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59-569: Irish Council may refer to: Irish Privy Council , formal executive of Ireland before 1922 Irish Council Bill , 1907 proposal for an Irish Council with administrative powers See also [ edit ] Council of Ireland (disambiguation) Irish Society (disambiguation) Local government in Ireland (disambiguation) , most local authorities are governed by councils. All pages with titles containing Irish Council Topics referred to by

118-535: A "favoured minority" of Irish Catholics – mostly Old English Royalists – recovered all or most of their pre-war estates. Examples of this include Ormonde and his relatives, and supporters like Richard Bellings or Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim . The people who had been militant Irish Confederates during the wars – who had rejected an alliance with the Royalists, or sought better terms from Charles I in return for an alliance – got little or nothing from

177-587: A meeting of the Irish council summoned by the Lord Chancellor of Ireland , as when William Drury was elected in 1579 between Henry Sidney 's recall and Lord Grey 's arrival. Charles I ordered the Lord Deputy to reform the "negligent meeting" of the privy council's committees. The Act of Explanation 1665 empowered the viceroy and council to override the royal charters of municipal corporations;

236-529: A member after stepping down. After the Church of Ireland's 1871 disestablishment its archbishops of Dublin and Armagh were no longer appointed. James II appointed Catholic Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell as Lord Deputy and appointed Catholics to the council, including judges and Richard Nagle . Tyrconnell objected to Nagle on the ground that he was undignified as a practising barrister . Later penal laws prevented Catholic Privy Councillors until

295-402: A right of audience with the viceroy, and many men were anxious to become members purely for this access and took little or no part in council business. Charles II 's 1679 plan to reduce the number to 20 or 30 was not acted on. By the eighteenth century, there were over 100 councillors, few of whom usually attended meetings. Nevertheless, the viceroy informally consulted an inner circle before

354-834: A rumour that the Free State government was seeking to transfer the JCPC's appellate jurisdiction to a revived Privy Council of Ireland. The Parliamentary Gazette , an unofficial reference work, continued to publish lists of members of the "Privy Council in Ireland" as late as 1934. Official sources after 1922 occasionally retained the style "Rt Hon" for members of the dormant Irish Privy Council; for example in Oireachtas proceedings of Andrew Jameson , Bryan Mahon , and James Macmahon , and in The London Gazette of Henry Givens Burgess . Hugh O'Neill, 1st Baron Rathcavan

413-536: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Irish Privy Council As in England, the medieval unitary king's council evolved into distinct bodies, the smallest being the privy council, of senior advisors to the king (or, in Ireland's case, to the king's representative). Others were the great council , which evolved into the Parliament of Ireland , and

472-552: Is non-existent". Technically there were no ex officio members of the council, as appointment was by letters patent after swearing a specific oath of office at a council meeting. However, holders of certain offices were "sworn of the council" as a matter of course. Councillors in the time of Elizabeth I included the Chancellor of Ireland , Treasurer of Ireland , Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer , Master of

531-473: Is ones who had been Royalists in the civil wars and had not carried out massacres of Protestant settlers – but only on the condition that the Cromwellian settlers be compensated with an equal amount of land elsewhere in Ireland. Since there was simply not enough land available for this to work, only the richer or grander Catholic landowners recovered their estates under this act. These included

590-710: The Governor and Privy Council of Northern Ireland to perform the functions previously performed there by the Lord Lieutenant and Privy Council of Ireland. The first Governor was appointed on 9 December 1922, and on 12 December was sworn in and in turn appointed Craig's cabinet to the Privy Council of Northern Ireland. In the Irish Free State , statutory references to "Order in Council, or by

649-480: The Parliamentarians . The Act of 1652 said (paragraphs VI, VII VIII) that anyone who fought against the parliament in Ireland during the civil wars would lose some lands. In practice, Protestant Royalists in Ireland could avoid confiscation by paying fines, while Catholics could not. Although some Parliamentarians talked about deporting all of the Irish people to Connacht, they only ever got around to

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708-704: The Provisional Government of what would on 6 December become the Irish Free State . However, no meeting was held to mark the occasion, the Provisional Government had no dealings with the Privy Council of Ireland, and some of its few remaining meetings were in Northern Ireland; for example on 24 November 1922 it met in Galgorm Castle , Ballymena and again at Stormont Castle , Belfast . The final appointments to

767-795: The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 changed the oath of office , the next being Anthony Richard Blake in 1836. In 1846 Daniel Murray , the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin , was offered a place on the council. The role of Secretary of the Council and Keeper of the Privy Seal of Ireland was filled by the Secretary of State [for Ireland] while that office existed (1560–1802) and the Chief Secretary for Ireland thereafter. The office of Clerk of

826-706: The Southern Commons was inquorate , the Lord Lieutenant could replace the Southern Parliament with a committee of Privy Councillors, a provision dubbed " Crown Colony government". During the Anglo-Irish War the 1921 Southern election was won by abstentionsts of Sinn Féin , and the "Crown Colony" provision seemed likely to be invoked, but a truce was agreed leading to the Anglo-Irish Treaty . The British initially hoped

885-680: The Tramways and Public Companies (Ireland) Act 1883 , Educational Endowments (Ireland) Act 1885, Labourers (Ireland) Act 1885, and Irish Education Acts 1892 and 1893. The Veterinary Department of the Irish Privy Council, established 1866–72, was "most peculiarly constituted", having no corresponding committee of the council; it became the Veterinary Branch of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction upon

944-507: The Viscount Dillon , Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty , Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin , Luke, the heir of Christopher Plunket, 2nd Earl of Fingall and Edmund , the heir of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret . A further complication arose as the buyers of confiscated land in 1652–59 were third parties who expected that their purchases for cash were legal and were protected by privity of contract . This act

1003-674: The afforced council , an ad-hoc body of intermediate size. The privy council played a leading role in directing the Tudor conquest of Ireland . It established and delegated to Presidencies in Munster and in Connaught , while directly supervising Leinster . Although the chief governor was appointed by the monarch under the Great Seal of England , a 1542 statute legalised the existing practice of an interim Lord Justice being elected by

1062-763: The 1556–1571 council book bequeathed by Charles Haliday to the Royal Irish Academy and published in 1897 by the Historical Manuscripts Commission , and a portion of the 1392–3 proceedings owned by the Marquess of Ormond and published in 1877 in the Rolls Series . A calendar of the 1581–1586 council book made in the 1860s by John P. Prendergast was published in 1967. Act of Settlement 1662 The Act of Settlement 1662 (14 & 15 Chas. 2 Sess. 4. c. 2 (I))

1121-581: The Commons were appointed. The Commander-in-Chief, Ireland was a member. By the 19th century the Attorney-General for Ireland was a member as were many senior judges; Charles Dod contrasted this with the equivalent officers in England and Wales , who received knighthoods . The chief governor attended meetings but was not a member of the council; a former Lord Lieutenant might be sworn in as

1180-704: The Council Board covered , save only the Deputy." In 1655 during the Protectorate the council moved to the old Custom House on Essex Quay. After a 1711 fire destroyed its chamber and archives, it returned to Dublin Castle to a new Council Chamber above the archway linking the Upper and Lower Yards. By 1907 only members living near Dublin would receive a summons to ordinary meetings of the council. Members of

1239-701: The Cromwellian settlers give up a portion of their allotted land to "Old English" and "innocent Catholics", as would be determined by Commissioners. However, the Irish Parliament was still Protestant only, until the session of 1666, as Catholics had been barred from voting or standing for election under the Commonwealth. As a result, the Parliament amended the Act of Settlement 1652 so that land could be returned to "innocent Catholics" – that

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1298-535: The Irish Restoration of 1660 had occurred without bloodshed because of their approval. Historian Jane Ohlmeyer argued that the matter of religion was not as important as one's rank in the 1660s. Richer and grander families tended to be supported by King Charles, regardless of religion. Some Protestant landed families were crypto-Catholics. Other grantees included the King's brother James, Duke of York , who

1357-503: The Irish council or merging it with the British one— receiving little consideration. In 1801 Lord Pelham , a former Chief Secretary for Ireland , became British Home Secretary and assumed that his office now extended to Ireland, but viceroy Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke insisted that the silence of the 1800 acts regarding the Irish council implied that its assent remained obligatory for effecting government orders. Ireland under

1416-679: The King (or Queen) in Council, or by Proclamation of the King (or Queen) or of the King (or Queen) in Council" were changed to "Order of the Governor-General upon the advice of the Executive Council ". Although never formally abolished, the Privy Council of Ireland ceased to have any functions and did not meet again. The Chief Secretary's chair was taken from the Council Chamber in Dublin Castle to serve as

1475-594: The Lord Lieutenant). There was controversy over the proclamations issued by the council under the Criminal Law and Procedure (Ireland) Act 1887 , since among the signatories were senior judges who might hear appeals against sentences handed down under the act. Sir Michael Morris , the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland , stated that in his 20 years attending council meetings, no "matter of policy"

1534-575: The Privy Council of Ireland were entitled to the style " Right Honourable " (abbreviated "Rt Hon") in the same way as those of the Privy Council of Great Britain . In writing, the post-nominal letters "PC" could be used, or "PC (Ire)" to avoid confusion with any other privy council. Most of the council's records were lost in either the 1711 fire or the 1922 destruction of the Public Record Office of Ireland . Exceptions include

1593-659: The Privy Council were those of Charles Curtis Craig , William Henry Holmes Lyons , and Henry Arthur Wynne on 28 November 1922, on the recommendation of James Craig , the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland . The last Order in Council was made on 5 December 1922. When the Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force the next day, the UK's Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 created

1652-576: The Privy Council, of which the northern and southern governments would technically be executive committees . Accordingly, the members of the first Executive Committee for Northern Ireland , the Craigavon ministry , were sworn of the Privy Council of Ireland in May 1921 immediately before Lord Lieutenant Viscount FitzAlan appointed them to their ministries. The 64 Southern Senators included eight elected by Privy Councillors from among their membership. If

1711-654: The Rolls in Ireland , Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas for Ireland , a puisne judge , the Vice-Treasurer of Ireland , and the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin and Bishop of Meath . In the 17th century, the Privy Council mostly comprised Irish peers , many of whom were absentees in England, so that only a fraction attended council meetings. In the 18th century more members of

1770-765: The Settlement of his Kingdom of Ireland , and the satisfaction of the several interests of adventurers, soldiers, and other his subjects there. When the Rump Parliament in London passed the Act of Settlement 1652 after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , its purpose was two-fold. First, it was to provide for summary execution of the leaders and supporters of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 . Second, it

1829-600: The Union had a some government bodies answerable to the viceroy and Council and others which were divisions of Whitehall departments; however, a lack of collegiality prevented the Irish council becoming a rival power centre. In 1850 the First Russell ministry proposed to abolish the Lord Lieutenant and transfer some of his statutory functions to Privy Council of Ireland. Opposing this, Thomas Chisholm Anstey said, "The Privy Council of Ireland, like that of England, though

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1888-718: The chair of the Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann . In 1930, the meaning of appeal to "His Majesty in Council" (in the Free State Constitution and Anglo-Irish Treaty ) was disputed in a case at the Judicial Committee of the UK Privy Council in London (JCPC). One party claimed that "His Majesty in Council" ought to mean the Privy Council of Ireland, but the JCPC ruled that it meant the JCPC itself. In 1931 The Irish Times reported

1947-627: The chief council for purposes of State, he regretted to say, was never summoned unless on holyday occasions, its duties having been usurped by the Cabinet Council, a body unknown to the common law." In 1852 the Privy Council Office was merged into the Chief Secretary's Office. Latterly the council's executive role was merely formal and ceremonial. Of ten meetings held from August 1886 to January 1887, attendance ranged from four (including three Lords Justices) to ten (including

2006-427: The chief governor with the advice and consent of the Privy Council. From Elizabeth to Charles I, the Irish council filled the legislative gap during long intervals between Irish parliaments by passing "Acts of State", justified on grounds similar to those latterly used for Charles' Personal Rule . The governor could issue proclamations without the council on routine matters, but on important policy questions needed

2065-512: The commission found further ambiguities in the 1665 act's terms of reference, it applied to the "Lord Lieutenant and Council" to resolve them. Poynings' Law (1495) gave the Irish Privy Council a leading role in the legislative process. Before the council summoned each new Parliament (with a general election to the Commons ) it had to submit the Parliament's bills to the Privy Council of England for approval as "causes and considerations" for

2124-608: The council met in the Council Chamber in Dublin Castle , where new councillors took their oath of office and from which Orders in Council were issued. A room over the chapel built by Philip Sidney in 1567 had "a very long table, furnished with stools at both sides and ends [where] sometimes sit in council about 60 or 64 privy councillors". Charles I sent the English Privy Council's rules of order to Ireland with some extra orders including "No man shall speak at

2183-561: The council was by the 18th century a sinecure , held from 1786 by Henry Agar, later 2nd Viscount Clifden . After Clifden's death in 1836, the Public Offices (Ireland) Act 1817 applied, and the senior deputy clerk became "First Clerk of the Council, Usher, and Keeper of the Council Chamber", positions merged in 1852 with that of Chief Clerk to the Secretary (in 1876 renamed Assistant Under-Secretary ). For most of its existence

2242-452: The council's agreement. The 1724 defeat of Wood's halfpence came after the Irish privy council sided with the Irish parliament in opposition to the British government and refused to intercede between parliament and the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Carteret . The Irish council developed a judicial role later than the Privy Council of England , with the Court of Castle Chamber sitting in Dublin Castle from 1571 to 1641. Privy Councillors had

2301-410: The formal council meetings, in order to expedite decision-making. In Great Britain a similar process led to the evolution of this inner circle or " cabinet " into the de facto government while the full privy council became a ceremonial body. Ireland's dependency and lack of responsible government prevented such a definitive division there. The oath of office for senior positions in the administration

2360-437: The land-owning class. The 1652 Act ordered that all confiscated lands east of the Shannon ( Ulster , Leinster and Munster ) be cleared and the inhabitants transplant themselves to the west (to Connacht and County Clare ), to be replaced by Puritan settlers (who were later to be known as Dissenters ). As a result of this Settlement, Irish Catholic landholding fell from 60% before the Irish Confederate Wars to 8–9% during

2419-403: The latter's 1900 establishment. The Privy Council's Irish Universities Committee was established in 1908 to hear petitions relating to the National University of Ireland (NUI) and Queen's University Belfast (QUB). Although the Government of Ireland Act 1920 provided for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland , it had some all-island institutions, retaining

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2478-426: The newer landowners would be dispossessed without compensation. The Cromwellian Settlement of 1652 was repealed and all lands taken after the 1641 Rebellion would revert to the heirs of the former owners. The supporters of William III and Mary II , who won the war, proposed to indict over 3,900 of their enemies and confiscate their property, and in the ensuing "Williamite Settlement" over 2,000 lost their property to

2537-609: The number fell further to just 5 per cent. However, many of the 95% in 1800 had been Catholic and changed religion to keep their lands, such as the Barons of Dunsany . Many Protestants in Ireland felt that the Restoration Settlements were far too lenient towards those Irish Catholics who had rebelled against the sovereignty of King Charles in 1641 and had been justly punished for it by the loss of their property and power. They had bought their new properties at market rates, competing against other bidders, and expected that privity of contract would apply as usual. As in England and Scotland,

2596-440: The period of Commonwealth rule (mostly in Connacht). A number of formerly Catholic landowners also saved their land by converting to the state religion . On the Irish Restoration of the Monarchy, those (notably the Duke of Ormonde ) who had taken the Royalist side pleaded with the King for the injustices to be undone. Accordingly, the Parliament of Ireland (in Dublin) passed a new Act of Settlement 1662 which ordered that

2655-426: The resulting Provisional Government could be appointed under the "Crown Colony" provision, but realised ministers from Sinn Féin would refuse the Privy Council oath, and instead the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 replaced much of the 1920 act as regards Southern Ireland. It was in the Council Chamber on 16 January 1922 that Viscount FitzAlan formally handed over control of the Dublin Castle administration to

2714-418: The resulting "New Rules", which governed many major towns from 1672 until the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 , allowed the council to veto the corporation's choice of mayor. This power was controversially used in Dublin in 1711–1714 to keep out Whigs , and in Cork in 1835 to keep out an Orangeman . The 1665 act also established a commission to resolve doubts over the Act of Settlement 1662 ; when

2773-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Irish Council . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Council&oldid=1002063819 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2832-486: The settlement. Many of them regarded it as a betrayal by the Stuart monarchy, which they all had fought for at some point in the Civil Wars. The Catholic poet Dáibhí Ó Bruadair concluded that the Restoration was "Purgatory" for Irish Catholics, while the former Confederate and Catholic Bishop Nicholas French wrote a pamphlet about Charles II titled, The Unkind Deserter of Loyal men and true Friends . In 1600, Catholics had owned 90 per cent of land in Ireland, by 1641, this

2891-517: The summons. Initially, all bills were by the Irish council, and the Commons and Lords could pass or reject, but not amend them. By the 18th century, a legal fiction arose where Parliament debated "heads of a bill" and petitioned the council to introduce it; the council could still amend or reject these "heads". Private bills were always initiated by the council until the Williamite revolution . The council gradually stopped initiating any bills beyond two "causes and considerations" bills, one of which

2950-405: Was 41 per cent (the fall due largely to the rise of the Plantation of Ulster ) but by the time of the accession of James II in 1685, after the Cromwellian Settlement , the proportion of Irish land owned by Catholics had fallen to 22 per cent; after the restrictive Treaty of Limerick (1691), that number had been reduced to 14 per cent, and by 1800, after more restrictive anti-Catholic Penal Laws ,

3009-459: Was always a money bill , to which the Commons objected as violating its control of supply . The Patriot Party defeated the 1768 "Privy Council Money Bill", heralding an increase in parliamentary sovereignty which culminated in the Constitution of 1782 , which removed the Irish Privy Council from the legislative process. (The British Privy Council retained the right to veto Irish bills, but not to amend them.) Orders in Council were issued by

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3068-405: Was awarded 130,000 acres in Ireland and became a Catholic. The final awards of land were not concluded by King Charles until about 1670. As neither "side" was happy with the outcome, and as the Irish gentry remained divided, the next conflict engendered much more radical proposals by each side. In 1689 James II's Patriot Parliament approved an Act of Attainder in which 2,000 (some say 3,000) of

3127-443: Was discussed. In the 19th century, petitions to the Privy Council against decisions of various administrative bodies were referred to committees of councillors with legal experience. Most committees were ad hoc, but there were statutory "judicial committees" (comprising current or former senior judges) relating to the Encumbered Estates' Court (1849–58) and Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 . Other committees heard appeals under

3186-535: Was needed to find a workable solution. The Act of Explanation stated that Cromwellian settlers (with some named exceptions) had to give up one-third of the lands they had received after 1652 to compensate innocent Catholics. This was a very complicated process, as most of the new owners had bought their land from the Cromwellian grantees, and so numerous contracts had to be unwound. Many of these buyers were not settlers but people who had already been living in Ireland before 1641. By this measure, what has been described as

3245-424: Was passed by the Irish Parliament in Dublin. It was a partial reversal of the Cromwellian Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 , which punished Irish Catholics and Royalists for fighting against the Parliamentarians in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by the wholesale confiscation of their lands and property. The Act describes itself An act for the better execution of His Majesty's gracious declaration for

3304-432: Was passed on 30 May 1662. Also in 1662 the Irish version of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 was enacted, that formally ended Feudalism in Ireland. A Court of Claims, headed by Sir Richard Raynsford , was set up to investigate who was eligible for recovery of their lands. Unfortunately, the Commissioners found that too many Catholics were "innocent" and a further Act of Explanation 1665 (17 & 18 Chas. 2. c. 2 (I))

3363-430: Was taken at a council meeting. Latterly such offices as Vice-Treasurer of Ireland were sinecures whose holders might secure a private act of the British parliament allowing them to take the oath in Britain to save the bother of travelling to Dublin. Although the Acts of Union 1800 abolished the Kingdom of Ireland and its parliament, its Privy Council (like the Lord Lieutenant) was retained, alternatives —abolishing

3422-412: Was the last surviving Irish Privy Councillor; appointed on 16 September 1921, he died on 28 November 1982. While the Irish Universities Committee was succeeded in relation to QUB by a committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland, in the Republic of Ireland in 1973 Seanad Éireann expressed concern that there was no way to process petitions relating to the NUI because "the Privy Council in Ireland

3481-467: Was to confiscate sufficient land in Ireland as was necessary to repay the loans advanced by the City of London under the Adventurers' Acts of the 1640s to pay for the war, and to reward the soldiers who had engaged in the war, almost all of whom sold on their interests to third parties. By 1652 the policy was achieved by the confiscation of almost all Catholic-owned land in Ireland, something that also served to punish Irish Catholics for their resistance to

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