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75-863: The proposed mandate was awarded on 25 April 1920 at the San Remo Conference , in Italy , in accordance with the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement but was not yet documented or defined. It was to be a class A mandate under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations . A draft mandate document was prepared by the British Colonial Office in June 1920 and submitted in draft form to the League of Nations in December 1920. Immediately after

150-776: A Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920, was ejected by the French in July the same year. The next year, he became king of Iraq. The Kingdom of Hejaz , on the Arabian Peninsula , was granted international recognition and had an estimated area of 100,000 sq mi (260,000 km ) and a population of about 750,000. The main cities were the Holy Places of Makka, with a population of 80,000, and Medina, with

225-723: A 25 percent share of the oil production from Mosul, with the remainder going to Britain and France undertook to deliver oil to the Mediterranean. The draft peace agreement with Turkey signed at the conference became the basis for the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres. Germany was called upon to carry out its military and reparation obligations under the Versailles Treaty, and a resolution was adopted in favor of restoring trade with Russia. Whilst Syria and Mesopotamia were provisionally recognized as states which would be given Mandatory assistance, Palestine would instead be administered by

300-478: A later date] by the Principal Allied Powers", leaving the status of outlying areas such as Zor and Transjordan unclear. The conference was attended by the four Principal Allied Powers of World War I who were represented by the prime ministers of Britain ( David Lloyd George ), France ( Alexandre Millerand ), Italy ( Francesco Nitti ) and by Japan 's Ambassador Keishirō Matsui . It

375-772: A local parliament, with a plebiscite overseen by the League of Nations after five years to decide if Smyrna's citizens wished to join Greece or to remain in the Ottoman Empire. The treaty accepted Greek administration of the Smyrna enclave, but the area remained under Turkish sovereignty. To protect the Christian population from attacks by the Turkish irregulars, the Greek army expanded its jurisdiction also to nearby cities creating

450-638: A mandatory government in Palestine that remained in power until 1948. Article 22 of the League of Nations Covenant , which contained the general rules to be applied to all Mandated Territories , was written two months before the signing of the Versaille Peace Treaty. It was not known at that time to which territories paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 would relate. The territories which came under the regime set up by this article were three former parts of

525-756: A national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. La Puissance mandataire s’engage à nommer dans le plus bref delai une Commission speciale pour etudier toute question et toute reclamation concernant les differentes communautes religieuses et en etablir le reglement. Il sera tenu compte dans la composition de cette Commission des interets religieux en jeu. Le President de la Commission sera nommé par le Conseil de la Societé des Nations. [The Mandatory undertakes to appoint in

600-671: A period of more than 15 months, started at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , continued at the Conference of London of February 1920 and took definite shape only after the San Remo Conference in April 1920. The delay occurred because the powers could not come to an agreement, which, in turn, hinged on the outcome of the Turkish National Movement . The Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified, and after

675-628: A population of 40,000. Under the Ottomans, it had been the vilayet of Hejaz , but during the war, it became an independent kingdom under British influence. The Treaty of Sèvres imposed terms on the Ottoman Empire that were far more severe than those imposed on the German Empire by the Treaty of Versailles. France, Italy and Britain had secretly begun planning the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915. The open negotiations covered

750-527: Is the "Syria" for which the French received a mandate at San Remo?' and "does it include Transjordania?" – it subsequently decided to pursue a policy of associating Transjordan with the mandated area of Palestine but not to apply the special provisions which were intended to provide a national home for the Jewish people West of the Jordan – and the French proclaimed Greater Lebanon and other component states of its Syrian mandate on 31 August 1920. For France,

825-749: The Chanak Crisis of September 1922, when the Armistice of Mudanya was concluded on 11 October, leading the former Allies of World War I to return to the negotiating table with the Turks in November 1922. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne , which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, ended the conflict and saw the establishment of the Republic of Turkey . The representatives of the Allied Powers submitted

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900-575: The Chatalja line ), the islands of Imbros and Tenedos and the islands of the Sea of Marmara were ceded to Greece. The waters surrounding the islands were declared international territory and left to the administration of the "Zone of the Straits". The Kurdistan region, including Mosul Province , was scheduled to have a referendum to decide its fate. There was no general agreement among Kurds on what

975-650: The Kingdom of Iraq , via the Anglo-Iraq Treaty of October 1922. The Kingdom of Iraq became independent in 1931–1932, in accordance with the League of Nations stance, which stated such states would be facilitated into "progressive development" as fully independent states. The civil government of British-administered Iraq was headed originally by the High Commissioner , Sir Percy Cox , and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson . British reprisals after

1050-582: The Manufacture nationale de Sèvres porcelain factory in Sèvres , France . The Treaty of Sèvres marked the beginning of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire . The treaty's stipulations included the renunciation of most territory not inhabited by Turkish people and their cession to the Allied administration. The ceding of Eastern Mediterranean lands saw the introduction of novel polities, including

1125-570: The Ottoman Bank . The Ottoman Public Debt Administration , instituted in 1881, was redesigned to include only British, French, and Italian bondholders. The Ottoman debt problem had dated back to the time of the Crimean War (1854–1856) during which the Ottoman Empire had borrowed money from abroad, mainly from France. Also the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire , which had been abolished in 1914 by Talaat Pasha , were restored. The empire

1200-537: The Paris Peace Conference , held at Castle Devachan in Sanremo , Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920. The San Remo Resolution passed on 25 April 1920 determined the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for the administration of three then-undefined Ottoman territories in the Middle East : " Palestine ", " Syria " and " Mesopotamia ". The boundaries of the three territories were "to be determined [at

1275-557: The San Remo Conference . The oil concession in the region was given to the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which had held concessionary rights to Mosul Province . British and Iraqi negotiators held acrimonious discussions over the new oil concession. The League of Nations voted on the disposition of Mosul, and the Iraqis feared that without British support, Iraq would lose

1350-572: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles was signed with the German Empire before the Treaty of Sèvres and annulled German concessions in the Ottoman sphere, including economic rights and enterprises. Also, France, Britain, and Italy signed a Tripartite Agreement on the same date. It confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions and turned

1425-554: The Van Region (possibly as a sop to Armenian claims to that region). Emin Ali Bedir Khan proposed an alternative map that included Van and an outlet to the sea via what is now Turkey's Hatay Province . Amid a joint declaration by Kurdish and Armenian delegations, Kurdish claims concerning Erzurum vilayet and Sassoun ( Sason ) were dropped, but arguments for sovereignty over Ağrı and Muş remained. Neither proposal

1500-470: The Allied Powers did not accept Ottoman reservations on the draft treaty. On July 20 the council announced that there was no other option but to approve the treaty. Grand Vizier Damat Ferit Pasha gave a speech, stating that the country had come to this point due to ten years of terrible mistakes instigated by the Committee of Union and Progress , but that Istanbul was still entrusted to the Turks because of

1575-544: The Allies Powers on 25 June 1920. The Allied Powers sternly rebuked Istanbul that they could expect to make any changes to the draft they previously prepared, other than a few minor, unimportant changes, and requested a response within ten days. Press in the capital was partial to the Sublime Porte with many concluding that there was no other choice but to accept the treaty. Before making the final decision on

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1650-533: The Armenian mandate, the only US hope was its inclusion in the treaty by the influential Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos . The treaty imposed a number of territorial losses on Turkey and had a number of provisions that applied to the territory recognised as belonging to Turkey. The Allies were to control the Ottoman Empire's finances, such as approving and supervising the national budget, implementing financial laws and regulations and totally controlling

1725-664: The British Mandate for Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon . The terms stirred hostility and Turkish nationalism . The treaty's signatories were stripped of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly , led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha , which ignited the Turkish War of Independence . Hostilities with Britain over the neutral zone of the Straits were narrowly avoided in

1800-749: The Euphrates region to the Mediterranean, which included the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (modern-day Hatay ); Damascus , including Damascus, Hama, Homs and the Hauran ; Greater Lebanon , extending from Tripoli to Palestine; the Alawite State , comprising the coast between the Sanjak of Alexandretta and Greater Lebanon, and the Jabal Druze State , around the city of As-Suwayda. Faisal ibn Husayn , who had been proclaimed king of Syria by

1875-530: The Jewish community in Baghdad, the notables in Baghdad and Basara, the rich landowning Arabs and Jews, and the Shaikhs of sedentary tribes. Mosul was added to the region of British influence following the 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement . The proposed mandate faced certain difficulties to be established, as a nationwide Iraqi revolt broke out in 1920 after which it was decided the territory would become

1950-515: The League of Nations), and tasked the mandatory with rendering to those territories "administrative advice and assistance until such time as they are able to stand alone" . Britain received the mandate for Palestine and Iraq ; France gained control of Syria, including present-day Lebanon. Following the 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement , Britain and France also signed the San Remo Oil Agreement , whereby Britain granted France

2025-658: The Mandatory under an obligation to implement the Balfour Declaration and Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations . It was agreed – (a) To accept the terms of the Mandates Article as given below with reference to Palestine, on the understanding that there was inserted in the procès-verbal an undertaking by the Mandatory Power that this would not involve the surrender of

2100-605: The Ottoman Empire and seven former overseas possessions of Germany referred to in Part IV, Section I, of the treaty of peace. Those 10 territorial areas were originally administered under 15 mandates. Treaty of S%C3%A8vres The Treaty of Sèvres ( French : Traité de Sèvres ) was a 1920 treaty signed between some of the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire , but not ratified. The treaty would have required

2175-503: The Principal Allied Powers and submitted to the Council of the League of Nations for approval. Turkey hereby undertakes, in accordance with the provisions of Article [132 of the Treaty of Sèvres] to accept any decisions which may be taken in this connection. (c) Les mandataires choisis par les principales Puissances alliés sont: la France pour la Syrie, et la Grande Bretagne pour la Mesopotamie, et la Palestine. [The officers chosen by

2250-717: The San Remo conference confirmed the mandate allocations of the Conference of London. The San Remo Resolution adopted on 25 April 1920 incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. It and Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations were the basic documents upon which the British Mandate for Palestine was constructed. Under the Balfour Declaration, the British government had undertaken to favour

2325-766: The San Remo decision meant that most of its claims in Syria were internationally recognized and relations with Faisal were now subject to French military and economic considerations. The ability of Great Britain to limit French action was also significantly diminished. France issued an ultimatum and intervened militarily at the Battle of Maysalun in July 1920, deposing the Arab government and removing King Faisal from Damascus in August 1920. In 1920, Great Britain appointed Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel as high commissioner and established

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2400-532: The Senate to ratify the Treaty of Sèvres if national unity was achieved. That required seeking the co-operation of Mustafa Kemal, who expressed disdain for the treaty and started a military assault. As a result, the Turkish government issued a note to the Entente that the ratification of the treaty was impossible at the time. Eventually, Mustafa Kemal succeeded in the Turkish War of Independence and forced most of

2475-575: The Syrians to unite to govern themselves as an independent nation". A Pan-Syrian Congress , meeting in Damascus, had proclaimed an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria on 8 March 1920. The new state included modern Syria and Jordan, portions of northern Mesopotamia which had been set aside under the Sykes–Picot Agreement for an independent Arab state or confederation of states, and nominally the areas of modern Israel–Palestine and Lebanon, although

2550-673: The Triple Entente to Italy in the Treaty of London , and the Italian colonial authorities wished the zone to become an Italian colony under the name of Lycia . A Zone of the Straits was proposed to include the Bosphorus , the Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara . Navigation would be open in the Dardanelles in times of peace and war alike to all vessels of commerce and war, regardless of flag. That would effectively lead to

2625-424: The Turkish War of Independence, most of the Treaty of Sèvres's signatories signed and ratified the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and 1924. While the Treaty of Sèvres was still under discussion, the Turkish national movement under Mustafa Kemal Pasha split with the monarchy, based in Istanbul , and set up a Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara in April 1920. The so-called Ankara government closely monitored

2700-413: The area. In March 1925, the TPC was renamed the " Iraq Petroleum Company " (IPC) and granted a full and complete concession for 75 years. The three principles of the British Balfour Declaration regarding Palestine were adopted in the Treaty of Sèvres: The French Mandate was settled at the San Remo Conference: it comprised the region between the basin of the Euphrates River and the Syrian Desert on

2775-410: The borders as drawn, mainly because of the political change after the 1920 Greek legislative election , and so never ratified the treaty. There were three signatories for the Ottoman Empire: Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha was present at the negotiations, but not a signatory to the treaty. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was not a party to the treaty because it had negotiated

2850-501: The borders of Kurdistan should be because of the disparity between the areas of Kurdish settlement and the political and administrative boundaries of the region. The outlines of Kurdistan as an entity had been proposed in 1919 by Şerif Pasha , who represented the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan ( Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti ) at the Paris Peace Conference . He defined the region's boundaries as follows: The frontiers of Turkish Kurdistan, from an ethnographical point of view, begin in

2925-426: The cession of large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well as creating large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire. It was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I . Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros . The treaty was signed on 10 August 1920 in an exhibition room at

3000-427: The draft peace treaty they had prepared at the San Remo Conference (18-26 April 1920) and requested a response from the Ottoman government within a month. Former Grand Vizier Tevfik Pasha sent the draft agreement, which he found “incompatible with the concepts of independence and even statehood”, to the government. The Ottoman government formed a commission to edit the proposal, and sent back their recommendations to

3075-444: The east and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and extended from the Nur Mountains in the north to Egypt in the south. This represented an area of about 60,000 sq mi (160,000 km ) with a population of about 3,000,000, including Lebanon and an enlarged Syria , both of which were later reassigned under a League of Nations Mandate . The region was divided under the French into five governments as follows: Aleppo , from

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3150-422: The eastern borders. Hostilities with Britain over the neutral zone of the Straits were narrowly avoided in the Chanak Crisis of September 1922, when the Armistice of Mudanya was concluded on 11 October, leading the former Allies of World War I to return to the negotiating table with the Turks in November 1922. That culminated in 1923 in the Treaty of Lausanne, which replaced the Treaty of Sèvres and restored

3225-423: The end of the First World War , Sir Arnold Wilson , the future High Commissioner to Iraq, recommended the annexation of Mesopotamia to India "as a colony of India and the Indians, such as the government of India administer it and gradually cultivate its vast plains, and settle the warrior Punjab races in it". In a memorandum written on 22 April 1918, Cox listed the social groups that the British should support:

3300-524: The establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine without prejudice to the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. Article 22, para.4 of the Covenant, classified certain populations as "communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire" as having "reached a stage of development where their existence as [an] independent nation can be provisionally recognized" (the Class A mandates under

3375-411: The former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a tripartite corporation. The United States, having refused in the Senate to assume a League of Nations mandate over Armenia , decided not to participate in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The US wanted a permanent peace as quickly as possible, with financial compensation for its military expenditure. However, after the Senate rejected

3450-472: The former wartime Allies to return to the negotiating table at Lausanne . Aside from Mustafa Kemal's armed opposition to the treaty in Anatolia, Arabs in Syria were unwilling to accept French rule, the Turks around Mosul attacked the British, and Arabs were up in arms against British rule in Baghdad. There was also disorder in Egypt. During the Turkish War of Independence , the Turkish Army successfully fought Greek , Armenian and French forces and secured

3525-456: The fourth paragraph of Article 22, Part I (Covenant of the League of Nations), be provisionally recognized as independent States, subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The boundaries of the said States will be determined, and the selection of the Mandatories made, by the Principal Allied Powers. The High Contracting Parties agree to entrust, by application of

3600-422: The granting of League of Nation mandates in the Middle East, Germany's obligations under the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, and the Allies' position on Soviet Russia. Asserting that not all parts of the Middle East were ready for full independence, mandates were established for the government of three territories: Syria, Mesopotamia and Palestine. In each case, one of the Allied Powers was assigned to implement

3675-411: The great economic interests that Italy, as an exclusively Mediterranean power, possesses in Asia Minor, withholds its approval of this resolution until Italian interests in Turkey in Asia shall have been settled.] While Transjordan was not mentioned during the discussions, three months later, in July 1920, the French defeat of the Arab Kingdom of Syria state precipitated the British need to know 'what

3750-412: The independence of a territory similar to that of present-day Turkey, as was aimed at by the National Pact . The Turkish national movement developed its own international relations with the Treaty of Moscow with Soviet Russia on 16 March 1921, the Accord of Ankara with France putting an end to the Franco-Turkish War , the Treaty of Alexandropol with the Armenians and the Treaty of Kars to fix

3825-710: The internationalisation of the waters, which were not to be subject to blockade, and no act of war could be committed there except to enforce decisions of the League of Nations. Certain ports were to be declared to be of international importance. The League of Nations insisted on the complete freedom and the absolute equality in treatment at such ports, particularly regarding charges and facilities, to ensure that economic provisions in commercially-strategic places were carried out. The regions were to be called "free zones". The ports were Constantinople from San Stefano to Dolmabahçe , Haidar-Pasha , Smyrna , Alexandretta , Haifa , Basra , Trabzon and Batum . Eastern Thrace (up to

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3900-434: The latter areas were never under Faisal's control. Faisal was declared the head of state. At the same time Prince Zeid , Faisal's brother, was declared regent of Mesopotamia. The conference was attended by the allies, the US representative joining the meeting later in an observer capacity: British Empire: France: Italy: Japan: Interpreter: United States of America (as observers): The peace treaty with Turkey,

3975-464: The latter as being responsible for the massacres committed during the continuance of the state of war on territory which formed part of the Ottoman Empire on August 1, 1914". However, the inter-allied tribunal attempt to prosecute war criminals as demanded by the Treaty of Sèvres was eventually suspended, and the men who orchestrated the genocide escaped prosecution and traveled relatively freely throughout Europe and Central Asia . The Ottoman Empire

4050-407: The mandate until the territories in question could "stand alone." Great Britain and France agreed to recognize the provisional independence of Syria and Mesopotamia, while claiming mandates for their administration. Palestine was included within the Ottoman administrative districts of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem together with the Sanjak of Nablus and Sanjak of Akka (Acre) . The decisions of

4125-552: The meetings of the Council of Four in 1919, British Prime Minister Lloyd George stated that the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence was the basis for the Sykes–Picot Agreement , which proposed an independent Arab state or confederation of states. In July 1919 the parliament of Greater Syria had refused to acknowledge any right claimed by the French Government to any part of Syrian territory. On 6 January 1920 Hussein's son Prince Faisal initialled an agreement with French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau which acknowledged "the right of

4200-451: The murder of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of northern Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists, who felt betrayed at being accorded mandate status. San Remo Conference The San Remo conference was an international meeting of the post- World War I Allied Supreme Council as an outgrowth of

4275-462: The north at Ziven , on the Caucasian frontier, and continue westwards to Erzurum , Erzincan , Kemah , Arapgir , Besni and Divick ( Divrik ?); in the south they follow the line from Harran , Sinjar Mountains , Tel Asfar, Erbil , Süleymaniye , Akk-el-man, Sinne ; in the east, Ravandiz, Başkale , Vezirkale , that is to say the frontier of Persia as far as Mount Ararat . That caused controversy among other Kurdish nationalists, as it excluded

4350-438: The preparation of the draft treaty and its acceptance by the Istanbul government. On June 7, 1920, the Grand National Assembly passed a law declaring all treaties signed by the Istanbul Government since 16 March 1920 (the formal occupation of Istanbul ) invalid. On 18 October, the government of Damat Ferid Pasha was replaced by a provisional one under Ahmed Tevfik Pasha as Grand Vizier , who announced an intention to convene

4425-535: The principal allied Powers are: France for Syria and Great Britain for Mesopotamia and Palestine.] In reference to the above decision the Supreme Council took note of the following reservation of the Italian Delegation: La Delegation Italienne en consideration des grands interêts economiques que l’Italie en tant que puissance exclusivement mediterranéenne possède en Asie Mineure, reserve son approbation à la presente resolution, jusqu’au reglement des interêts italiens en Turquie d’Asie. [The Italian delegation, in view of

4500-426: The provisions of Article 22, the administration of Palestine, within such boundaries as may be determined by the Principal Allied Powers, to a Mandatory, to be selected by the said Powers. The Mandatory will be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on the 8th [2nd] November, 1917, by the British Government, and adopted by the other Allied Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of

4575-483: The rights hitherto enjoyed by the non-Jewish communities in Palestine; this undertaking not to refer to the question of the religious protectorate of France, which had been settled earlier in the previous afternoon by the undertaking given by the French Government that they recognized this protectorate as being at an end. (b) that the terms of the Mandates Article should be as follows: The High Contracting Parties agree that Syria and Mesopotamia shall, in accordance with

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4650-447: The sea, and as to the demilitarisation of any portion of Turkish territory adjacent to the said frontier". The treaty specified that the frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan and Georgia were to be determined by direct negotiation between those states, with the Principle Allied Powers making the decision if those states fail to agree. The details in the treaty regarding the British Mandate for Iraq were completed on 25 April 1920 at

4725-399: The shortest time a special commission to study any subject and any queries concerning the different religious communities and regulations. The composition of this Commission will reflect the religious interests at stake. The President of the Commission will be appointed by the Council of the League of Nations.] The terms of the mandates in respect of the above territories will be formulated by

4800-556: The so-called "Smyrna Zone". Italy was formally given possession of the Dodecanese Islands , which had been under Italian occupation since the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 despite the Treaty of Ouchy according to which Italy should have returned the islands to the Ottoman Empire. Large portions of southern and west-central Anatolia , including the port city of Antalya and the historic Seljuk capital of Konya , were declared to be an Italian zone of influence on Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne . Antalya Province had been promised by

4875-426: The treaty demanded the empire to liquidate the property of citizens of those countries living within its territories. The public liquidation was to be organized by the Reparations Commission. Property rights of the Baghdad Railway were to pass from German control. The Ottoman Army was to be restricted to 50,700 men, and the Ottoman Navy could maintain only seven sloops and six torpedo boats . The Ottoman Empire

4950-417: The treaty, the sultan Mehmed VI convened another Sultanate Council on 22 July 1922 ( the first one was called in May 1919 after the Greek landing at Smyrna ), so that responsibility for treaty could be shifted to them. Government members, members of the Senate , former grand viziers, high-ranking officers, and leading figures of the ulema and bureaucracy were invited to the council. The number of delegates

5025-500: The trust the Allies had in the Sultan, and that there was no other solution than accepting the treaty. Other statesmen like Mustafa Sabri Efendi and Hâdî Pasha gave speeches in support of the treaty. A vote was held in which all delegates supported the signature of the treaty, except for Topçu Feriki Rıza Pasha, who abstained. George Dixon Grahame signed for the United Kingdom, Alexandre Millerand for France, and Count Lelio Longare for Italy. One Allied power, Greece, did not accept

5100-417: The way north to Sivas and Tokat , were declared a zone of French influence on Sykes–Picot Agreement . The Greek government administered the occupation of Smyrna from 21 May 1919. A protectorate was established on 30 July 1922. The treaty transferred "the exercise of her rights of sovereignty to a local parliament" but left the region within the Ottoman Empire. The treaty had Smyrna to be administered by

5175-419: Was 57 (down from 131 of the previous council), and didn't include politicians affiliated with the Turkish National Movement . Care was taken not to invite representatives of the Defense of Rights movement and those with a Unionist political identity and background. The council began deliberations by discussing a July 17 telegram from the Minister of the Interior Reşit Bey , who was in Paris, stating that

5250-431: Was convened following the February Conference of London where the allies met to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the negotiation of agreements that would become the Treaty of Sèvres . On 30 September 1918 supporters of the Arab Revolt in Damascus had declared a government loyal to Sharif Hussein , who had been declared "King of the Arabs" by religious leaders and other notables in Mecca . During

5325-430: Was endorsed by the treaty of Sèvres, which outlined a truncated Kurdistan on what is now Turkish territory (leaving out the Kurds of Iran, British-controlled Iraq and French-controlled Syria ). The current Iraqi–Turkish border was agreed upon in July 1926. Article 63 explicitly granted the full safeguard and protection to the Assyro-Chaldean minority, but that provision was dropped in the Treaty of Lausanne. Armenia

5400-455: Was prohibited from creating an air force. The treaty included an interallied commission of control and organisation to supervise the execution of the military clauses. The treaty required determination of those responsible for the Armenian genocide . Article 230 of the Treaty of Sèvres required the Ottoman Empire to "hand over to the Allied Powers the persons whose surrender may be required by

5475-668: Was recognised as a "free and independent" state in Section VI "Armenia", Articles 88-93. By Article 89, "Turkey and Armenia, as well as the other High Contracting Parties agree to submit to the arbitration of the President of the United States of America the question of the frontier to be fixed between Turkey and Armenia in the vilayets of Erzerum, Trebizond, Van and Bitlis, and to accept his decision thereupon, as well as any stipulations he may prescribe as to access for Armenia to

5550-461: Was required to grant freedom of transit to people, goods, vessels etc. passing through its territory, and goods in transit were to be free of all customs duties. Future changes to the tax system, the customs system, internal and external loans, import and export duties and concessions would need the consent of the financial commission of the Allied Powers to be implemented. To forestall the economic repenetration of Germany, Austria, Hungary or Bulgaria,

5625-480: Was to ensure equal rights between Muslims and non-Muslims, return deportees to their homes, and restore property which was previously confiscated. All conversions to Islam since 1 November 1914 were to be annulled. Within the territory retained by Turkey under the treaty, France received Syria and neighbouring parts of southeastern Anatolia , including Antep , Urfa and Mardin . Cilicia , including Adana , Diyarbakır and large portions of east-central Anatolia all

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