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35-587: Iriomote Island ( 西表島 , Iriomote-jima , Yaeyama : Irïmutii ; Iriomote: Irimutii ; Okinawan : Iriumuti ) is the largest of the Yaeyama Islands of Japan , and the second largest in Okinawa Prefecture after Okinawa Island itself. The island has an area of 289.27 km (111.69 sq mi) and a 2005 population of 2,347. The island does not have an airstrip, and most visitors—over 390,000 in 2006—arrive from Ishigaki by ferry,

70-570: A Macro-Yaeyama branch of the Southern Ryukyuan languages. Innovations in Southern Ryukyuan languages, splitting Macro-Yaeyama and Miyako language families, include an "irregular shift from tone class B to A in 'how many' and a special form for 'garden'". Macro-Yaeyama innovations, grouping together Yaeyama languages and Dunan contain the "grammaticalization of 'know' as a potential auxiliary", similarities between multiple special forms such as "bud", "happy", "fresh", and "dirt", as well as

105-488: A Northern Ryukyuan language common to Okinawan dialects that later converged with the other Yaeyama dialects. The Ryukyuan language split from Proto-Japonic when its speakers migrated to the Ryukyu Islands. The Ryukyuan languages split from Proto-Japonic in the last 2,000 years, though estimates offer different potential time periods ranging from 2 BCE to 800 CE. The Yaeyaman languages are classified under

140-510: A sequence becoming a long o with u in a light syllable and uwa(a) in a heavy syllable. The Miyara subdialect of Ishigaki has 21 consonants and 6 vowels in its inventory. It is noted that e and o are always long, as in many varieties of Ryukyuan . Long vowels are often shortened before the moraic nasal . Following /s/ , /z/ , and /t͡s/ , underlying /u/ neutralizes to [ɨ] . After nasals ( /m/ , /n/ ), glides ( /j/ , /w/ ) alveolar stops ( /t/ , /d/ ) or /h/ , /ɸ/ , and /ʃ/ ,

175-481: A "b" word initially compared to Japanese "w". This is perhaps believed to be an innovation from earlier "w". This also includes Japanese cognates that once had an initial "w" but was dropped later in the history of the language, such as "wodori" > "odori". Many of these features have been lost in the history of the Okinawan language or were innovated compared to all other Japonic languages. One explanation for this

210-505: A 31.4 km (19.5 mi) ride to Uwahara Port ( 上原港 ) on Iriomote's northeast coast or Ōhara Port ( 大原港 ) on the southeast coast. Administratively, the island belongs to Taketomi Town , Okinawa Prefecture . Its infrastructure is limited to a single coastal road connecting the hamlets on the northern and eastern shores. The island is famed for the Iriomote cat , a Critically Endangered wild cat found only on Iriomote. As of 2007,

245-412: A U.S. made "SCORPIO" ROV in 1995, a group of divers encountered a sonar contact with what appeared to be a metal structure, about 6.1 m (20 ft) in diameter and about 35 m (115 ft) in length (exposed) at an angle of roughly 20-30 degrees. The SONAR image of a large unexpected obstruction to the operations prompted the divers to command evasive maneuvers and avoid the area for the safety of

280-438: A case system with nine case markings and particles . There are eleven auxiliary verbs to denote forms of mood and aspect . The Ishigaki dialect is noted for having a peculiar expression of cardinal directions . It is found that when speaking to other native speakers, Ishigaki-speakers use an "intrinsic" and "relative" frame of reference system in which "north" and "south" are expressed in an intrinsic frame of reference as

315-481: A low pitch but end with a low pitch. "Peripheral tone classes" are also noted in certain nouns and adverb. Hatoma is noted for having the simplest verb conjugation and morphophonology of the Yaeyama dialects. One phonological process is a sequence of i , followed by e , becoming e in the case of i being in a light syllable and ja(a) in a heavy syllable. There is also a process of a sequence u , followed by

350-427: A semantic conflation of "nephew" to mean either "nephew" or "niece". Yaeyaman dialects are differentiated from Dunan by innovations regarding a replacement of the verb "sell" with a causative form of "buy", a special form of "get wet", as well as an irregular shift of "*g>n" in 'beard'. Some of the pronunciations that disappeared from Japanese around the 8th century, during Japan's Nara period, can still be found in

385-489: A wh-phrase is considered incorrect grammar. Yet, du marking is optional for adverbial or adjunct wh-phrases. In questions with multiple wh-words, only one can be marked with du . Further research is needed to learn more about Wh-questions in Yaeyama. The endangerment of Ryukyuan languages is attributed to historical and governmental factors. Originating in the 1872 annexation of the Okinawan Islands to Japan and

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420-500: Is an active undersea volcano which last erupted in 1924; the summit is 200 m (660 ft) below sea level. The island is surrounded by multiple smaller islands, including Yubu Island approximately 0.5 km to the east and Ballast Island approximately 2.5 km off the northeastern coast. The island's Urauchi River is the largest river in Okinawa Prefecture, and the smaller Nakama and Nakara rivers also flow within

455-633: Is evidence that phonological conditioning, namely an epenthetic -r marking between present stative -i and present tense marker -u (in order to avoid subsequent vowel sequences) , accounts for non-overt attributive markings. In Yaeyama, wh-phrases are marked with du , in contrast to Standard Japanese ka . taa -du who- Q suba-ba soba- PRT fai ate taa -du suba-ba fai who-Q soba-PRT ate Who ate soba? kurisu-ja Chris- TOP noo-ba -du what- PRT - Q fai ate kurisu-ja noo-ba -du fai Chris-TOP what-PRT-Q ate What did Chris eat? Omitting du from

490-511: Is noted for having more vowels than any other dialect. A pharyngeal e is believed to be a result of "the coalescence of Proto-Yaeyama diphthongs '*ai and *aɨ.'" There are three accent pitches present in Hateruma: falling, level, and rising accents. To correlate pitches, there are three classes of words under an "A, B, C" system; class A words correlate with the falling pitch, and class B and C are shown to have "an uneven correspondence with

525-608: Is that it is possible to travel by sea from mainland Japan to the main island of Okinawa while keeping one island or another in sight at nearly all times; but there is a larger gap between the main island of Okinawa and the Yaeyamas, which would have required several nights on the open sea. For this reason, there was less traffic between mainland Japan and the Yaeyama islands, allowing further linguistic divergence. The Hateruma dialect contains seven vowels, with no distinction between long-short vowel length, and sixteen consonants. Hateruma

560-586: Is the Society for Spreading Okinawan ( Uchinaguchi fukyu kyogikai) , whose constitution is dedicated to initiating dialect classes and Okinawan teacher training programs, as well as advancing towards a singular Okinawan orthography . There are also notable submovements in Ryukyuan language survival present in Okinawan radio broadcasts, as well as "presentation circles and plays" and language classes integrated in

595-498: Is usually no more than around knee deep, even during high tide the maximum depth is around 1 meter. Water buffalo carts are used as a means of transportation between Yubu Island and Iriomote Island, and have become an important tourist attraction for the island. When it is low tide and the waves are calm, it is possible to cross between islands on foot. Utility poles are built in the sea from Iriomote Island to Yubu Island in order to guide foot traffic. A botanical garden encompasses most of

630-642: The Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education . Yaeyama language Yaeyama is spoken in Ishigaki , Taketomi , Kohama , Kuroshima , Hatoma , Aragusuku , Iriomote and Hateruma , with complications of mutual intelligibility between dialects as a result of the Yaeyama Islands' large geographic span. The speech of Yonaguni Island , while related, is usually considered a separate language . The Taketomi dialect may instead be

665-612: The Yaeyama Islands . The Iriomote dialect of the Yaeyama language is spoken by some people on the island. The island had few settlements of fishermen and rice growers on the coastal areas, but it never had a large population until the Iriomote Coal Mine operated between 1889 and 1959. During World War II some residents of Ishigaki were forcibly made to take refuge in Iriomote, many of whom contracted malaria. After

700-537: The Japanese school system. There is estimated to be a remaining 7,000-10,000 Yaeyama speakers, mostly being spoken in the home. There have been many revival societies and movements erected to preserve Ryukyuan languages and culture. The earliest language revival movement is regarded as being part of the Koza Society of Culture, instituted in 1955. A large benefactor to preserving and reviving Ryukyuan languages

735-453: The Level and Rising patterns." The Hateruma dialect is regarded as an innovative variety of Yaeyama Ryukyuan. It is the only dialect of the Yaeyama group to feature the pharyngeal eˤ, sonorant devoicing, noun-final consonant epenthesis and spirantization of voiceless velar stop before the vowel *i. It is also considered to have the strongest aspiration among of the Yaeyama dialects, and is also

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770-485: The Okinawan school curriculum on the local level. Yubu Island Yubu Island ( 由布島 , Yubu-jima ) is an island of the Yaeyama Islands of Japan , it is located about 0.5 miles east of Iriomote Island . The " Subtropical Botanical Garden " encompasses most of the island. Yubu Island is a small island with a total area of 0.15 km and a circumference of 2.0 km. It is located 0.5 km east of Iriomote Island. The water level between Yubu Island and Iriomote Island

805-448: The ROV. The divers, thinking they would have another opportunity to work in the area at a later date, left the area and never returned to that site. Their ROV was lost in 1997 off Yonaguni Island , the last island belonging to Okinawa off the east coast of Taiwan. They were fairly certain that the object was a submarine, and quite possibly the  USS Snook . No further dives in

840-459: The Yaeyama cognate will have an "i" (this is seen in "funi" above); and where modern Japanese has an "o", the Yaeyama cognate will have a "u" (as seen in "patu" above). However, in the cases where Proto-Japonic has an *e , *əy , or *o that is not word final, Japanese is no more conservative than Yaeyama in this regard, as both underwent the same vowel raising at different stages, as shown below: Like all Southern Ryukyuan languages, Yaeyama shows

875-653: The Yaeyama languages. One example is the initial "p" sound, which in Japanese became an "h", while remaining a "p" in Yaeyama, except for "pu", which became "fu" in Yaeyama. While the Yaeyama language was more "conservative" in some aspects, in the sense of preserving certain pronunciations, in other aspects it was more innovative. One example is the vowel system. Old Japanese had eight vowels (some perhaps diphthongs); this has been reduced to five in modern Japanese, but in Yaeyaman, vowel reduction has progressed further, to three vowels. Generally, when modern Japanese has an "e",

910-465: The area have yet been attempted. A large volcanic eruption took place at a submarine volcano north of the island in 1924. It had an estimated volcanic explosivity index of 5. The island's coast was covered in large quantities of pumice and pumice was also found as far as Hokkaido. Apart from tourism, the island economy is sustained by agricultural production, primarily of pineapple , sugarcane , mango , culture pearl growing and fishing . 90% of

945-558: The creation of Okinawa Prefecture in 1879, there has since been a movement referred to as the "Japanization of the Luchuan Islands". A national language movement known as kokugo has developed in result of this. The kokugo movement includes the 1907 implementation of the Ordinance of Dialect Regulation, demoting diverse Ryukyuan languages to the status of "dialects" ( hogen ) and discouraging of speaking these dialects in

980-497: The high central vowel /ɨ/ does not appear. Hateruma uses morphology and suffixation in its verbs and adjectives. Derivational morphology expresses causative and passive forms in verbs; potential forms are equal to the passive form. Verbal inflection expresses two types of indicatives , an imperative form, as well as a cohortative and prohibitive ending. Adjectives, nouns and verbs also compound and reduplicate, especially in producing adverbs from adjectives. Hateruma has

1015-524: The island is covered by dense jungle and mangrove swamps. 80% of the island is protected state land, and 34.3% of the island forms the Iriomote National Park . The highest point on the island is Mt. Komi (古見岳 Komidake ) at 469.5 m (1,540 ft). Around 21 km (13 mi) northwest ( 24°33′29″N 124°00′00″E  /  24.558°N 124.000°E  / 24.558; 124.000  ( Iriomotejima ) ) of Iriomote

1050-461: The island. After the Pacific War , in 1947, people who migrated from Taketomi Island and Kuroshima Island to Iriomote Island, established a settlement on Yubu Island. Fruit trees and sugar canes were cultivated, and water buffaloes were raised. On September 26, 1969, Typhoon Elsie struck Yubu Island and most of the island's inhabitants moved to Iriomote soon after. On April 1, 1981,

1085-800: The island. Iriomote is also home to Pinaisara Falls, the largest waterfall in Okinawa Prefecture. Iriomote has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ). The average yearly temperature is 23.9 °C (75.0 °F), and the average monthly temperature ranges from 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July. Iriomote has a typhoon season that, on average, runs from June to September. Schools on Iriomote Island are operated by Taketomi Town . Combined elementary and junior high schools include: Junior high schools include: Elementary schools include: For public senior high school students may attend schools of

Iriomote Island - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-440: The only variety to display nasal and liquid devoicing. The pharyngeal eˤ may be regionally expressed as /ɛ/ , especially among those over the age of 90. Additionally, Hateruma has the following sixteen consonants: The Hatoma dialect contains two "tonal categories", denoted as marked and unmarked. Words of the marked class are analyzed as being "high from the syllable containing the second mora " and unmarked words begin from

1155-421: The population size is estimated to be 100–109 individuals. The island has a venomous snake, Protobothrops elegans or "elegant pit viper ", known locally as the habu , a species whose bite has a fatality rate of 3% and a permanent disability rate of 6–8%. Satakentia liukiuensis , the only species in the genus Satakentia , is a palm tree that is endemic to the two islands of Ishigaki and Iriomote in

1190-416: The verbs agaru ("go up, climb") and oriru (" go down, descend"), instead of Standard Japanese kita (" north") and minami ("south"). It is found that most speakers express "east" and "west" as Standard Japanese hidari (" left") and migi (" right") in a relative frame of reference. Miyaran Yaeyama has been argued to have no marked attributive form, unlike Okinawan and Old Japanese . However, there

1225-582: The war, the US Forces in Japan eradicated malaria from the island, and the island has been malaria-free since then. The island, together with the rest of Okinawa Prefecture, remained a US-controlled territory until 1972. Iriomote was returned to Japan on June 17, 1972. The possibility exists that a World War II-era U.S. submarine lies in about 350 m (1,150 ft) of water off the coast of Iriomote Island. During operations with an Okinawan company using

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