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90-429: Princess Irina was the daughter of Prince Felix , the heir of one of the wealthiest families of Russia and of Europe. Her mother, Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia , was the daughter of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna , the elder daughter of Tsar Alexander III and sister of Tsar Nicolas II . Through her mother's side, she was a descendant of Christian IX of Denmark . After

180-547: A Muslim surname with a Polish ending: Ryzwanowicz ; other surnames adopted by more assimilated Tatars are Tatara or Tataranowicz or Taterczyński , which literally mean "son of a Tatar". The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life. In modern-day Poland, their presence

270-817: A classmate. He rented an apartment in Curzon Street , Mayfair , and met several times with the ballerina Anna Pavlova , who lived in Hampstead . The engagement took place in the fall of 1913 in the Yusupov Palace in Koreiz . He married Princess Irina of Russia , the tsar's only biological niece, in the Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg on 22 February 1914. The bride wore a veil that had belonged to Marie Antoinette . The Yusupovs went on honeymoon to

360-456: A man idling in such times," Olga wrote to Nicholas on 5 March 1915 after paying a visit to the Yusupovs. "Yusupov's plan, as he described it in his book, was to seek closer acquaintance with the healer Grigori Rasputin , and win his confidence. He asked Rasputin to cure a slight malady from which he suffered." These sessions stopped early January 1915 when, according to Maurice Paléologue ,

450-464: A mosque that remained in use as of 2017 . Crimean Tatars are an indigenous people of Crimea. Their formation occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from Cumans that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea (Greeks, Scythians, and Goths). At the beginning of the 13th century, Crimea, where the majority of the population

540-582: A name for populations of the former Golden Horde in Europe, such as those of the former Kazan , Crimean , Astrakhan , Qasim , and Siberian Khanates. The form Tartar has its origins in either Latin or French , coming to Western European languages from Turkish and the Persian language ( tātār , "mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extra r was present in the Western forms and according to

630-404: A perfect fit. He had ceased doing that one night when he impersonated a singer at a club when a member of the audience spotted the family jewelry. Yusupov made a quick exit by smashing a champagne bottle over the nightclub's power box to cause a temporary blackout and ran off into the winter's night. From 1909 to 1913, he studied Forestry and later English at University College, Oxford , where he

720-541: A result of the legal precedent set by the Yusupov case. In 1965, Felix Yusupov also sued CBS in a New York court for televising a play based upon the Rasputin assassination. The claim was that some events were fictionalized, and under a New York state statute, his commercial rights in his story had been misappropriated. The last reported judicial opinion in the case was a ruling by New York's second-highest court that

810-600: A self-designation, others do not. The term is originally not just an exonym , since the Polovtsians of Golden Horde called themselves Tatar . It is also an endonym to a number of peoples of Siberia and Russian Far East , namely the Khakas people (тадар, tadar). Eleventh-century Kara-khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari noted that the historical Tatars were bilingual, speaking other Turkic languages besides their own. The modern Tatar language , together with

900-548: A single society formed a special people. — Carl Wilhelm Müller . "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German. — Johann Gottlieb Georgi . Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About

990-776: A substantial amount of Russian and Arabic loanwords. Before 1917, polygamy was practiced only by the wealthier classes and was a waning institution. The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of the Astrakhan Khanate 's population, who live mostly in Astrakhan Oblast . In the Russian census of 2010 most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as "Tatars" and few declared themselves as "Astrakhan Tatars". Many Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast, and differences between

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1080-586: A wing/floor of the Liteyny House into a hospital for wounded soldiers. Felix was able to avoid entering military service himself by taking advantage of a law exempting only sons from serving. Irina's first cousin, Grand Duchess Olga , to whom she had been close when they were children, was disdainful of Felix: "Felix is a 'downright civilian,' dressed all in brown, walked to and fro about the room, searching in some bookcases with magazines and virtually doing nothing; an utterly unpleasant impression he makes –

1170-933: Is a conditional territory, the possessions of which are controlled by the Nogai Horde, they were run by foremen beki: The Tatar Queen Syuyumbike , who was the daughter of the Nogai biya, also testifies to the Nogai roots of the Kazan Tatars. And this is also confirmed by the Khans of the Kazan Khanate: The large coat of arms of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible testifies that the Tatars of the Kazan Khanate and

1260-509: Is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian Jerzy Łojek . A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled in Brooklyn , New York City , in the early 20th century. They established

1350-526: Is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation . That confederation was eventually incorporated into the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes. Historically, the term Tatars (or Tartars ) was applied to anyone originating from

1440-528: Is independent of Volga–Ural Tatar. The dialects are quite remote from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension . The claim that Siberian Tatar is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars. Crimean Tatar is the indigenous language of the Crimean Tatar people . Because of its common name, Crimean Tatar

1530-610: Is sometimes mistakenly seen in Russia as a dialect of Kazan Tatar . Although these languages are related (as both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are (as mentioned above) Kumyk and Karachay-Balkar , not Kazan Tatar. Still, there exists an opinion ( E. R. Tenishev ), according to which the Kazan Tatar language is included in the same Kipchak-Cuman group as Crimean Tatar. The largest Tatar populations are

1620-651: The Bashkir language , forms the Kypchak-Volga-Ural group within the Kipchak languages (also known as Northwestern Turkic). There are two Tatar dialects—Central and Western. The Western dialect (Misher) is spoken mostly by Mishärs , the Central dialect is spoken by Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars . Both dialects have subdialects. Central Tatar furnishes the base of literary Tatar. The Siberian Tatar language

1710-585: The February Revolution , the Yusupovs fled Russia and settled in Paris , leaving behind most of their wealth. At first, the little girl was raised by her paternal grandparents until, at the age of nine, they returned the little princess to her parents. According to her father, Prince Felix Yusupov Feliksovitch, his daughter received a poor education causing an alteration in the character of the girl, who became capricious. Princess Irina Felixovna Yusupova

1800-873: The Golden Horde . During the reign of Meñli I Giray , Hacı's son, the army of the Great Horde that still existed then invaded Crimea from the north, Crimean Khan won the general battle, overtaking the army of the Horde Khan in Takht-Lia, where he was killed, the Horde ceased to exist, and the Crimean Khan became the Great Khan and the successor of this state. Since then, the Crimean Khanate

1890-657: The Lipka Tatars (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean and Nogay Tatars (15th–16th centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well as Volga Tatars (16th–17th centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by

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1980-615: The National Gallery in Washington, DC . In Crimea, the family boarded a British warship, HMS Marlborough , which took them from Yalta to Malta . On the ship, Felix enjoyed boasting about the murder of Rasputin. One of the British officers noted that Irina "appeared shy and retiring at first, but it was only necessary to take a little notice of her pretty, small daughter to break through her reserve and discover that she

2070-617: The Oxford English Dictionary this was most likely due to an association with Tartarus . The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference to the hordes of Genghis Khan and is of unknown origin; according to the Oxford English Dictionary it is "said to be" ultimately from tata . The Arabic word for Tatars is تتار . Tatars themselves wrote their name as تاتار or طاطار . Ochir (2016) states that Siberian Tatars and

2160-521: The Persian front ; Purishkevich was already on his way to the Romanian Front . The last Tsar also sentenced Yusupov to house arrest upon his estate in Rakitnoye . Yusupov published several accounts of the night and the events surrounding the murder. Recent historians have cast considerable doubt, however, upon Prince Yusupov's account (see Grigori Rasputin ). According to Maklakov, Yusupov

2250-616: The Sergei Palace . (The upper levels of the palace were occupied by the British embassy and the Anglo-Russian Hospital . ) Empress Alexandra had refused to meet the two but said that they could explain what had happened in a letter to her. She wanted both shot immediately , but she was persuaded to back off from the idea. Without a trial, the tsar ordered the Grand Duke Dmitri to active service on

2340-518: The Soviet Union . It is estimated that about 3,000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census. There are two Tatar villages ( Bohoniki and Kruszyniany ) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities in Warsaw , Gdańsk , Białystok , and Gorzów Wielkopolski . Tatars in Poland sometimes have

2430-693: The Tatar language . Accordingly, they form distinct groups such as the Mişär group and the Qasim group: A minority of Christianized Volga Tatars are known as Keräşens . The Volga Tatars used the Turkic Old Tatar language for their literature between the 15th and 19th centuries. It was written in the İske imlâ variant of the Arabic script , but actual spelling varied regionally. The older literary language included many Arabic and Persian loanwords. However,

2520-878: The Volga Tatars , native to the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region of European Russia, and the Crimean Tatars of Crimea . Smaller groups of Lipka Tatars and Astrakhan Tatars also live in Europe and the Siberian Tatars in Asia. In the 7th century AD, the Volga Bulgars settled on the territory of the Volga-Kama region, where Finno-Ugrians lived compactly at that time. Bulgars inhabited part of

2610-543: The Volga-Ural region ( Tatarstan and Bashkortostan ) of European Russia, who for this reason are often also known as "Tatars" in Russian. They compose 53% of the population in Tatarstan. Their language is known as the Tatar language . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 5.3 million ethnic Tatars in Russia. While also speaking languages belonging to different Kipchak sub-groups, genetic studies have shown that

2700-418: The 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted szlachta (nobility) status, a tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Such migrants included

2790-960: The 1910s the Volga Tatars numbered about half a million in the Kazan Governorate in Tatarstan , their historical homeland, about 400,000 in each of the governments of Ufa , 100,000 in Samara and Simbirsk , and about 30,000 in Vyatka , Saratov , Tambov , Penza , Nizhny Novgorod , Perm and Orenburg . An additional 15,000 had migrated to Ryazan or were settled as prisoners in the 16th and 17th centuries in Lithuania ( Vilnius , Grodno and Podolia ). An additional 2,000 resided in St. Petersburg. Most Kazan Tatars practice Islam. The Kazan Tatars speak Kazan (normal) Tatar language, with

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2880-861: The 1990s in order to help identify bones recovered in Siberia in 1979 as the remains of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , who was executed in 1918 along with his wife and children. The test required a female line descendant, as mDNA is passed unchanged from mother to child , unless there is a mutation. In Sheremeteva's case, mDNA from their shared ancestor, Empress Maria Feodorovna , passed to her great-grandmother, Grand Duchess Xenia of Russia, then to her grandmother, Princess Irina of Russia, and then to her mother, Princess Irina Yusopova, and finally to her. Felix Yusupov Knyaz Felix Felixovich Yusupov, Count Sumarokov-Elston ( Russian : Князь Фе́ликс Фе́ликсович Юсу́пов, Граф Сумаро́ков-Эльстон ; 24 March [ O.S. 11 March] 1887 – 27 September 1967)

2970-740: The August Roman Emperor Leopold to the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich in 1661, described by Baron Mayerberg himself Kazan Tatars are descendants of the Tatars of the Kazan Kingdom of the Kipchak Horde. — "Alphabetical list of peoples living in the Russian Empire in 1895" [1] Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan — and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which

3060-592: The Bulgarian and Cheremis land, and there were very few of them on the territory of the future Kazan Khanate. But during the events of 1438–1445, associated with the formation of the Kazan Khanate, together with Khan Uluk-Muhammad, about 40 thousand Tatars arrived here at once. Subsequently, Tatars from Astrakhan , Azov , Crimea , Akhtubinsk and other places moved to the Kazan Khanate . The Arab historian Al-Omari (Shihabuddin al-Umari) wrote that, having joined

3150-818: The Bulgars of the Volga Bulgarian land are different peoples and territories with different coats of arms. Forming The formation of the Kazan Tatars occurred only in the Golden Horde in the 14th - first half of the 15th century. from the Central Asian Turkic-Tatar tribes that arrived with the Mongols and appeared in the Lower Volga region in the 11th century. Kipchaks (Polovtsians). There were only minor groups of Kipchak tribes on

3240-583: The Crimea (at Koreiz , Kökköz and Balaklava ), coal and iron-ore mines, plants and factories, flour mills and oil fields on the Caspian Sea . His father served between 1886 and 1904 as an adjutant to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich the General-Governor of Moscow (with the support of Grand Duke Nikolas Nikolaevich ). Felix led a flamboyant life. As a young man, he cross-dressed , which he later recalled to get into cabarets, which denied entrance to those in school uniforms. His brother 's mistress Polya had helped him out by giving him her clothes which were

3330-442: The Crimea, Italy , Egypt , Jerusalem , London , and Bad Kissingen in Germany , where his parents were staying. When World War I broke out in August 1914, both he and his wife were briefly detained in Berlin. Irina asked her relative, Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia , to intervene with Kaiser Wilhelm II . The Kaiser refused to permit the Yusupov family to leave but offered them a choice of three country estates to live in for

3420-401: The Crimean Tatars were forced to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire. In total, from 1783 till the beginning of the 20th century, at least 800 thousand Tatars left Crimea. In 1917, the Crimean Tatars, in an effort to recreate their statehood, announced the Crimean People's Republic —the first democratic republic in the Muslim world, where all peoples were equal in rights. The head of the republic was

3510-665: The Duma on the day before, and who quickly agreed to participate in the assassination. On the night of 29/30 December ( NS ) 1916, Felix, Dmitri, Vladimir Purishkevich, assistant Stanislas de Lazovert, and Sukhotin killed Rasputin in the Moika Palace under the pretense of a housewarming party . A major reconstruction of the palace had almost been finished, with a small room in the basement carefully furnished. Perhaps some women were invited but Yusupov did not mention their names; Radzinsky suggested Dimitri's step-sister Marianne Pistohlkors and film star Vera Karalli . Smith came up with Princess Olga Paley and Anna von Drenteln. Somewhere in

3600-445: The Golden Horde, the Cumans moved to the position of subjects. The Tatar-Mongols who settled on the territory of the Polovtsian steppe gradually mixed with the Polovtsians. Al-Omari concludes that after several generations, the Tatars began to look like Polovtsy: "as if from the same (with them) kind," because they began to live on their lands. Finally in the end of the 19th century; although the name Nogailars persisted in some places;

3690-413: The Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled in Lithuania proper around Vilnius , Trakai , Hrodna and Kaunas and spread to other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. These areas comprise parts of present-day Lithuania , Belarus and Poland . From the very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known as the Lipka Tatars. From

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3780-516: The Russian army invaded Crimea, led by Münnich , devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital, Bakhchisaray , and burnt the Khan's palace with all the archives and documents, and then left Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year later the same was done by another Russian general— Peter Lacy . Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. The Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774 resulted in

3870-499: The Russian military gave rise to a lot of rumors that Yusupov’s family was involved in misprision of treason , according to Alexander Spiridovich : Sunday, June 13, 1915: There were also stormy demonstrations at the gates of the Convent of Martha-and-Mary , the abbess of which is the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna , the Empress's sister and widow of the Grand Duke Sergei . This charming woman, who spends her whole life in devotion and good works, has been smothered with insults, for

3960-428: The Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the Mongolic Nine Tatars , whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries. Pow (2019) proposes that Turkic-speaking peoples of Cumania , as a sign of political allegiance, adopted

4050-419: The Yusupovs returned to the Moika Palace before they went to Crimea . They later returned to the palace to retrieve jewels (including the blue Sultan of Morocco Diamond, the Polar Star Diamond , and the Marie Antoinette Diamond Earrings ) and two paintings by Rembrandt , the sale proceeds of the paintings helped sustain the family in exile. The paintings were bought by Joseph E. Widener in 1921 and are now in

4140-420: The antique dealer Albert Stopford wrote that politics was the issue. After an hour or so, Rasputin was fairly drunk. Still waiting for Rasputin to collapse, Yusupov became anxious that Rasputin might live until the morning, leaving the conspirators no time to conceal his body. Yusupov went upstairs came back with a revolver. Rasputin was hit at close range by a bullet that entered his left chest and penetrated

4230-413: The army of the Crimean Khan Devlet II Giray , finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars. When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision, his response was: "You might know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of the Sublime Porte are entrusted to me. You do not have

4320-466: The beginning of princess (khanum) Canike's, the daughter of the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh and the wife of the founder of the Nogai Horde Edigey , reign in the peninsula. During her reign she strongly supported Hacı Giray in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Сanike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania. In 1441, an embassy from

4410-482: The building were a major-domo and a valet , waiting for orders. According to both Yusupov and Purishkevich, a gramophone in the study played interminably the Yankee Doodle when Rasputin came in. Yusupov mentions in his unreliable memoirs, that he then offered Rasputin tea and petit fours laced with a large amount of potassium cyanide . According to the diplomat, Maurice Paléologue —who in later years rewrote his diary—they discussed spirituality and occultism;

4500-442: The case could not be resolved upon briefs and affidavits but must go to trial. According to an obituary of CBS's lawyer, Carleton G. Eldridge Jr., CBS eventually won the case. In 1928, after Yusupov published his memoir detailing the killing of Rasputin, Rasputin's daughter, Maria , sued Yusupov and Dmitri in a Paris court for damages of $ 800,000. She condemned both men as murderers and said any decent person would be disgusted by

4590-448: The company to shut down. (A new business under the same name was started by others in Paris in 2008.) In 1932, he and his wife successfully sued American film company MGM , in the English courts , for libel and invasion of privacy in connection with the film Rasputin and the Empress . The alleged libel was not that the character based on Felix had committed murder but that the character based on Irina, called "Princess Natasha" in

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4680-415: The corpse from Bolshoy Petrovsky Bridge into an ice hole in the Little Nevka . On the empress's orders, a police investigation commenced and traces of blood were discovered on the steps to the back door of the Yusupov Palace. Prince Felix attempted to explain the blood with a story that one of his favorite dogs was shot accidentally by Grand Duke Dmitri. Yusupov and Dmitri were placed under house arrest in

4770-409: The defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, Imperial Russia violated the treaty and annexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783. Due to the oppression by the Russian administration,

4860-401: The duration of the war. Felix's father appealed to the Spanish ambassador in Germany and won permission for them to return to Russia via neutral Denmark to the Grand Duchy of Finland and from there to Saint Petersburg. The Yusupovs' only daughter, Princess Irina Felixovna Yusupova , nicknamed Bébé, was born on 21 March 1915. She was largely raised by her paternal grandparents until she

4950-435: The endonym Tatar of their Mongol conquerors, before ultimately subsuming the latter culturally and linguistically. Some Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were named Tatar , although not all Turkic peoples of Russian Empire were referred to as Tatars (for instance, this name was never used in relation to the Yakuts , Chuvashes , Sarts and some others). Some of these populations used and keep using Tatar as

5040-400: The ferocity of Rasputin's killing. Maria's claim was dismissed. The French court ruled that it had no jurisdiction over a political killing that had occurred in Russia. Irina and Felix were married for more than 50 years. When Felix died in 1967, Irina was stricken by grief and she died three years later, on 26 February 1970. He was buried in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery , in

5130-414: The film, was portrayed as having been seduced by the lecherous Rasputin. In 1934, the Yusupovs were awarded £25,000 damages, an enormous sum at the time, which was attributed to the successful arguments of their barrister, Patrick Hastings . The disclaimer that now appears at the end of many American films, "The preceding was a work of fiction, any similarity to a living person ...", first appeared as

5220-426: The first two letters of their first names. Irina modeled some of the dresses the pair and other designers at the firm created. Yusupov became renowned in the Russian émigré community for his financial generosity. Their philanthropy, their continued high living, and poor financial management extinguished what remained of the family fortune. Felix's bad business sense and the Wall Street crash of 1929 eventually forced

5310-415: The inter-war boundaries of Poland (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius. The Tatars suffered serious losses during World War II and furthermore, after the border change in 1945 , a large part of them found themselves in

5400-450: The lawyer Vasily Maklakov for advice. Yusopov then asked Sergei Mikhailovich Sukhotin, a Preobrazhensky Regiment officer recovering from war injuries, who was also a friend of his mother. Grand Duke Dmitri welcomed Yusupov's suggestion as an indication that killing Rasputin would not be a demonstration against the [Romanov] dynasty. On 20 November, Felix visited Vladimir Purishkevich , who had delivered an angry anti-Rasputin speech in

5490-399: The majority identified themselves simply as the Muslims ) and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders eventually converted to Sunni Islam ( c. 14th century). As the Golden Horde disintegrated in the 15th century, the area became the territory of the Kazan khanate, which Russia ultimately conquered in the 16th century. Some Volga Tatars speak different dialects of

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5580-418: The modern literary language (generally written using a Cyrillic alphabet ), often has Russian- and other European-derived words instead. Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak Russian as their first language (in cities such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg , Nizhniy Novgorod , Tashkent , Almaty , and in cities of the Ural region and western Siberia) and other languages in a worldwide diaspora. In

5670-432: The modern territory of Tatarstan, Udmurtia , Ulyanovsk region , Samara region and Chuvashia . After the invasion of Batu Khan in 1223–1236, the Golden Horde annexed Volga Bulgaria. Most of the population of the Bulgars survived and crossed to the right bank of the Volga, displacing the mountain Mari ( cheremis ) from the inhabited territories to the meadow side. Sources of Russian chronicles report: "Tatares took

5760-427: The monarchs, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed to intermarry with Christians,a practice uncommon in Europe at the time. The May Constitution of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the Polish Sejm (parliament). Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g.

5850-462: The most absurd stories were spread about Alexandra Feodorovna being the Starets' lover, Rasputin was also accused of espionage for Imperial Germany, and the tsarina was called nothing but "the German woman" (her birth nationality). The men did not meet again for almost two years. In February 1916 Felix began studies at the elite Page Corps military academy and tried joining an Imperial Russian Army regiment in August. The heavy losses by

5940-450: The people of Moscow have long been convinced that she is a German spy …. All this news has caused the greatest consternation at Tsarskoye Selo . The Empress is violently attacking Prince Yusupov…. On 19 June 1915, after anti-German pogroms in Moscow, he was dismissed from the post of chief of the Moscow Military District, and on September 3, 1915 from the post of commander-in-chief over Moscow. Early November 1916, Felix Yusupov approached

6030-423: The peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. — 1799. page 8 Also in Kazan there is a famous " Kaban Lake " similar to the name of the " Kuban River ", which translates from Nogai as "overflowing". The main now central Bauman Street that leads to the Kremlin is one of the oldest streets in Kazan. In the era of the Kazan Khanate, it was called the Nogai district. Nogai daruga

6120-433: The representatives of several strongest clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and Barın and the Cumanic clan—Kıpçak, went to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of the Giray dynasty , which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783. Hacı I Giray was a Jochid descendant of Genghis Khan and of his grandson Batu Khan of

6210-429: The right to interfere in them." Treaty of the Pruth was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean Khan Qaplan I Giray was summoned by the Turkish Sultan Ahmed III to Persia . Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in 1736

6300-432: The sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation of a distinctive Muslim culture , in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools. About 5,500 Tatars lived within

6390-523: The shipping company, Vlasoff. He later contracted tuberculosis, and they moved to Greece for a climate better suited to his condition. They had one daughter, Countess Xenia Nikolaevna Sheremeteva, born 1 March 1942 in Rome. Princess Irina Felixovna Yusupova died on 30 August 1983 at Cormeilles in France. She was buried alongside her paternal grandparents and her parents at the cemetery Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery in Essonne , France ). Xenia Sheremeteva provided mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) in

6480-537: The southern suburbs of Paris. Yusupov's private papers and several family artifacts and paintings are now owned by Victor Contreras, a Mexican sculptor who, as a young art student in the 1960s, met Yusupov and lived with the family for five years in Paris. Descendants of Felix and Irina are: [REDACTED] Media related to Felix Yusupov at Wikimedia Commons Tatar The Tatars ( / ˈ t ɑː t ər z / TAH -tərz ), formerly also spelled Tartars ,

6570-419: The stomach and the liver. The wounds were serious, and Rasputin would have died in 10–20 min, but he succeeded in escaping outside. A second bullet from a distance with a firearm lodged into his spine after penetrating the right kidney. Rasputin fell into the snow-clad courtyard and his body was taken inside. It is not clear whether or not Yusupov beat Rasputin with a sort of dumbbell . It is also not clear if it

6660-453: The three main groups of Tatars (Volga, Crimean , Siberian ) do not have common ancestors and, thus, their formation occurred independently of one another. However, it is possible that all Tatar groups have at least partially the same origin, mainly from the times of the Golden Horde . Many noble families in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire had Tatar origins. Tatar became

6750-582: The two groups have been disappearing. The Lipka Tatars are a group of Turkic-speaking Tatars who originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve their shamanistic religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians. Towards the end of the 14th century Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430) invited another wave of Tatars—Muslims, this time—into

6840-470: The vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as Tartary , a term which was also conflated with the Mongol Empire itself. More recently, however, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves as Tatars or who speak languages that are commonly referred to as Tatar . The largest group amongst the Tatars by far are the Volga Tatars , native to

6930-585: The viceroy of God on earth. At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean one, the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth paid annual tribute to the khan (until 1700 and 1699 , respectively). In 1711, when Peter I of Russia went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by

7020-541: The whole Bulgarian land captive and killed part of it" After a while, Tatars from all the outskirts of the Golden Horde began to arrive in the Kazan Khanate , and consisted mainly of Kipchak peoples: Nogais and Crimean Tatars . Kazan was built by the Perekop fugitives from Taurida during the reign of Vasily Vasilyevich in Moscow . Vasily Ivanovich forced her to take tsars from him for herself. And then, when she

7110-459: Was Purishkevich who shot him point-blank into the forehead. A curious policeman on duty on the other side of the Moika had heard the shots, rang at the door, and was sent away. Half an hour later, another policeman arrived, and Purishkevich invited him into the palace. Purishkevich told him that he had shot Rasputin and asked him to keep it quiet for the sake of the tsar. The conspirators finally threw

7200-696: Was a Russian aristocrat from the House of Yusupov who is best known for participating in the assassination of Grigori Rasputin and for marrying Princess Irina Alexandrovna , a niece of Emperor Nicholas II . He was born in the Moika Palace in Saint Petersburg , the capital of the Russian Empire . His father was Count Felix Felixovich Sumarokov-Elston , the son of Count Felix Nikolaievich Sumarokov-Elston . Zinaida Yusupova , his mother,

7290-665: Was a member of the Bullingdon Club , and established the Oxford Russian Club. Yusupov was living on 14 King Edward Street , had a Russian cook, a French driver, an English valet, and a housekeeper, and spent much of his time partying. He owned three horses, a macaw , and a bulldog called Punch. He smoked hashish , danced the tango, and became friendly with Luigi Franchetti, a piano player, and Jacques de Beistegui, who both moved in. At some time, Yusupov became acquainted with Albert Stopford and Oswald Rayner ,

7380-534: Was already composed of a Turkic people —Cumans, became a part of the Golden Horde . The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since

7470-548: Was also very charming and spoke fluent English." From Malta, they travelled to Italy and then to Paris. In Italy, lacking a visa, he bribed the officials with diamonds. In Paris, they stayed a few days in the Hôtel de Vendôme before they went on to London. In 1920, they returned to Paris. The Yusupovs lived in the following places in France: The Yusupovs founded a short-lived couture house, IRFĒ , named after

7560-523: Was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century. The Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire , with great autonomy after 1580, because of being a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate just could not be separate from the Ottoman caliphate, and therefore the Crimean khans had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact,

7650-507: Was indignant, he embarrassed her with the hardships of a dangerous war, but he did not conquer her. But in 7061 ( 1552 ), his son Ivan IV took the city of Kazan after a six-month siege together with the Cheremis . However, in the form of a reward for the offense, he subdued neighboring Bulgaria , which he could not stand for frequent rebellions. — The journey to Muscovy of Baron Augustine Mayerberg and Horace Wilhelm Calvucci, ambassadors of

7740-472: Was nine. Felix and Irina, raised mainly by nannies themselves, were ill-suited to take on the day-to-day burdens of child-rearing. Bébé adored her father but had a more distant relationship with her mother. After the death of his brother Nicholas in a duel in 1908, Felix was the heir to an immense fortune. Consulting with family members about how best to administer the money and property, he decided to devote time and money to charitable activities and converted

7830-409: Was not the mastermind. Fuhrmann thinks that Yusupov was the man who hatched the plot and who carried it out. "The clumsy way the assassination was carried out shows it was the work of an amateur." Fuhrmann also thinks Yusupov's "...candid Memoirs were corroborated by the other conspirators." On 2 March, one week after the February Revolution , Nicholas abdicated the throne. Following the abdication,

7920-511: Was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especially Nogai Tatars , who all through their union into

8010-488: Was raised by nannies and, whilst she adored her father, she was very distant with her mother. Princess Irina married on 19 June 1938 in Paris , France , Count Nikolai Dmitrievich Sheremetev (28 October 1904, Moscow , Russia – 5 February 1979, Paris , France ), son of Count Dmitri Sergeievich Sheremetev and his wife Countess Irina Ilarionovna Vorontsova-Dashkova . His ancestors include Boris Petrovich Sheremetev and Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov . He worked with

8100-822: Was the last of the Yusupov line , of Tatar origin, and very wealthy. For the Yusupov name not to die out, his father (1856, Saint Petersburg – 1928, Rome, Italy) was granted the title and the surname of his wife, Princess Zinaida Yusupova, on 11 June 1885, a year after their marriage, but effective after the death of his father-in-law in 1891. The Yusupov family, one of the richest families in Imperial Russia, had acquired their wealth generations earlier. It included four palaces in Saint Petersburg, three palaces in Moscow, 37 estates in different parts of Russia, in

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