Hare coursing is the pursuit of hares with greyhounds and other sighthounds , which chase the hare by sight, not by scent.
74-769: The Irish Coursing Club (ICC) is the national association for hare coursing in Ireland. Founded in 1916, it consists of 89 affiliated clubs on the Island of Ireland and acts as the official authority for the Irish variety of the sport . It solely controlled and administrated Greyhound racing in Ireland until the creation of the Irish Greyhound Board in 1958, however it still continues to do so in Northern Ireland . The association holds two national meets,
148-664: A Greek historian of the Roman period , circa 180 AD and is known in Ancient Greek as Kynegetikos and in Latin as Cynegeticus . Arrian felt compelled to describe the sight hunt and sighthounds because the Ancient Greeks only knew the scent hunt; On Coursing complements Xenophon 's classic work on that subject, Cynegeticus ( On Hunting ). William Dansey , an English clergyman, translated On Coursing in 1831. It
222-715: A bill, AB2110, to make it a crime for any person in California to engage in open field coursing – defined as a "competition in which dogs are, by the use of rabbits, hares, or foxes, assessed as to skill in hunting live rabbits, hares, or foxes". A pro-coursing campaign was also established. The Bill was passed by the Public Safety Committee but did not become law. Arrian Arrian of Nicomedia ( / ˈ æ r i ə n / ; Greek : Ἀρριανός Arrianos ; Latin : Lucius Flavius Arrianus ; c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD )
296-539: A factor that may still affect the hare's subsequent survival. Hares can either die due to injuries sustained by contact with the much larger dogs or due to capture myopathy . The report from the official Countryside ranger at the Wexford Coursing Club meeting in December 2003 confirms that, exceptionally, 40 hares died at the event and the report of the veterinary surgeon who examined the hares blames
370-652: A period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor Hadrian 's, who appointed him to the Senate . He was appointed to the position consul suffectus around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of Cappadocia by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. Historian Cassius Dio states that not long after the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea had been quelled, in 135 AD, King Pharasmanes II of Iberia caused
444-667: A result, the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht suspended capture and tagging licences issued to the ICC and affiliated clubs. RHD2 was found in hares in the counties of Clare, Cork, Dublin, Kildare, Leitrim, Meath, Wexford and Wicklow. In August 2019, restrictions were lifted in areas outside of 25km radius prohibited zones surrounding discovery locations which was welcomed by the Club. The rules and regulations appertaining to
518-452: A struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious. Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods. Ektaxis kata Alanon is also translated as Acies contra Alanos . The work was known for a time as A History of the Alani ( Alanike via Photius ). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani
592-412: A time to fall into his pupillage, a fact attested to by Lucian . All that is known about the life of Epictetus is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left an Encheiridion ( Handbook ) of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus, he went to Athens, and while there, he became known as the "young Xenophon" as a consequence of the similarity of his relationship to Epictetus as Xenophon had to Socrates . For
666-491: A variety of things pertaining to India , and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of Indica was based largely on the work of the same name of Megasthenes , the second part based on a journal written by Nearchus . Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian ), Techne Taktike is a treatise on Roman cavalry and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of
740-538: Is a 12 book work mentioned by Photius in his Bibliotheca , of which only fragments remain. The Anabasis of Alexander comprises seven books. Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work. History of the Diadochi or Events after Alexander is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by Photius (FW Walbank, p. 8). Three extant fragments are
814-626: Is a legal, competitive activity in which dogs are tested on their ability to run, overtake and turn a hare, rather than a form of hunting aiming at the capture of game . It has a number of variations in its rules around the world. Coursing can also be a form of hunting or pest control . It is a long-established hunting technique, practiced historically in England, especially with greyhounds or sighthound breeds, or with lurchers which are crossbred sighthounds. The sport grew in popularity in Europe during
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#1732786728234888-473: Is a regulated and judged, competitive sport. Whether for sporting or hunting purposes, hare coursing was in Europe historically restricted to landowners and the nobility, who used sighthounds, the ownership of which was at certain historic times prohibited among the lower social classes. The oldest documented description of hare coursing is the work known in English as On Coursing . It was written by Arrian
962-527: Is a work about the Celtic sport of coursing hare with sighthounds, specifically the Celtic greyhounds: in Greek (plural) ouertragoi , in Latin (plural) vertragi . The work was inspired by and designed as an addition to an earlier exposition made by Xenophon, whom Arrian recognised to be the Ancient Greek authority on the subject of hunting with scent hounds. Ektaxis kata Alanon (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν)
1036-517: Is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as Deployment against the Alani or The order of battle against the Alans or referred to simply as Alanica . It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the Alani sometime during 135 AD,
1110-552: Is also the case that coursing kills slower hares, and it is said by some coursers that this leaves faster hares to breed and multiply. The practice of hare coursing has only recently, in historical terms, been debated in Parliament , although Parliament created an exemption in 1921 from the cruelty legislation, the Protection of Animals Act 1911 , for animals released for coursing. Eric Heffer , MP for Liverpool Walton ,
1184-633: Is derived at the least from literature produced by Suidas . Arnobius (c. 3rd century AD ) mentions Arrian. Arrian was also known of by Aulus Gellius . Pliny the Younger addressed seven of his epistles to him. Simplicius made a copy of the Enchiridion, which was transmitted under the name of the monastic father Nilus during the 5th century, and as a result found in every monastery library. Nicholas Blancard made translations of Arrian in 1663 and 1668. The voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of
1258-480: Is either run as walked-up coursing, where a line of people walk through the countryside to flush out a hare, or as driven coursing , where hares are driven by beaters towards the coursing field. In each case, when a suitable hare appears, a person known as a slipper uses a slip with two collars to release two dogs at the same time, in pursuit of the hare which is given a head start (known as fair law ), usually between 70–90 metres ( 80–100 yards ). The sighthound
1332-415: Is from Arrian that the most famous quote on the sporting fairness of coursing originates: "... true huntsmen do not take out their hounds to catch the creature, but for a trial of speed and a race, and they are satisfied if the hare manages to find something that will rescue her". The competitive version of hare coursing was given definitive form when the first complete set of English rules, known as
1406-488: Is good athletic exercise for their dogs, it does not approximate the testing vigour and sport of live coursing. Hare coursing was banned in England and Wales by the Hunting Act 2004 . However, as of 2015 it continues, illegally in counties with large areas of flat farmland suitable for hares: Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, although criminals may travel large distances to course hares. Hare coursing gangs film
1480-478: Is highly esteemed and important. He produced eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The Indica and the Anabasis are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining oeuvre is known as FGrH 156 to designate those collected fragments that exist. This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to Emperor Hadrian. Arrian
1554-536: Is legal in all US states with a huntable population of jackrabbits. Washington state lists jackrabbits as a protected species, due to an unusually low population for a western state, and bans all forms of hunting them. During the 2006–07 coursing season, the leading United States coursing body, the National Open Field Coursing Association, registered 480 dogs of various breeds, and oversaw 83 coursing events. Its quarry
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#17327867282341628-608: Is popular in Ireland , with the national meeting in Clonmel , County Tipperary , being the most important event in the coursing calendar, attracting 10,000 spectators, and claimed by its organisers to be worth up to €16 million for the local economy. There are around 70 formal coursing clubs in the Republic and two in Northern Ireland , together holding 80–85 meetings per year. There are several differences between
1702-417: Is released elsewhere by the handler. The chased hare will then run at around 40–45 km/h (24–26 mph) and the course will last around 35–40 seconds over 0.5 km (0.3 miles). The greyhounds which pursue the hare will, being faster, start to catch up with it. As greyhounds are much larger than hares but less agile, they find it difficult to follow the hares' sharp turns which they make to evade
1776-603: Is still an illegal activity under the Hunting Act 2004 even if the dogs used are muzzled . No formal coursing has taken place in Northern Ireland since 2002, as Ministers have refused the coursing clubs permission to net hares, and have protected them from being coursed or hunted under the Game Preservation (Northern Ireland) Act and in June 2010 the Northern Ireland Assembly voted to ban
1850-547: Is still practised and popular. Hare coursing in Portugal is run in both forms: open ( Prova de Galgos a Campo ), and closed (park) coursing where it is known as lebre a corricão . Hare coursing in Portugal may only be legally undertaken with two dogs and operates under the same ethos as coursing in the United States. In Spain, the hare coursing is open coursing , and the areas where the activity takes place includes
1924-758: Is the black-tailed jackrabbit . Coursing of white-tailed jackrabbits is organised by a smaller body, the North American Coursing Association. According to the UK Government review, the Burns Inquiry (published in 2000), hare coursing was taking place in Pakistan, Portugal and Spain. Pakistan has officially prohibited the use of dogs or hawks for coursing unless a special licence is issued for carrying out such activity although, according to some reports, hare coursing
1998-420: Is unclear. The UK government's Burns Inquiry which submitted its final report in 2000 said that about 250 hares were killed each year in formal coursing. although much larger numbers of kills are believed to take place in informal coursing. The UK National Coursing Club and the organisers of the now defunct Waterloo Cup said that, on average, one in seven or eight hares coursed were killed. Inspectors from
2072-510: The Alani to invade neighbouring territories, including Cappadocia, where their advance was robustly halted by Arrian's legions. A second war was begun by the Alani (they are Massagetae ) at the instigation of Pharasmanes. It caused dire injury to the Albanian territory and Media , and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from Vologaesus , but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus,
2146-578: The Dissertations and the Discourses . The Discourses are also known as Diatribai and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures. The Enchiridion is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the Enchiridion to have been a vade mecum for Arrian. The Enchiridion is apparently a summary of
2220-502: The Laws of the Leash , was drawn up in the reign of Elizabeth I reputedly by Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , providing for a pursuit of no more than two hounds, a headstart termed "Law" to be given to the hare for a fair run, and for the manner of awarding points on "Speed", "Go-bye", "Turn", "Wrench", "Kill" and "Trip", to judge the dogs' performance. The first modern coursing club
2294-562: The League Against Cruel Sports was established in 1924 to campaign against rabbit coursing on Morden Common and continues to believe that it is wrong to expose animals to the risk of injury or death for human entertainment. The Waterloo Cup became a centrepiece of the campaign against coursing in the UK. In opposition, coursing has long enjoyed the fame of being known as "the noblest of field sports" precisely because
Irish Coursing Club - Misplaced Pages Continue
2368-634: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals who attended the event estimated that a greater number, one in five hares coursed, was killed. During the 2013 season, the Irish National Parks and Wildlife Service oversaw 23 hare coursing meetings. Over 100 hares "required assistance" after being struck during races, which led to over 20 of them dying of natural causes or having to be euthanised. In different parts of
2442-716: The Vatican Palimpsest (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 ( Oxyrhynchus ), and the Gothenburg palimpsest (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius. The writing is about the successors of Alexander the Great , circa 323 – 321 or 319. A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of Parthica were maintained by the Suda and Stephanus of Byzantium . The work survives only in adaptations made later by Photius and Syncellus . Translated,
2516-515: The phalanx . The hippika gymnasia is a particular concern of Arrian in the treatise. Another translation of the title is Ars tactica , which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική. This work has generally been considered in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his vīcennālia , although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use. Cynegeticus (Κυνηγετικός), translated as A treatise on hunting with hounds , On Hunting , or On Coursing ,
2590-419: The picker-up reaches the hare and dispatches it (if it is not already dead). In the case of walked-up coursing, the delay is likely to be even longer". Since the introduction of muzzling for greyhounds in 1993, deaths to hares are less common, falling from an average of 16% to about 4% of hares coursed (reducing to around 150–200 hares per year). Muzzled dogs are more likely to buffet a hare than to bite it,
2664-504: The "significant stress" of being "corralled and coursed". Coursing supporters deny that hare coursing is cruel and say that hares that are injured, pregnant or ill are not allowed to run. Hares are reported to be examined by a vet before and after racing. In the context of open (not park) coursing, the (British) National Coursing Club evidence to the Burns Inquiry said that muzzled coursing can cause more suffering than unmuzzled if
2738-553: The 19th century but has since experienced a decline due in part to the introduction of greyhound racing with betting, and laws passed that have banned the practice. In recent decades, controversy has developed around hare coursing , with some viewing it as a cruel bloodsport . Hare coursing is illegal in the United Kingdom. In other countries, including Spain , Ireland and the Western United States , it
2812-574: The British Parliament passed the Hunting Act , which banned hare coursing as well as other forms of hunting with hounds with effect from 18 February 2005. Prosecutions were successful against two hare coursers in 2008 and against two Yorkshire landowners in 2009. The private prosecution brought against the organisers of the March 2007 North Yorkshire event organised by a Field Trialling Club clarified in September 2009 that hare coursing
2886-574: The Discourses. JB Stockdale considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which four were lost by the Middle Ages and the remaining ones became the Discourses . In a comparison of the contents of the Enchiridion with the Discourses , it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the Enchiridion . Friendly conversations with Epictetus ( Homiliai Epiktetou )
2960-773: The Irish Coursing Club are stringent, with 178 sections in 9 parts, this is in addition to Acts introduced by the Law of the Republic of Ireland . Every greyhound bred in Ireland is required to have an Irish identity card and requires microchipping. The vast majority of greyhounds bred are either sold to owners within Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom or race in Greyhound racing in Ireland . The much smaller majority remain within coursing. The Greyhound Board of Great Britain do not allow registered owners to compete in coursing. Hare coursing In some countries, it
3034-647: The Medinrua area. Coursing has long been undertaken in Spain, where Spanish galgos rather than greyhounds are used. These dogs have a precarious life after their coursing careers, with World Animal Protection suggesting that many tens of thousands die cruelly each year. Hare coursing also takes place in Russia but is illegal in most European countries and in Australia, where it had a long history from 1867 until it
Irish Coursing Club - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-835: The National Meeting at the Clonmel Greyhound Stadium in County Tipperary in February, being the most important event in the coursing calendar, attracting 10,000 spectators, and claimed by its organisers to be worth up to €16 million for the local economy, and the Irish Cup at the County Limerick Coursing Club a few weeks afterwards. A study in 2010 by Dr Neil Reid at Queen's University Belfast found that
3182-479: The UK Government to examine hunting with dogs in England and Wales , which included coursing, concluded that "We are ... satisfied that being pursued, caught and killed by dogs during coursing seriously compromises the welfare of the hare. It is clear, moreover, that, if the dog or dogs catch the hare, they do not always kill it quickly. There can also sometimes be a significant delay, in driven coursing, before
3256-510: The US. Events are conducted through local coursing clubs which are regulated by their governing body. The objective of legal formal coursing is to test and judge the athletic ability of the dogs rather than to kill the hare. Legal, formal hare coursing has a number of variations in how it is undertaken. Open coursing takes place in the open field, and closed coursing (or park or Irish style) takes place in an enclosure with an escape route. Open coursing
3330-555: The United States in the 19th century, by 1886 according to Gulf Coast Greyhounds. Open field coursing of jackrabbits , which are members of the hare family, now takes place in a number of states in Western America, including California , Montana and Wyoming , and is said by the North American Coursing Association to take place also in Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico and Utah . It takes place with up to four dogs chasing
3404-476: The appearance of the kill incentive. Observers of hare coursing at the Waterloo Cup – the most important event in the UK coursing calendar until it was last held in 2005 – regularly reported a minority of people in the crowd cheering when hares were killed. In 2005 in the US, points were still awarded for a "touch ... where the quarry is captured or killed". The number of hares killed in coursing
3478-625: The chase so that it can be played later, if and when betting occurs. Modern hare coursing is practiced using a number of sighthounds: mainly greyhounds but also Borzois , Salukis , Whippets , and Deerhounds that are registered with a governing body such as the National Coursing Club or Kennel Club in Great Britain, the Irish Coursing Club , or the National Open Field Coursing Association (NOFCA) in
3552-505: The coursing officials are not able to reach injured hares quickly. The Irish Council Against Bloodsports, an organisation that campaigns against hare coursing has video evidence that shows this happening, even in enclosed coursing. In 2000, the rules of the UK National Coursing Club awarded a point to a greyhound that killed a hare "through superior dash and speed". By early 2003, this rule had been deleted to remove
3626-475: The coursing venue where they are kept for up to eight weeks and trained to be coursed. Instead of being coursed on open land, the Irish form is run in a secure enclosure over a set distance. Since 1993, Irish Coursing Club rules have made it compulsory for the greyhounds to be muzzled while they chase the hare. After the coursing event, the hares are transported back to where they were netted and re-released into
3700-545: The death of the hare is not the aim of the sport. Under most regulated forms of coursing only two hounds pursue the hare, the dogs competing against each other for a short time, and allowing the hare a significant chance of escape. Until the 1970s, there was a dearth of scientific evidence on the welfare impact of coursing. The first thorough study was carried out in 1977–79 by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), albeit that it said that it
3774-525: The density of hares in ICC preserves was eighteen times higher than in the wild in Ireland. It is claimed by the ICC that without regulated coursing there would be an increase of unregulated illegal hunting. In July 2019, Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD2), a highly contagious disease nicknamed 'rabbit foot and mouth' which is fatal to Leporidae (rabbits and hares), was discovered in wild hares in County Clare , County Wexford and County Wicklow . As
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#17327867282343848-497: The dogs. This agility gives the hare an important and often crucial advantage as it seeks to escape. Under some coursing club rules, the dogs are awarded points on how many times they can turn the hare, and how closely they force the hare's progress. In the UK, the contest between the greyhounds was usually judged from horseback, and the winning greyhound proceeded to the next round of a knock-out tournament. The 2003 UK coursing season ran from 1 October to 28 February. Hare coursing
3922-426: The governor of Cappadocia, it came to a stop. Arrian referred to himself as "the second Xenophon", on account of his reputation and the esteem in which he was held. Lucian stated him to be: a Roman of the first rank with a life-long attachment to learning This quality is identified as paideia (παιδεία), which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who
3996-550: The hare. The legality of hare coursing across the different states of the US is not always clear. Animal Place, a California-based animal rights group which opposes coursing, claims that the activity is legal in California, Colorado , Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming but illegal in Arizona , Florida , Idaho, Kansas , Maine , Minnesota , Massachusetts , Oklahoma , Oregon , Texas , Vermont and Wisconsin . The pro-coursing campaign, Stop2110 says that open field coursing
4070-428: The informal practice, or hunting, various cross breeds (under the generic British term lurchers ) have been created; such animals may be specifically bred for coursing, such as the staghounds used to hunt coyote in the United States. Informal coursing has long been closely associated with pheasant hunting or poaching , lacking the landowner's permission, and is often seen as a problem by the local public, landowners and
4144-465: The late 19th century, hare coursing had become a predominantly working class sport. Coursing declined during the 20th century, notably due to the development of urban greyhound racing in the 1920s and there were fewer than 30 coursing clubs in the UK by 2000. The oldest form of hare coursing simply involved two dogs chasing a hare, the winner being the dog that caught the hare; this could be for sport, food or pest control . In order to indulge in
4218-524: The police. Clubs affiliated to the Association of Lurcher Clubs organised informal coursing with the landowner's permission, sometimes using a single lurcher rather than a pair to chase a hare. Lure coursing is a sport for dogs based on hare coursing, but involving dogs chasing a mechanically operated lure. Some critics of hare coursing suggest that coursers could test their dogs through lure coursing. However, coursers believe that, while lure coursing
4292-491: The population enough to alleviate damage". Elsewhere, such as in the UK, hares are not always seen as pests, and there are species action plans aiming to significantly increase their numbers. Some coursers say that coursing assists conservation because it leads to sporting landowners creating a habitat suitable for hares. Opponents of coursing say that the converse is true, namely that coursing takes place where hares live rather than hares living where coursing takes place. It
4366-468: The practice. The two extant Northern Ireland coursing clubs since 2002 have travelled to the Republic to hold meetings jointly with coursing clubs there. Opinion polls commissioned by the League Against Cruel Sports as part of its campaigning have shown very strong public opposition to hare coursing from both urban and rural residents of Northern Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland ). In 2015, it
4440-430: The provincial capital of Bithynia . Cassius Dio called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediensis. Sources provide similar dates for his birth, within a few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85–90 AD is because of Arrian being made a consul around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being 42 years of age. (ref. pp. 312, & SYME 1958, ibid. ). His family
4514-434: The rules of coursing in Great Britain (where it is regulated by the National Coursing Club ) and Irish coursing which has been organised by the Irish Coursing Club since 1916. Because hares are not plentiful in all parts of the island of Ireland , mainly due to modern agricultural practices , coursing clubs are licensed by the Irish government to net 70–75 hares for their events. The hares are then transported in boxes to
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#17327867282344588-402: The title is History of the Parthians . Arrian's aim in the work was to set forth events of the Parthian war of Trajan . The writing mentioned that the Parthians trace their origins to Artaxerxes II . A work of eight books, Bibliotheca (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian. A work translated a Nicodemian script (minor) . Indica is a work on
4662-466: The wild. Whereas the UK form of coursing was run with dogs winning points for their running and turning of the hare, the Irish form is run on the basis that the first dog to turn the hare wins. This is denoted by either a red flag or a white flag, indicating the colours of the respective dogs' collars. Greyhounds were introduced in the Americas for sport and pleasure, they helped farmers control jackrabbits, and organised coursing meets were taking place in
4736-401: The world two contrasting arguments are made in favour of hare coursing. In some places, the high densities of hare leads to the animals being considered as agricultural pests – a view taken, for example, by the California Department of Agriculture . Coursing is sometimes defended on this basis, even though the US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has said that coursing does not "reduce
4810-403: Was "not easy to draw conclusions from these reports". According to a review of this study conducted for the Burns Inquiry , "Of the 53 hares killed, 43 had neck injuries, 18 of which were inflicted by the handler (as evidenced from a clean break and no teeth marks). No clean breaks were believed to have been caused by dogs (where tooth marks were evident). The UFAW team's assessment
4884-442: Was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period . The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great . Scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, though this attitude has changed somewhat in light of modern studies into Arrian's method. Arrian was born in Nicomedia (present-day İzmit ),
4958-428: Was a major opponent of coursing in the late 1960s, and Prime Minister Harold Wilson joined in the criticism. Under Wilson's premiership, the House of Commons voted for Government Bills to ban hare coursing in 1969 and 1975, but neither passed the House of Lords to become law. In 2002, the Scottish Parliament passed the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act , which banned hare coursing in Scotland . In 2004
5032-406: Was a pupil of Epictetus around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as Discourses of Epictetus , by their unauthorized dissemination. According to George Long , Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these, the Discourses . Photius states that Arrian produced two books
5106-575: Was banned in 1985 following a long decline in popularity. As long ago as 1516, Thomas More wrote in Utopia that, Thou shouldst rather be moved with pity to see a silly innocent hare murdered of a dog, the weak of the stronger, the fearful of the fierce, the innocent of the cruel and unmerciful. Therefore, all this exercise of hunting is a thing unworthy to be used of free men. Coursing has long sparked opposition from activists concerned about animal welfare . In 1892, Lady Florence Dixie criticised hare coursing as an "aggravated form of torture" and
5180-425: Was established at Swaffham in 1776, and the National Coursing Club was founded to regulate the sport in 1858. From 1876 coursing meets were held at Plumpton, East Sussex and this name was used for such events in Australia. During the 19th century, coursing crossed the class divide, and reached its peak of popularity, with more than 150 coursing clubs in Britain, some attracting up to 80,000 people. By
5254-501: Was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the History . There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of Dion of Syracuse , Timoleon of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of Asia Minor , which are now lost. Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of Photius in his Bibliotheca , and from those few references which exist within Arrian's own writings. The knowledge of his consulship,
5328-482: Was from the Greek provincial aristocracy, and his full name, L. Flavius Arrianus , indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before. Sometime during the second century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably Nicopolis , Arrian attended lectures of Epictetus of Nicopolis, and proceeded within
5402-516: Was reported that hare coursing incidents had fallen by approximately 78 per cent across Suffolk since the re-launch of an operation against coursing in September 2013. In early 2006, the TV channel ABC 7 showed a film of coursing with sets of three greyhounds competing in the chase of a number of hares. Coursing was banned in the County concerned , and California Assemblywoman Loni Hancock promoted
5476-472: Was that all chest injuries would have been quickly fatal (in six cases these included a punctured heart); 10 animals without neck injuries had chest injuries. Abdominal injuries included six punctured livers, but generally involved a ruptured gut. In the UFAW team's opinion, hindleg and back injuries could have been extremely painful until chest or neck injuries were inflicted". The Burns Inquiry, set up by
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