used for
3542-649: The first attempt to resolve problems of tenants rights in Ireland and the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 went even further to inspire campaigners even in Wales. The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885 followed, finally the great breakthrough after the successful 1902 Land Conference , the enactment of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 whereby the state financed tenants to completely buy out their landlords. Under
3619-650: The greenery with reclaimed water. The homeowners' associations which govern some village neighborhoods exercise varying degrees of control on the appearances of homes. In more restrictive areas, houses' roofing, paint colors, and landscaping are regulated. Older parts of the Village of Northwood that were developed beginning in the early 1970s independently of the Irvine Company and does not have homeowners' associations.The more tightly regulated villages generally offer more amenities, such as members-only swimming pools, tennis courts and parks. Homeowners in villages developed in
3696-424: The growth of large estates, and the opportunity for a farmer to hold land other than by tenancy was significantly reduced, with the result that by the 19th century, about 90% of agricultural land area and holdings were tenanted, although these figures declined markedly after World War II, to around 60% in 1950 and only 35% of agricultural land area in 1994. High rates of inheritance taxes in the postwar period led to
3773-507: The height of the husmann population in Norway, most of whom lived in the eastern part of the country. Given their difficult economic and social position in Norway, many Norwegian husmenn immigrated to Canada and the United States throughout the 19th century. Following the revolutions of 1848 the husmenn's cause was taken up by Marcus Thrane . Thrane fought for the husmenn's rights at home and also encouraged them to emigrate and seek better fortunes abroad. The number of husmenn began to decline in
3850-539: The land to Mexican citizens who applied for grants. Three large Spanish/Mexican land grants , also known as ranchos, made up the land that later became the Irvine Ranch: Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana , Rancho San Joaquin and Rancho Lomas de Santiago . In 1864, Jose Andres Sepulveda , owner of Rancho San Joaquin, sold 50,000 acres (200 km ) to Benjamin and Thomas Flint, Llewellyn Bixby and James Irvine for $ 18,000 to resolve debts due to
3927-496: The landlord usually furnishing working stock, tools, fertilizer, housing, fuel, and seed, and often providing regular advice and oversight. Tenant farming in the North was historically a step on the "agricultural ladder" from hired hand or sharecropper taken by young farmers as they accumulated enough experience and capital to buy land (or buy out their siblings when a farm was inherited). About two-thirds of sharecroppers were white,
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#17327907606084004-596: The largest class of people. Discontent led to the Land War of the 1870s onwards, the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 , the founding of the Land League 1879 to establish fair rents and the fixity of tenures. The movement played a key element in the unification of country and urban classes and the creation of a national identity not existing before. The Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 stands out as
4081-505: The late 1950s, which is nominally divided into townships called "villages", separated by six-lane arterial roads . Each township contains houses of similar design, along with commercial centers, religious institutions, and schools. Commercial districts are checker-boarded in a periphery around the central townships. Only automobile transportation was planned for, with other forms of transportation ignored, resulting in Irvine becoming extremely car dependent today. Pereira originally envisioned
4158-577: The majority of new lettings under the Act have been to existing farmers, often owner-occupiers taking on extra land at significantly higher rents than could be afforded by a traditional tenant. From the nineteenth century on, tenant farming immigrants came to Canada not just from the British Isles but also the United States of America. Until about 1900, the majority of Ireland was held by landlords, as much as 97% in 1870, and rented out to tenant farmers who had to pay rent to landlords and taxes to
4235-484: The majority of their income from the holding for five years. Succession rights were however withdrawn for new tenancies in 1984 and this was consolidated in the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986. These two statutes also laid down rules for the determination of rents by the arbitration process. The 1986 statute covered tenancies over agricultural land where the land was used for a trade or business and
4312-478: The one envisioned by the Pereira plan. By January 1999, Irvine had a population of 134,000 and a total area of 43 square miles (111 km ). In late 2003, after a ten-year-long legal battle, Irvine annexed the former El Toro Marine Corps Air Station . This added 7.3 square miles (19 km ) of land to the city and blocked an initiative championed by Newport Beach residents to replace John Wayne Airport with
4389-485: The owner either of a fixed portion of the product, in cash or in a combination. The rights the tenant has over the land, the form, and measures of payment vary across systems (geographically and chronologically). In some systems, the tenant could be evicted at whim ( tenancy at will ); in others, the landowner and tenant sign a contract for a fixed number of years ( tenancy for years or indenture ). In most developed countries today, at least some restrictions are placed on
4466-461: The population. The census reported that 205,819 people (96.9% of the population) lived in households, 5,968 (2.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 588 (0.3%) were institutionalized. There were 78,978 households, out of which 26,693 (33.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 40,930 (51.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,545 (9.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,978 (3.8%) had
4543-543: The previous legislation in the Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act 1991 and the Agriculture (Scotland) Act 1948. For Scotland see Crofting , a traditional and long-established means of tenant and subsistence farming. Tenant farming has been important in the US from the 1870s to the present. Tenants typically bring their own tools and animals. To that extent it is distinguished from being a sharecropper , which
4620-733: The rest black. Sharecroppers, the poorest of the poor, organized for better conditions. The racially integrated Southern Tenant Farmers Union made gains for sharecroppers in the 1930s. Sharecropping had diminished in the 1940s due to the Great Depression, farm mechanization, and other factors. In the Black Belt in the American South until the mid 20th century, the predominant agricultural system involved white land owners and African-American tenant farmers. Very little cash changed hands. The few local banks were small and cash
4697-420: The rights of landlords to evict tenants under normal circumstances. Historically, rural society utilised a three-tier structure of landowners ( nobility , gentry , yeomanry ), tenant farmers, and farmworkers . Originally, tenant farmers were known as peasants . Under Anglo-Norman law , almost all tenants were bonded to the land, and were therefore also villeins , but after the labour shortage occasioned by
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#17327907606084774-411: The second half of the 19th century, and by 1910 they made up less than 5% of Norwegian society. The term torpare/torppari (Swedish/Finnish for crofter ) refers to a slightly different type of tenant farmers, less secure than the inheritable usufruct right as åbo but sometimes with contracts as long as 50 years. The lease was, depending on the landowner's good will, in practice often transferred to
4851-477: The seventh richest city in the US, among cities with population 65,000 or higher. 9.1% of the population and 5.0% of families were below the poverty line . Of the total population, 6.1% of those under the age of 18 and 5.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. In 2006, the median gross rent paid for housing was $ 1,660 a month. This was the highest of any place in the United States of more than 100,000 people. The skyrocketing high cost of housing
4928-470: The subject of choice to a much greater extent than previously. Disputes under the Act are usually, by the terms of Part IV, the subject of statutory arbitration controlled by the framework of the Arbitration Act 1996 . The current regime under the 1995 Act for regulating tenancies, commonly known as Farm Business Tenancies, permits the creation of a clearly and easily terminable interest, whether by
5005-456: The tenants picked the cotton, and turned it all over to the landowners. They sold the cotton on the national market and used part of the funds to pay the debts owed to the country store. The cycle then started all over again. Landowners also worked some of the land directly, using black labor paid in cash. The landowners held all the political power, and fought vigorously against government welfare programs that would provide cash that would undermine
5082-637: The top cities for start-up businesses and its strong, fast-growing economy helped place Orange County as one of the top ten fastest growing job markets. Irvine is also used as a location for film projects. The city government grants free or low-cost filming permits and offers location information to prospective productions. The following companies are headquartered in Irvine: The following international companies have their North American headquarters in Irvine: Every October, Irvine hosts
5159-668: The two Acts. In all, under the pre-UK Land Acts over 316,000 tenants purchased their holdings amounting to 11,500,000 acres (47,000 km ) out of a total of 20 million in the country. On the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the Irish Land Commission was reconstituted by the Land Law (Commission) Act, 1923. The commission had acquired and supervised the transfer of up to 13 million acres (53,000 km ) of farmland between 1885 and 1920 where
5236-429: The university campus at the northern end of the Irvine Ranch. When the Irvine Company refused to relinquish valuable farmland in the flat central region of the ranch for this plan, the university site was moved to the base of the southern coastal hills . The city layout was based on the shape of a necklace (with the villages strung along two parallel main streets, which terminate at University of California, Irvine (UCI),
5313-544: The west coast of Mexico. Winters are mild, with most winters having no frost, and can be hot and dry when the Santa Ana winds blow. Irvine has a Mediterranean climate wherein precipitation occurs predominantly during the winter months. Because Irvine is close to the coast, different parts of Irvine have different microclimates ; for instance, the June Gloom effect is stronger in the southern parts of Irvine, closer to
5390-416: Was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.2%. 109,846 people (51.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 95,973 people (45.2%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Irvine had a median household income of $ 90,585, with 12.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line. The census of 2000 found there were 143,072 people, 51,199 households, and 34,354 families in
5467-632: Was 3.13. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 45,675 people (21.5%) under the age of 18, 30,384 people (14.3%) aged 18 to 24, 66,670 people (31.4%) aged 25 to 44, 51,185 people (24.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 18,461 people (8.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males. There were 83,899 housing units at an average density of 1,262.5 per square mile (487.5/km ), of which 39,646 (50.2%) were owner-occupied, and 39,332 (49.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate
5544-522: Was a uniform rent ascertainment scheme contained in section 12. It became difficult to obtain new tenancies as a result of landlords' reluctance to have a tenant protected by the 1986 Act and in 1995, the government of the day, with the support of industry organizations, enacted a new market-oriented code in the form of the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995 . The protection of the 1986 Act remains in respect of tenancies created prior to
5621-898: Was abolished in 1918 (Finland) and 1945 (Sweden), the Torpare system more gradually. Scotland has its own independent legal system and the legislation there differs from that of England and Wales. Neither the AHA 1986 nor the ATA 1995 applies in Scotland. The relevant legislation for Scotland is rather the Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act 2003 with the following amendments in The Public Services Reform (Agricultural Holdings) (Scotland) Order 2011, The Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2012 and The Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) 2003 Remedial Order 2014. These supersede
5698-431: Was known as a husmann (plural: husmenn ) and were most common in the mid-19th century when they constituted around one-quarter of the country's population. Heavy demands were placed on these tenants by their landlords, the bønder or land-owning farmers. The majority of the husmann's working hours were usually taken up by work for the landlord, leaving him little time to work on his own land or better his own situation. As
5775-520: Was permitted. In 1878, James Irvine acquired his partners' interests for $ 150,000 ($ 4,735,862 in 2023 dollars ). His 110,000 acres (450 km ) stretched 23 miles (37 km) from the Pacific Ocean to the Santa Ana River . James Irvine died in 1886. The ranch was inherited by his son, James Irvine II , who incorporated it into the Irvine Company . James Irvine II shifted the ranch operations to field crops, olive and citrus crops. In 1888,
5852-412: Was scarce and had to be hoarded for taxes. Landowners needed a great deal of labor at harvest time to pick the cash crop, cotton. The typical plan was to divide old plantations into small farms that were assigned to the tenants. Throughout the year the tenants lived rent-free. They tended their own gardens. Every week, they bought food and supplies on credit through the local country store. At harvest time,
5929-410: Was to be named Irvine; the old agricultural town of Irvine, where the railroad station and post office were located, was renamed East Irvine . The first phases of the villages of Turtle Rock, University Park, Westpark (then called Culverdale), El Camino Real, and Walnut were completed by 1970. On December 28, 1971, the residents of these communities voted to incorporate a substantially larger city than
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