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41-533: Iraqw may refer to: Iraqw people Iraqw language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Iraqw . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqw&oldid=932892646 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

82-539: A child, and he has almost likely passed on this mentality to the younger members of his community. As a result, the NCAA has always had a difficult time convincing Maasai villages to use any institutions they create. However, in recent years, the NCAA has prioritized the basic educational requirements of NCA communities. As a result, Maasai youngsters in the NCA now have better access to basic and secondary education. Endulen Ward

123-693: A comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to Bayesian clustering analysis, the Iraqw generally grouped with other Afroasiatic-speaking populations inhabiting the Great Lakes region, with these lacustrine groups forming a cluster distinct from that of the Afroasiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa, North Africa and

164-727: A growing resident human population, as well as the need to promote and manage tourism. The estimated 93,000 pastoralists that today reside within NCA are roughly five times the amount that existed when the land was listed (1979). Emerging houses and settlements have visible consequences. Although small-scale agriculture is currently prohibited, communities are increasingly seeking the return of subsidence crop cultivation to achieve food self-sufficiency, heightening tensions between residents and conservation organizations. In addition, around 300,000 domestic animals coexist with wildlife on NCA property. The area's resident pastoralist population has gradually expanded from roughly 8,700 in 1966 to 20,000 at

205-534: A protected area. The Maasai people have a long history of coexisting with wildlife and have a high level of tolerance for it. However, causes such as poverty, food insecurity, expanding human population in the landscape, and diminishing resources are pushing cattle and animal interactions closer together, as well as increasing competition and conflict. Tourism provided by the NCAA is the district's main source of income. Many residents are Masai pastoralists and members of

246-479: Is building the NCA's first secondary school with financial backing from the NCAA, with each ward set to pay Tsh. 2 million and additional donors providing funds.The NCAA presently sponsors three kids from each Ward to attend secondary school each year, for a total of 18 students from NCA per year who get financial assistance from the NCAA. The NCAA intends to hire NCA community school graduates of suitable caliber as employees in their ranks. Another recent NCAA project

287-666: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Iraqw people The Iraqw have traditionally been viewed as remnants of Afro-Asiatic peoples who practiced agriculture and animal husbandry in the Great Lakes region — a succession of societies collectively known as the Stone Bowl cultural complex . Most of these early northern migrants are believed to have been absorbed by later movements of Nilotic and Bantu peoples. In

328-553: Is divided into three divisions : As of 2012, Ngorongoro District is administratively divided into 21 wards: As of 2023, the district has 82 primary school and 13 secondary schools, 6 of the latter high schools. Most of them are located in Loliondo. The total student poplaution is 9,494. Most of the Masai community lives in the south in the NCA and traditional Maasai culture has always been an impediment to individuals gaining

369-587: Is home to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The district is also home to the third tallest mountain in the country, Mount Loolmalasin . According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Ngorongoro Region was 129,776. By 2012, the population of the district was 174,278. By 2022, the population had grown to 273,549. The district's name has an onomatopoeic origin; it

410-403: Is uncontrolled. Moving vehicle dust plumes have a short-term impact on scenic values, although they are not serious. Uncontrolled construction of housing units on the property would jeopardize the site's integrity. Structure construction must be constantly monitored and regulated. Human-wildlife conflict occurs when livestock is lost to wild predators and/or depredated by wildlife within or near

451-809: The Barbaig sub-group of the Datog Nilotes, herders who are known to have occupied the Crater Highlands above Engaruka prior to the arrival of the Maasai . This population movement is reportedly consistent with the date of the Engaruka site's desertion, which is estimated at somewhere between 1700 and 1750. It also roughly coincides with the start of the diminishment of the Engaruka River's flow as well as those of other streams descending from

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492-717: The Crater Highlands . The Southern part of the District is the Ngorongoro Conservation Area which occupies 59 percent of the district which is in one of the Ngorongoro Divisions. The entire southern half of the district is designated as the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) which is governed by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA). The conservation area is the only one of its kind in Tanzania with all other of

533-609: The Iraqw language , which belongs to the South Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Iraqw speakers also speak Swahili , the national language of Tanzania . Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the ethnogenesis of the Iraqw people. Genetic genealogy , although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify

574-743: The Kerio Valley of Kenya , among other neighboring areas, there are vestiges of the Neolithic tillers' civilization in the form of elaborate irrigation systems. Although these particular structures are today maintained by the Marakwet subgroup of the Nandi Kalenjin Nilotes , the latter aver that they were the work of a northern people of peculiar language called the Sirikwa , who were later decimated by pestilence. According to

615-536: The Ngorongoro highlands ; water sources around which Engaruka's irrigation practices were centered. According to the Maasai Nilotes , who are the present-day occupants of Engaruka, the Iraqw also already inhabited the site when their own ancestors first entered the region during the 18th century. In 2001, the Iraqw population was estimated to number around 462,000 individuals. Current estimates suggest

656-495: The Sonjo farming communities in the north outside the conservation area. For a long time, agricultural use of NCA property has been a source of contention. The Maasai argue that the area environment is unfavorable to livestock, resulting in lower milk output and increased illness susceptibility. Due to the scarcity of milk and cattle, they are forced to supplement their food supply through agriculture. The NCAA rightly wishes to preserve

697-433: The wildebeest migration. While not part of the park, as such, much of the district is within the same Serengeti - Mara Ecosystem, which is defined by the limits of the annual wildlife migration. The dominant ethnic group in the district are the Maasai people . The most major present challenges in the NCA, which occupies 59% of the district's total land area, include high demands for natural resources and modernity from

738-484: The 2012 Population and Housing Census, Ngorongoro District has a population of 174,278 males, 82,610 men, and 91,668 women, with an average household size of 4.8 people and a population growth rate of 2.9 percent in Arusha Region. For parliamentary elections, Arusha Region is divided into constituencies. As of the 2010 elections Ngorongoro District had one constituency, Ngorongoro Constituency. The district

779-466: The British colonial government, the compensation would be paid in two installments, according to agreements with the colonial authority at the time. Phase I would see the construction of water sources (by dam, bore hole, or pipeline) in agreed-upon places. Phase II would see the establishment of veterinary centers in strategically selected locations, as well as the supply of veterinary medications. This pay

820-541: The Iraqw was Haplogroup B , which is commonly found in Nilotic populations; it was observed in 22% of Iraqw males. The third most frequently observed paternal DNA marker in the Iraqw was the E1b1a haplogroup (E-P1), which is now very common among Bantus; it was found in 11% of the Iraqw samples. IN a larger sample haplogroup T y-dna was found in 11% of Iraqw.[Hirbo et al.] The Iraqw's autosomal DNA has been examined in

861-530: The Iraqw. Based on articles about the Mbulu area of Tanzania, some Iraqw traditions are similar to those of Jewish people. Comprehensive anthropological analyses of the ethnic Iraqw by Ikeda et al. (1982) suggests that they share significant affinities with other Cushitic-speaking populations generally. However, due to intermarriage with the surrounding Tanzanian populations, the Iraqw also have some morphological ties with local Bantu groups. The Iraqw speak

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902-553: The Marakwet, the Sirikwa "built the furrows, but they did not teach us how to build them; we only know how to keep them as they are." Iraqw oral tradition also refers Lake Manyara as "Tlawta Moyar tsar" meaning "Second Lake Moya." The legend says the first Lake Moya is far north probably Lake Turkana of western Moyale around Kenya - Ethiopia border. Additionally, the Iraqw's ancestors are often credited with having constructed

943-771: The NCAA have a contractual agreement in which the NDC cedes jurisdictional management of the Ngorongoro Division to the NCAA. This enables the NCAA to plan its own community development efforts in accordance with its policy statement of 'conserving natural resources while protecting indigenous people'. The NDC, for their part, retains a stake in the NCA (Ngorongoro Division) in the education, health, and veterinary sectors, where they supply teachers and nurses, pay their wages, and sell pharmaceuticals to dispensaries. The NCA Maasai villages, according to NCAA leaders, are unable to possess land. Their village limits are acknowledged at

984-688: The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordnance No. 14 of 1959 went into effect. The Maasai, who had previously lived in what is now the Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), agreed to relocate to the newly constituted NCA at this time. Several years were spent prior to the establishment of the NCA negotiating the terms and conditions for the Maasai to move out of the Serengeti and into the NCA. According to

1025-534: The Sahara. This difference was attributed to marked genetic exchanges between the Iraqw and neighboring Nilo-Saharan and Bantu communities over the past 5,000 or so years. Ngorongoro District Ngorongoro District ( Wilaya ya Ngorongoro , in Swahili ) is one of seven districts in western Arusha Region of Tanzania . The district is bordered to the north by Kenya , to the east by Monduli District ,

1066-749: The Sale Division. The Ngorongoro District has an average rainfall of 800mm to 1,000mm and strong winds blowing from the East to the West. Large areas of the District of natural vegetation, the Acacia savannah, especially in the Central, Eastern and Western portions of the district. On the East and West side there is the Great Rift Valley and Mkubwa forests. The climate is more temperate and moorland in

1107-484: The capacity to fulfill complex administrative positions on behalf of their communities. For example, there has only recently been a shift in Maasai attitudes toward the importance of education. They have, rather belatedly, realized that if they are to have an impact on the tides of change that are undermining their community structures, they cannot continue to live in a vacuum. One senior traditional leader, for example, stated that he truly regretted running away from school as

1148-708: The community level, but tenure of that area is the NCAA's express domain, as defined in the NCA Ordnance. However, land can be owned outside the conservation area. The Hotels and lodges in the area pay NCAA concession fees, which contribute to financial support directed through the Community Development Department, as well as a levee to the Ngorongor District Council. Some hotels have contracts with NCA Maasai to supply beef, hog, lamb, and goat, however it appears that

1189-617: The country's protected areas designated as game reserves and national parks. The NCAA uniquely allows human habitation within the protected area, but places restrictions on land-use in the NCA, including cultivation and livestock grazing. While watering of cattle is permitted, human habitation and livestock grazing are forbidden in the Ngorongoro Crater. Within the district are the Ngorongoro Crater and active volcano Ol Doinyo Lengai . The district plays host to parts of

1230-471: The majority of this meat is acquired in Karatu and does not provide direct income to NCA communities. The hotels hire Maasai, but usually from outside the NCA settlements. They believe that their education is insufficient because they need to communicate and connect with their guests at a basic level. The district is also famous for its spessartine garnets, though they aren't mined commercially. According to

1271-584: The natural environment as much as possible, particularly in places designated as wildlife corridors, and has attempted to discourage development. Cultivation is, in fact, banned under the 1975 Ordinance, but the Prime Minister has temporarily waived this in the past as an emergency measure. Ngorongoro District Council (NDC) receives 25% of the NCAA's annual income, which is paid only when the audited accounts have been passed and only if funds are available after budgeted priorities have been met. The NDC and

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1312-613: The northeast by Longido District , and to the south by the Karatu District . The western border is the Serengeti District in Mara Region . Ngorongoro District is home to the Ngorongoro Crater and was named after it. It covers an area of 14,036 km (5,419 sq mi). The district is comparable in size to the land area of Timor Leste . The administrative seat is the town of Loliondo . The district

1353-524: The population of Iraqw people to the region of 1,000,000. Their core area of inhabitation is Iraqw’ar Da/aw (or Mama Issara) in the Mbulu Highlands in northern Manyara Region. It has long been known for its intensive cultivation, and referred to as an "island" within a matrix of less intensive cultivation. The areas surrounding Karatu town in the Arusha region are also predominantly settled by

1394-483: The possible background of the modern Iraqw. A Y-chromosome study by Wood et al. (2005) tested various populations in Africa for paternal lineages, including 9 Iraqw males from Tanzania. The authors observed the E1b1b haplogroup in 56% of the studied Iraqw, which is typical of Afro-Asiatic males from North and Northeast Africa, who possess the haplogroup at high frequencies. The second most frequent paternal lineage among

1435-563: The rising pastoralist population may damage the values. Traditional building materials and techniques (based on locally accessible natural materials) are rapidly giving way to the use of imported materials (e.g., cement and corrugated iron) and the use of hefty poles from local forests, which is unsustainable. Although the NCAA has established a set of "building codes" to guide such advances, the results of code application are uncertain. Lodge and tented camp developments are often well-located, camouflaged, and adequately built, while pastoralist housing

1476-526: The sprawling Engaruka complex in Monduli District , Arusha Region, Tanzania. The modern Iraqw practice an intensive form of self-contained agriculture that bears a remarkable similarity to the ruins of stone-walled canals , dams and furrows that are found at Engaruka. Iraqw historical traditions likewise relate that their last significant migration to their present area of inhabitation occurred about two or three centuries ago after conflicts with

1517-413: The time of World Heritage listing (1979) to 93,136 inhabitants in 2017. The population is expected to grow to 161,000 people by 2027. This population growth has a variety of consequences, including increased infrastructure, grazing grounds, human-wildlife conflicts, and land use disputes. The site's scenic values are being preserved. However, it is evident that housing and other infrastructure linked with

1558-499: The year 1700. Both clans were forced out of the area by the Maasai in the 1800s, making the Masai the district's most recent settlers. The NCA covers an area of 8,292 km2 in Ngorongoro District (59% of the district's total area). The NCA has 14 settlements divided into 6 wards, with a total population of around 42,000 people. On 1 July 1959, the NCA was established as a pioneering experiment in multiple land use, and

1599-421: Was deemed appropriate by the Maasai leadership at the time since it ensured the health of their cattle, their principal economic asset and a focal element of their culture. The compensation was never fully paid. Phase I saw the completion of 75% of the agreed-upon work. Phase II saw the completion of half of the agreed-upon work. In general, the Ngorongoro District has a tropical savannah climate , especially in

1640-526: Was named by Maasai pastoralists after the sound created by the cowbell ("enkorkor"). Various hominid species have occupied the area for 3 million years, according to fossil evidence discovered at the Olduvai Gorge . A few thousand years ago, early hunter-gatherers were displaced by pastoralists . The Mbulu pastoralists arrived in the area some 2,000 years ago and were joined by the Datooga in

1681-444: Was the training of 144 community members as militia to help with security in the NCA. This effort appears to be still extremely low-key, and these trained persons appear to work on a volunteer basis at the village level.. However, they do accompany NCAA security patrols when they visit their regions to provide comprehensive information about the area that only a homeowner can provide. The militia troops on these patrols are armed and get

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