139-652: The Irish Literary Society was founded in London in 1892 by William Butler Yeats , T. W. Rolleston , and Charles Gavan Duffy . Members of the Southwark Irish Literary Club met in Clapham Reform Club and changed the name early in the year. On 13 February they met again to form a committee. Evelyn Gleeson became secretary. Stopford Brooke gave the inaugural lecture to the society, on 'The Need and Use of Getting Irish Literature into
278-404: A "paint-stained art student." Gonne admired "The Island of Statues" and sought out his acquaintance. Yeats began an obsessive infatuation, and she had a significant and lasting effect on his poetry and his life thereafter. In later years he admitted, "it seems to me that she [Gonne] brought into my life those days—for as yet I saw only what lay upon the surface—the middle of the tint, a sound as of
417-526: A Burmese gong, an over-powering tumult that had yet many pleasant secondary notes." Yeats's love was unrequited, in part due to his reluctance to participate in her nationalist activism. In 1891 he visited Gonne in Ireland and proposed marriage, but was rejected. He later admitted that from that point "the troubling of my life began". Yeats proposed to Gonne three more times: in 1899, 1900 and 1901. She refused each proposal, and in 1903, to his dismay, married
556-583: A County Dublin basis. The Placenames Branch of the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media maintains a Placenames Database that records all placenames, past and present. County Dublin is listed in the database along with the subdivisions of that county. It is also used as an address for areas within Dublin outside of the Dublin postal district system . For a period in 2020 during
695-1235: A NUTS III statistical region of Ireland (coded IE061). County Dublin remains a single administrative unit for the purposes of the courts (including the Dublin County Sheriff, but excluding the bailiwick of the Dublin City Sheriff) and Dublin County combined with Dublin City forms the Judicial County of Dublin, including Dublin Circuit Court, the Dublin County Registrar and the Dublin Metropolitan District Court. Dublin also sees law enforcement (the Garda Dublin metropolitan division) and fire services ( Dublin Fire Brigade ) administered county-wide. Dublin
834-736: A dark tidal pool. This tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey , to the rear of Dublin Castle . The hinterland of Dublin in the Norse period was named Old Norse : Dyflinnar skíði , lit. 'Dublinshire'. In addition to Dyflin , a Gaelic settlement known as Áth Cliath ('ford of hurdles') was located further up the Liffey, near present-day Father Mathew Bridge . Baile Átha Cliath means 'town of
973-454: A member of the paranormal research organisation " The Ghost Club " (in 1911) and was influenced by the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg . In 1892 Yeats wrote: "If I had not made magic my constant study I could not have written a single word of my Blake book, nor would The Countess Kathleen ever have come to exist. The mystical life is the centre of all that I do and all that I think and all that I write." His mystical interests—also inspired by
1112-473: A monk, and a woman accused of paganism by local shepherds, as well as love-poems and narrative lyrics on German knights. The early works were both conventional and, according to the critic Charles Johnston, "utterly unIrish", seeming to come out of a "vast murmurous gloom of dreams". Although Yeats's early works drew heavily on Shelley, Edmund Spenser , and on the diction and colouring of pre-Raphaelite verse, he soon turned to Irish mythology and folklore and
1251-542: A morning misty and mild and fair. The mist-drops hung on the fragrant trees, And in the blossoms hung the bees. We rode in sadness above Lough Lean, For our best were dead on Gavra's green. "The Wanderings of Oisin" is based on the lyrics of the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology and displays the influence of both Sir Samuel Ferguson and the Pre-Raphaelite poets. The poem took two years to complete and
1390-484: A most sacrilegious thing to persuade two people who hate each other... to live together, and it is to us no remedy to permit them to part if neither can re-marry." The resulting debate has been described as one of Yeats's "supreme public moments", and began his ideological move away from pluralism towards religious confrontation. His language became more forceful; the Jesuit Father Peter Finlay
1529-509: A narrow range. In Merrion Square , the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 4.1 °C (39.4 °F), and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). Due to the urban heat island effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), similar to London and Berlin , and
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#17327810674441668-450: A potentially unsuitable wife; biographer R. F. Foster has observed that Yeats's last offer was motivated more by a sense of duty than by a genuine desire to marry her. Yeats proposed in an indifferent manner, with conditions attached, and he both expected and hoped she would turn him down. According to Foster, "when he duly asked Maud to marry him and was duly refused, his thoughts shifted with surprising speed to her daughter." Iseult Gonne
1807-608: A prolific writer. In a letter of 1935, Yeats noted: "I find my present weakness made worse by the strange second puberty the operation has given me, the ferment that has come upon my imagination. If I write poetry it will be unlike anything I have done." In 1936, he undertook editorship of the Oxford Book of Modern Verse, 1892–1935 . From 1935 to 1936 he travelled to the Western Mediterranean island of Majorca with Indian -born Shri Purohit Swami and from there
1946-650: A series of allegations against her husband with Yeats as her main 'second', though he did not attend court or travel to France. A divorce was not granted, for the only accusation that held up in court was that MacBride had been drunk once during the marriage. A separation was granted, with Gonne having custody of the baby and MacBride having visiting rights. In 1895, Yeats moved into number 5 Woburn Walk and resided there until 1919. Yeats's friendship with Gonne ended, yet, in Paris in 1908, they finally consummated their relationship. "The long years of fidelity rewarded at last"
2085-826: A study of Hinduism, under the Theosophist Mohini Chatterjee , and the occult—formed much of the basis of his late poetry. Some critics disparaged this aspect of Yeats's work. During 1885, Yeats was involved in the formation of the Dublin Hermetic Order. That year the Dublin Theosophical lodge was opened in conjunction with Brahmin Mohini Chatterjee , who travelled from the Theosophical Society in London to lecture. Yeats attended his first séance
2224-464: A temperate coastal county, snow is relatively uncommon in lowland areas; however, Dublin is particularly vulnerable to heavy snowfall on rare occasions where cold, dry easterly winds dominate during the winter. During the late summer and early autumn, Dublin can experience Atlantic storms, which bring strong winds and torrential rain to Ireland. Dublin was the county worst-affected by Hurricane Charley in 1986. It caused severe flooding, especially along
2363-473: A wealth ecologically important areas. County Dublin contains 11 EU -designated Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and 11 Special Protection Areas (SPAs). The bedrock geology of Dublin consists primarily of Lower Carboniferous limestone, which underlies about two thirds of the entire county, stretching from Skerries to Booterstown . During the Lower Carboniferous (ca. 340 Mya), the area
2502-613: A year's time when the newspapers have forgotten me, dig me up and plant me in Sligo.'" In September 1948, Yeats's body was moved to the churchyard of St Columba's Church , Drumcliff , County Sligo, on the Irish Naval Service corvette LÉ Macha . The person in charge of this operation for the Irish Government was Seán MacBride , son of Maud Gonne MacBride, and then Minister of External Affairs . His epitaph
2641-581: Is 2,797 acres ( Caastlekelly ). The average size of a townland in the county (excluding towns) is 205 acres. Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , County Dublin was divided into urban districts of Blackrock , Clontarf , Dalkey , Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin , Killiney and Ballybrack , Kingstown , New Kilmainham , Pembroke , and Rathmines and Rathgar , and the rural districts of Balrothery , Celbridge No. 2, North Dublin, Rathdown , and South Dublin. Howth, formerly within
2780-544: Is Ireland's most populous county , with a population of 1,458,154 as of 2022 – approximately 28% of the Republic of Ireland's total population. Dublin city is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, as well as the largest city on the island of Ireland . Roughly 9 out of every 10 people in County Dublin lives within Dublin city and its suburbs. Several sizeable towns that are considered separate from
2919-495: Is a county in Ireland , and holds its capital city, Dublin . It is located on the island's east coast, within the province of Leinster . Until 1994, County Dublin (excluding the city) was a single local government area ; in that year, the county council was divided into three new administrative counties: Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown , Fingal and South Dublin . The three administrative counties together with Dublin City proper form
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#17327810674443058-465: Is considered one of the key 20th-century English-language poets. He was a Symbolist poet, using allusive imagery and symbolic structures throughout his career. He chose words and assembled them so that, in addition to a particular meaning, they suggest abstract thoughts that may seem more significant and resonant. His use of symbols is usually something physical that is both itself and a suggestion of other, perhaps immaterial, timeless qualities. Unlike
3197-589: Is in turn part of the Eastern and Midland Region , a NUTS II entity. Each of the local authorities have representatives on the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly. There are ten historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they ceased to have any administrative function following the Local Government Act 1898 , and any changes to county boundaries after
3336-674: Is named after the city of Dublin, which is an anglicisation of its Old Norse name Dyflin . The city was founded in the 9th century AD by Viking settlers who established the Kingdom of Dublin . The Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical site known as Duiblinn , from which Dyflin took its name. Duiblinn derives from the early Classical Irish Dubhlind / Duibhlind – from dubh ( IPA: [d̪uβ] , IPA: [d̪uw] , IPA: [d̪uː] ) meaning 'black, dark', and lind ( IPA: [lʲiɲ(d̪ʲ)] ) 'pool', referring to
3475-692: Is not found in the theatres of England, & without which no new movement in art or literature can succeed." Yeats's interest in the classics and his defiance of English censorship were also fueled by a tour of America he took between 1903 and 1904. Stopping to deliver a lecture at the University of Notre Dame , he learned about the student production of the Oedipus Rex . This play was banned in England, an act he viewed as hypocritical and denounced as part of 'British Puritanism'. He contrasted this with
3614-600: Is significantly larger than the other three local authorities and covers about 49.5% of County Dublin's land area. Fingal is also perhaps the flattest region in Ireland, with the low-lying Naul Hills rising to a maximum height of just 176 metres (577 ft). Dublin is bounded to the south by the Wicklow Mountains . Where the mountains extend into County Dublin, they are known locally as the Dublin Mountains ( Sléibhte Bhaile Átha Cliath ). Kippure , on
3753-572: Is taken from the last lines of " Under Ben Bulben ", one of his final poems: Cast a cold Eye On Life, on Death. Horseman, pass by! The French ambassador Stanislas Ostroróg was involved in returning Yeats' remains to Ireland in 1948; in a letter to the European director of the Foreign Ministry in Paris, "Ostrorog tells how Yeats's son Michael sought official help in locating the poet's remains. Neither Michael Yeats nor Sean MacBride,
3892-464: Is the third-smallest of Leinster's 12 counties in size and the largest by population. Dublin shares a border with three counties – Meath to the north and west, Kildare to the west and Wicklow to the south. To the east, Dublin has an Irish Sea coastline which stretches for 155 kilometres (96 mi). Dublin is a topographically varied region. The city centre is generally very low-lying, and many areas of coastal Dublin are at or near sea-level. In
4031-555: Is what we are about today, but in effect that is the case." Although the Electoral Commission should, as far as practicable, avoid breaching county boundaries when recommending Dáil constituencies , this does not include the boundaries of a city or the boundary between the three counties in Dublin. There is also still a sheriff appointed for County Dublin. The term "County Dublin" is still in common usage. Many organisations and sporting teams continue to organise on
4170-428: The 2022 census , the population of Dublin was 1,458,154, an 8.4% increase since the 2016 Census . The county's population first surpassed 1 million in 1981, and is projected to reach 1.8 million by 2036. Dublin is Ireland's most populous county , a position it has held since the 1926 Census, when it overtook County Antrim . As of 2022, County Dublin has over twice the population of County Antrim and two and
4309-720: The Arts and Crafts movement . Their cousin Ruth Pollexfen , who was raised by the Yeats sisters after her parents' separation, designed the interior of the Australian prime minister's official residence . Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy , which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. While his family was supportive of the changes Ireland was experiencing, the nationalist revival of
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4448-623: The Ballycorus Leadmines caused widespread lead poisoning , and the area was once nicknamed "Death Valley". Dublin is in a maritime temperate oceanic region according to Köppen climate classification . Its climate is characterised by cool winters, mild humid summers, and a lack of temperature extremes. Met Éireann have a number of weather stations in the county, with its two primary stations at Dublin Airport and Casement Aerodrome . Annual temperatures typically fall within
4587-555: The COVID-19 pandemic , to reduce person-to-person contact, government regulations restricted activity to "within the county in which the relevant residence is situated". Within the regulations, the local government areas of "Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, South Dublin and Dublin City" were deemed to be a single county (as were the city and the county of Cork, and the city and the county of Galway). The latest Ordnance Survey Ireland "Discovery Series" (Third Edition 2005) 1:50,000 map of
4726-723: The Irish Parliament was abolished under the Acts of Union 1800 and Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom . Dublin lost its political status as a capital and went into a marked decline throughout the 19th century, leading to widespread demands to repeal the union . Although at one time the second city of the British Empire , by the late 1800s Dublin was one of the poorest cities in Europe. The city had
4865-501: The Local Government Act 2001 , the country was divided into local government areas of cities and counties, with the county borough of Dublin being designated a city for all purposes, now administered by Dublin City Council . Each local authority is responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing . Dublin, comprising
5004-557: The North ... You will put a wedge in the midst of this nation." He memorably said of his fellow Irish Protestants, "we are no petty people". In 1924 he chaired a coinage committee charged with selecting a set of designs for the first currency of the Irish Free State . Aware of the symbolic power latent in the imagery of a young state's currency, he sought a form that was "elegant, racy of the soil, and utterly unpolitical". When
5143-400: The modernists who experimented with free verse , Yeats was a master of the traditional forms. The impact of modernism on his work can be seen in the increasing abandonment of the more conventionally poetic diction of his early work in favour of the more austere language and more direct approach to his themes that increasingly characterises the poetry and plays of his middle period, comprising
5282-464: The partition of Ireland . In response, Yeats delivered a series of speeches that attacked the "quixotically impressive" ambitions of the government and clergy, likening their campaign tactics to those of "medieval Spain." "Marriage is not to us a Sacrament, but, upon the other hand, the love of a man and woman, and the inseparable physical desire, are sacred. This conviction has come to us through ancient philosophy and modern literature, and it seems to us
5421-491: The 13th century onwards. English power diminished so significantly that by the early 16th century English laws and customs were restricted to a small area around Dublin known as " The Pale ". The Earl of Kildare's failed rebellion in 1535 reignited Tudor interest in Ireland, and Henry VIII proclaimed the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542, with Dublin as its capital. Over the next 60 years the Tudor conquest spread to every corner of
5560-690: The American poet Ezra Pound in 1909. Pound had travelled to London at least partly to meet the older man, whom he considered "the only poet worthy of serious study." From 1913 until 1916, the two men wintered in the Stone Cottage at Ashdown Forest , with Pound nominally acting as Yeats's secretary. The relationship got off to a rocky start when Pound arranged for the publication in the magazine Poetry of some of Yeats's verse with Pound's own unauthorised alterations. These changes reflected Pound's distaste for Victorian prosody. A more indirect influence
5699-469: The Butler of Neigham Gowran family, descended from an illegitimate brother of The 8th Earl of Ormond . At the time of his marriage, his father, John, was studying law but later pursued art studies at Heatherley School of Fine Art , in London. William's mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen , from Sligo , came from a wealthy merchant family, who owned a milling and shipping business. Soon after William's birth,
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5838-482: The Dublin Mountains were upgraded in 2006 after a study into the impact of Hurricane Charley concluded that a slightly larger storm would have caused the reservoir dams to burst, which would have resulted in catastrophic damage and significant loss of life. In contrast with the Atlantic Coast , the east coast of Ireland has relatively few islands. County Dublin has one of the highest concentrations of islands on
5977-653: The Dublin Region, Sheet 50, shows the boundaries of the city and three surrounding counties of the region. Extremities of the Dublin Region, in the north and south of the region, appear in other sheets of the series, 43 and 56 respectively. There are four local authorities whose remit collectively encompasses the geographic area of the county and city of Dublin. These are Dublin City Council , South Dublin County Council , Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council and Fingal County Council . Until 1 January 1994,
6116-538: The Dublin–Wicklow border, is the county's highest mountain, at 757 metres (2,484 ft) above sea level. Crossed by the Dublin Mountains Way , they are a popular amenity area, with Two Rock , Three Rock , Tibradden , Ticknock , Montpelier Hill , and Glenasmole being among the most heavily foot-falled hiking destinations in Ireland. Forest cover extends to over 6,000 hectares (15,000 acres) within
6255-579: The English Tongue' (Bloomsbury House, 11 March 1893). The Society developed a proposal for a New Irish Library, a series of books to honor Irish culture, with Rolleston and Douglas Hyde as editors. Limerick man Michael MacDonagh , author and Parliamentary correspondent for the Times , was an active member and editor of the Society's quarterly Gazette. A Book of Irish Verse , designed to publicise
6394-487: The English travelling companies, and we wanted Irish plays and Irish players. When we thought of these plays we thought of everything that was romantic and poetical because the nationalism we had called up—the nationalism every generation had called up in moments of discouragement—was romantic and poetical." The prize led to a significant increase in the sales of his books, as his publishers Macmillan sought to capitalise on
6533-662: The Golden Dawn ceased and splintered into various offshoots, Yeats remained with the Stella Matutina until 1921. During séances held from 1912, a spirit calling itself "Leo Africanus" apparently claimed it was Yeats's Daemon or anti-self, inspiring some of the speculations in Per Amica Silentia Lunae . Yeats first significant poem was "The Island of Statues", a fantasy work that took Edmund Spenser and Shelley for its poetic models. The piece
6672-675: The Irish Literary Society's dinner on 13 February 1897. He spoke on 'The Irish Brigade'. William Butler Yeats William Butler Yeats (13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist and writer, and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature . He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival , and along with Lady Gregory founded the Abbey Theatre , serving as its chief during its early years. He
6811-788: The Irish Sea at the Dublin Docklands . The Liffey cuts through the centre of Dublin city, and the resultant Northside – Southside divide is an often used social, economic and linguistic distinction. Notable inlets include the central Dublin Bay , Rogerstown Estuary , the estuary of the Broadmeadow and Killiney Bay, under Killiney Hill . Headlands include Howth Head , Drumanagh and the Portraine Shore. In terms of biodiversity , these estuarine and coastal regions are home to
6950-483: The Irish east coast. Colt Island, St. Patrick's Island, Shenick Island and numerous smaller islets are clustered off the coast of Skerries, and are collectively known as the "Skerries Islands Natural Heritage Area". Further out lies Rockabill , which is Dublin's most isolated island, at about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) offshore. Lambay Island , at 250 hectares (620 acres), is the largest island off Ireland's east coast and
7089-409: The Irish foreign minister who organised the ceremony, wanted to know the details of how the remains were collected, Ostrorog notes. He repeatedly urges caution and discretion and says the Irish ambassador in Paris should not be informed." Yeats's body was exhumed in 1946 and the remains were moved to an ossuary and mixed with other remains. The French Foreign Ministry authorized Ostrorog to secretly cover
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#17327810674447228-512: The Irish nationalist Major John MacBride . His only other love affair during this period was with Olivia Shakespear , whom he first met in 1894, and parted from in 1897. Yeats derided MacBride in letters and in poetry. He was horrified by Gonne's marriage, at losing his muse to another man; in addition, her conversion to Catholicism before marriage offended the Protestant/agnostic Yeats. He worried his muse would come under
7367-662: The Normans, led by de Cogan and FitzGerald , stormed Dublin and overwhelmed its defenders, forcing mac Ragnaill to flee to the Northern Isles . Separate attempts to retake Dublin were launched by both Ua Conchobair and mac Ragnaill in 1171, both of which were unsuccessful. The authority over Ireland established by the Anglo-Norman King Henry II was gradually lost during the Gaelic resurgence from
7506-402: The Reeds (1899). The covers of these volumes were illustrated by Yeats's friend Althea Gyles . In 1890 Yeats and Ernest Rhys co-founded the Rhymers' Club , a group of London-based poets who met regularly in a Fleet Street tavern to recite their verse. Yeats later sought to mythologize the collective, calling it the "Tragic Generation" in his autobiography, and published two anthologies of
7645-410: The Rhymers' work, the first one in 1892 and the second one in 1894. He collaborated with Edwin Ellis on the first complete edition of William Blake's works, in the process rediscovering a forgotten poem, "Vala, or, the Four Zoas". In 1889, Yeats met Maud Gonne, a 23-year-old English heiress and ardent Irish nationalist. She was eighteen months younger than Yeats and later claimed she met the poet as
7784-426: The River Dodder, and is reputed to be the worst flood event in Dublin's history. Rainfall records were shattered across the county. Kippure recorded 280 mm (11 in) of rain over a 24-hour period, the greatest daily rainfall total ever recorded in Ireland. The government allocated IR£ 6,449,000 (equivalent to US$ 20.5 million in 2020) to repair the damage wrought by Charley. The two reservoirs at Bohernabreena in
7923-405: The United Kingdom in December 1922, with Dublin becoming the capital of the Irish Free State , and later the Republic of Ireland. From the 1960s onwards, Dublin city greatly expanded due to urban renewal works and the construction of large suburbs such as Tallaght , Coolock and Ballymun , which resettled both the rural and urban poor of County Dublin in newer state-built accommodation. Dublin
8062-621: The Yeats children were educated at home. Their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an erratic education in geography and chemistry and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside. On 26 January 1877, the young poet entered the Godolphin School , which he attended for four years. He did not distinguish himself academically, and an early school report describes his performance as "only fair. Perhaps better in Latin than in any other subject. Very poor in spelling". Though he had difficulty with mathematics and languages (possibly because he
8201-424: The administrative county of Dublin was administered by Dublin County Council . From that date, its functions were succeeded by Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, Fingal County Council and South Dublin County Council, each with its county seat , respectively administering the new counties established on that date. The city was previously designated a county borough and administered by Dublin Corporation . Under
8340-412: The aftermath of the First World War, he became sceptical about the efficacy of democratic government, and anticipated political reconstruction in Europe through totalitarian rule. His later association with Pound drew him towards Benito Mussolini , for whom he expressed admiration on a number of occasions. He wrote three "marching songs"—never used—for the Irish General Eoin O'Duffy 's Blueshirts . At
8479-580: The age of 69 he was 'rejuvenated' by the Steinach operation which was performed on 6 April 1934 by Norman Haire . For the last five years of his life Yeats found a new vigour evident from both his poetry and his intimate relations with younger women. During this time, Yeats was involved in a number of romantic affairs with, among others, the poet and actress Margot Ruddock and the novelist, journalist and sexual radical Ethel Mannin . As in his earlier life, Yeats found erotic adventure conducive to his creative energy, and, despite age and ill-health, he remained
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#17327810674448618-428: The artistic freedom of the Catholicism found at Notre Dame, which had allowed such a play with themes such as incest and parricide. He desired to stage a production of the Oedipus Rex in Dublin. The collective survived for about two years but was unsuccessful. Working with the Irish brothers with theatrical experience, William and Frank Fay , Yeats's unpaid but independently wealthy secretary Annie Horniman , and
8757-453: The board and a prolific playwright. In 1902, he helped set up the Dun Emer Press to publish work by writers associated with the Revival. This became the Cuala Press in 1904, and inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement, sought to "find work for Irish hands in the making of beautiful things." From then until its closure in 1946, the press—which was run by the poet's sisters—produced over 70 titles; 48 of them books by Yeats himself. Yeats met
8896-485: The bodily desire for me may be taken from you too." By January 1909, Gonne was sending Yeats letters praising the advantage given to artists who abstain from sex. Nearly twenty years later, Yeats recalled the night with Gonne in his poem "A Man Young and Old": My arms are like the twisted thorn And yet there beauty lay; The first of all the tribe lay there And did such pleasure take; She who had brought great Hector down And put all Troy to wreck. In 1896, Yeats
9035-448: The brink of civil war as a result of the Home Rule Crisis . Despite being the centre of Irish unionism outside of Ulster , Dublin was overwhelmingly in favour of Home Rule. Unionist parties had performed poorly in the county since the 1870s, leading contemporary historian W. E. H. Lecky to conclude that "Ulster unionism is the only form of Irish unionism that is likely to count as a serious political force". Unlike their counterparts in
9174-407: The city of Dublin, except for four coastal districts of Blackrock, Dalkey, Dún Laoghaire, and Killiney and Ballybrack, which formed the borough of Dún Laoghaire in 1930. The city of Dublin had been administered separately since the 13th century. Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 , the two areas were defined as the administrative county of Dublin and the county borough of Dublin, with
9313-485: The city's commuter belt to flat, fertile plains, which are some of the country's largest horticultural and agricultural hubs. Dublin is the oldest county in Ireland, and was the first part of the island to be shired following the Norman invasion in the late 1100s. While it is no longer a local government area, Dublin retains a strong identity, and continues to be referred to as both a region and county interchangeably, including at government body level. County Dublin
9452-434: The city, demolishing most of medieval Dublin in the process. During the Enlightenment , the penal laws were gradually repealed and members of the Protestant Ascendancy began to regard themselves as citizens of a distinct Irish nation. The Irish Patriot Party , led by Henry Grattan , agitated for greater autonomy from Great Britain , which was achieved under the Constitution of 1782 . These freedoms proved short-lived, as
9591-417: The city, such as Rush , Donabate and Balbriggan , are located in the far north of the county. Swords , while separated from the city by a green belt around Dublin Airport , is considered a suburban commuter town and an emerging small city. The third smallest county by land area, Dublin is bordered by Meath to the west and north, Kildare to the west, Wicklow to the south and the Irish Sea to
9730-404: The cost of repatriation from his slush fund. Authorities were worried about the fact that the much-loved poet's remains were thrown into a communal grave, causing embarrassment for both Ireland and France. Per a letter from Ostroróg to his superiors, "Mr Rebouillat, (a) forensic doctor in Roquebrune would be able to reconstitute a skeleton presenting all the characteristics of the deceased." Yeats
9869-473: The counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown , Fingal and South Dublin , each coterminous (with minor boundary adjustments) with the area of the corresponding electoral county. In discussing the legislation, Avril Doyle TD said, "The Bill before us today effectively abolishes County Dublin, and as one born and bred in these parts of Ireland I find it rather strange that we in this House are abolishing County Dublin. I am not sure whether Dubliners realise that that
10008-697: The county, nearly all of which is located in the Dublin Mountains. With just 6.5% of Dublin under forest, it is the 6th least forested county in Ireland. Much of the county is drained by its three major rivers – the River Liffey , the River Tolka in north Dublin, and the River Dodder in south Dublin. The Liffey, at 132 kilometres (82 mi) in length, is the 8th longest river in Ireland, and rises near Tonduff in County Wicklow, reaching
10147-477: The county. Dublin's sheltered location makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast. Ringsend in the south of Dublin city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in). The wettest area of the county is the Glenasmole Valley , which receives 1,159 mm (46 in) of rainfall per year. As
10286-409: The court heard allegations that he had sexually assaulted Iseult, then eleven. At fifteen, she proposed to Yeats. In 1917, he proposed to Iseult but was rejected. That September, Yeats proposed to 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees (1892–1968), known as George, whom he had met through Olivia Shakespear . Despite warnings from her friends—"George ... you can't. He must be dead"—Hyde-Lees accepted, and
10425-555: The east. The southern part of the county is dominated by the Dublin Mountains , which rise to around 760 metres (2,500 ft) and contain numerous valleys, reservoirs and forests. The county's east coast is punctuated by several bays and inlets, including Rogerstown Estuary , Broadmeadow Estuary , Baldoyle Bay and most prominently, Dublin Bay . The northern section of the county, today known as Fingal , varies enormously in character, from densely populated suburban towns of
10564-401: The easternmost point of County Dublin. Lambay supports one of the largest seabird colonies in Ireland and, curiously, also supports a population of non-native Red-necked wallabies . To the south of Lambay lies a smaller island known as Ireland's Eye – the result of a mistranslation of the island's Irish name by invading Vikings . Bull Island is a man-made island lying roughly parallel to
10703-476: The family from proceeding with the removal of the remains to Ireland due to the uncertainty of their identity. His body had earlier been exhumed and transferred to the ossuary . Yeats and his wife, George, had often discussed his death and his express wish was that he be buried quickly in France with a minimum of fuss. According to George, "His actual words were 'If I die, bury me up there [at Roquebrune] and then in
10842-460: The family moved to 3 Blenheim Road in Bedford Park where they would remain until 1902. The rent on the house in 1888 was £50 a year. Yeats began writing his first works when he was seventeen; these included a poem—heavily influenced by Percy Bysshe Shelley —that describes a magician who set up a throne in central Asia. Other pieces from this period include a draft of a play about a bishop,
10981-674: The family relocated to the Pollexfen home at Merville, Sligo, to stay with her extended family, and the young poet came to think of the area as his childhood and spiritual home. Its landscape became, over time, both personally and symbolically, his "country of the heart". So too did its location by the sea; John Yeats stated that "by marriage with a Pollexfen, we have given a tongue to the sea cliffs". The Butler Yeats family were highly artistic; his brother Jack became an esteemed painter, while his sisters Elizabeth and Susan Mary —known to family and friends as Lollie and Lily—became involved in
11120-499: The fascist movements as a triumph of public order and the needs of the national collective over petty individualism. He was an elitist who abhorred the idea of mob-rule, and saw democracy as a threat to good governance and public order. After the Blueshirt movement began to falter in Ireland, he distanced himself somewhat from his previous views, but maintained a preference for authoritarian and nationalist leadership. By 1916, Yeats
11259-730: The first President of Ireland, whose Love Songs of Connacht was widely admired. In 1899, Yeats, Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and George Moore founded the Irish Literary Theatre to promote Irish plays. The ideals of the Abbey were derived from the avant-garde French theatre, which sought to express the "ascendancy of the playwright rather than the actor-manager à l'anglais ." The group's manifesto, which Yeats wrote, declared, "We hope to find in Ireland an uncorrupted & imaginative audience trained to listen by its passion for oratory ... & that freedom to experiment which
11398-595: The first years of marriage, they experimented with automatic writing ; she contacted a variety of spirits and guides they called "Instructors" while in a trance. The spirits communicated a complex and esoteric system of philosophy and history, which the couple developed into an exposition using geometrical shapes: phases, cones, and gyres. Yeats devoted much time to preparing this material for publication as A Vision (1925). In 1924, he wrote to his publisher T. Werner Laurie, admitting, "I dare say I delude myself in thinking this book my book of books." In December 1923, Yeats
11537-563: The following year. Yeats was admitted into the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in March 1890 and took the magical motto Daemon est Deus inversus —translated as 'Devil is God inverted'. He was an active recruiter for the sect's Isis-Urania Temple , and brought in his uncle George Pollexfen, Maud Gonne , and Florence Farr . Although he reserved a distaste for abstract and dogmatic religions founded around personality cults, he
11676-499: The four local government areas in the county, is a strategic planning area within the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly (EMRA). It is a NUTS Level III region of Ireland . The region is one of eight regions of Ireland for Eurostat statistics at NUTS 3 level. Its NUTS code is IE061. This area formerly came under the remit of the Dublin Regional Authority. This Authority was dissolved in 2014. As of
11815-463: The grand Georgian homes of the 1700s were converted en masse into tenement slums . In 1911, over 20,000 families in Dublin were living in one-room tenements which they rented from wealthy landlords. Henrietta Street was particularly infamous for the density of its tenements, with 845 people living on the street in 1911, including 19 families – totalling 109 people – living in just one house. After decades of political unrest, Ireland appeared to be on
11954-624: The house finally decided on the artwork of Percy Metcalfe , Yeats was pleased, though he regretted that compromise had led to "lost muscular tension" in the finally depicted images. He retired from the Senate in 1928 because of ill health. Towards the end of his life—and especially after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and Great Depression , which led some to question whether democracy could cope with deep economic difficulty—Yeats seems to have returned to his aristocratic sympathies. During
12093-649: The hurdled ford', with Áth Cliath referring to a fording point along the river. As with Duiblinn , an early Christian monastery was also located at Áth Cliath , on the site that is currently occupied by the Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church . Dublin was the first county in Ireland to be shired after the Norman Conquest in the late 12th century. The Normans captured the Kingdom of Dublin from its Norse-Gael rulers and
12232-403: The influence of the priests and do their bidding. Gonne's marriage to MacBride was a disaster. This pleased Yeats, as Gonne began to visit him in London. After the birth of her son, Seán MacBride , in 1904, Gonne and MacBride agreed to end the marriage, although they were unable to agree on the child's welfare. Despite the use of intermediaries, a divorce case ensued in Paris in 1905. Gonne made
12371-483: The island, which was fully subdued by 1603 . Despite harsh penal laws and unfavourable trade restrictions imposed upon Ireland, Dublin flourished in the 18th century. The Georgian buildings which still define much of Dublin's architectural landscape to this day were mostly built over a 50-year period spanning from about 1750 to 1800. Bodies such as the Wide Streets Commission completely reshaped
12510-612: The kingdom's Norse rulers were first exiled from the region as early as 902. Dublin was captured by the High King of Ireland , Máel Sechnaill II , in 980, who freed the kingdom's Gaelic slaves. Dublin was again defeated by Máel Sechnaill in 988 and forced to accept Brehon law and pay taxes to the High King. Successive defeats at the hands of Brian Boru in 999 and, most famously, at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, relegated Dublin to
12649-444: The late 19th century directly disadvantaged his heritage and informed his outlook for the remainder of his life. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleon's dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty "is manifestly true of W.B.Y." Yeats's childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy. The 1880s saw
12788-401: The latter in the city area. In 1985, County Dublin was divided into three electoral counties: Dublin–Belgard to the southwest (South Dublin from 1991), Dublin–Fingal to the north (Fingal from 1991), and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown to the southeast. On 1 January 1994, under the Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993 , the County Dublin ceased to exist as a local government area, and was succeeded by
12927-535: The leading West End actress Florence Farr , the group established the Irish National Theatre Society . Along with Synge, they acquired property in Dublin and on 27 December 1904 opened the Abbey Theatre . Yeats's play Cathleen ni Houlihan and Lady Gregory's Spreading the News were featured on the opening night. Yeats remained involved with the Abbey until his death, both as a member of
13066-481: The lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) on 3 July 1974. At Dublin Airport, the driest month is February with 48.8 mm (2 in) of rainfall, and the wettest month is November, with 79.0 mm (3 in) of rain on average. As the prevailing wind direction in Ireland is from the south and west, the Wicklow Mountains create a rain shadow over much of
13205-543: The many incidents, woven into one great event of, let us say the War for the Brown Bull of Cuailgne or that of the last gathering at Muirthemne." Yeats was an Irish nationalist , who sought a kind of traditional lifestyle articulated through poems such as 'The Fisherman'. But as his life progressed, he sheltered much of his revolutionary spirit and distanced himself from the intense political landscape until 1922 , when he
13344-837: The mid-19th century are not reflected in their extent. The last boundary change of a barony in Dublin was in 1842, when the barony of Balrothery was divided into Balrothery East and Balrothery West. The largest recorded barony in Dublin in 1872 was Uppercross, at 39,032 acres (157.96 km ), and the smallest barony was Dublin, at 1,693 acres (6.85 km ). Townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland. There are 1,090 townlands in Dublin, of which 88 are historic town boundaries. These town boundaries are registered as their own townlands and are much larger than rural townlands. The smallest rural townlands in Dublin are just 1 acre in size, most of which are offshore islands ( Clare Rock Island, Lamb Island, Maiden Rock, Muglins, Thulla Island ). The largest rural townland in Dublin
13483-540: The mid-9th century AD and founded what would become the city of Dublin. Over time they mixed with the natives of the area, becoming Norse–Gaels . The Vikings raided across Ireland, Britain, France and Spain during this period and under their rule Dublin developed into the largest slave market in Western Europe . While the Vikings were formidable at sea, the superiority of Irish land forces soon became apparent, and
13622-604: The more sensual characterisation of Salomé, in Wilde's play of the same name , provides the template for the changes Yeats made in his later plays, especially in On Baile's Strand (1904), Deirdre (1907), and his dance play The King of the Great Clock Tower (1934). Yeats had a lifelong interest in mysticism, spiritualism , occultism and astrology . He read extensively on the subjects throughout his life, became
13761-472: The mouth of the River Liffey . The remains of five wooden fish traps were discovered near Spencer Dock in 2007. These traps were designed to catch incoming fish at high tide and could be retrieved at low tide. Thin-bladed stone axes were used to craft the traps and radiocarbon dating places them in the Late Mesolithic period ( c. 6,100 –5,700 BCE). The Vikings invaded the region in
13900-579: The name was used as the basis for the county's official Anglo-Norman (and later English ) name. However, in Modern Irish the region was named after the Gaelic settlement of Baile Átha Cliath or simply Áth Cliath . As a result, Dublin is one of four counties in Ireland with a different name origin for both Irish and English – the others being Wexford , Waterford , and Wicklow , whose English names are also derived from Old Norse. The earliest recorded inhabitants of present-day Dublin settled along
14039-538: The new societies, was published in 1895, edited by Yeats and dedicated 'To the Members of the National Literary Society of Dublin and the Irish Literary Society of London.' It featured poetry by Rolleston, Hyde, Katharine Tynan , Lionel Johnson , AE and several others, with notes and an introduction by himself. Arthur Conan Doyle , of Irish descent, and with a keen interest in Ireland, chaired
14178-670: The north, "southern unionists" were a clear minority in the rest of Ireland, and as such were much more willing to co-operate with the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) to avoid partition . Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty , Belfast unionist Dawson Bates decried the "effusive professions of loyalty and confidence in the Provisional Government" that was displayed by former unionists in the new Irish Free State . The question of Home Rule
14317-632: The occult. While in London he became part of the Irish literary revival . His early poetry was influenced by John Keats , William Wordsworth , William Blake and many more. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, lasting roughly from his student days at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin until the turn of the century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced, modernist and lyrical poems display debts to Edmund Spenser , Percy Bysshe Shelley and
14456-702: The poets of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . From 1900 his poetry grew more physical, realistic and politicised. He moved away from the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with some elements including cyclical theories of life. He had become the chief playwright for the Irish Literary Theatre in 1897, and early on promoted younger poets such as Ezra Pound . His major works include The Land of Heart's Desire (1894), Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902), Deirdre (1907), The Wild Swans at Coole (1919), The Tower (1928) and Last Poems and Plays (1940). William Butler Yeats
14595-466: The publicity. For the first time he had money, and he was able to repay not only his own debts but those of his father. By early 1925, Yeats's health had stabilised, and he had completed most of the writing for A Vision . Dated 1925, it actually appeared in January 1926, when he almost immediately started rewriting it for a second version. He had been appointed to the first Irish Senate in 1922, and
14734-491: The refrain of " Easter, 1916 " ("All changed, changed utterly / A terrible beauty is born"), Yeats faces his own failure to recognise the merits of the leaders of the Easter Rising , due to his attitude towards their ordinary backgrounds and lives. Yeats was close to Lady Gregory and her home place of Coole Park , County Galway. He would often visit and stay there as it was a central meeting place for people who supported
14873-401: The resurgence of Irish literature and cultural traditions. His poem, " The Wild Swans at Coole " was written there, between 1916 and 1917. He wrote prefaces for two books of Irish mythological tales, compiled by Lady Gregory: Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902), and Gods and Fighting Men (1904). In the preface of the latter, he wrote: "One must not expect in these stories the epic lineaments,
15012-544: The rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement; the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism , while the Irish Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had a profound effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his country's biography. In 1867, the family moved to England to aid their father, John, to further his career as an artist. At first,
15151-553: The rural district of Dublin North, became an urban district in 1919. Kingstown was renamed Dún Laoghaire in 1920. The rural districts were abolished in 1930. Balbriggan , in the rural district of Balrothery, had town commissioners under the Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854. This became a town council in 2002. In common with all town councils, it was abolished in 2014. The urban districts were gradually absorbed by
15290-480: The shoreline which began to form following the construction of the Bull Wall in 1825. The island is still growing and is currently 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long and 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) wide. In 1981, North Bull Island ( Oileán an Tairbh Thuaidh ) was designated as a UNESCO biosphere. For statistical purposes at European level, the county as a whole forms the Dublin Region – a NUTS III entity – which
15429-547: The south of the county, the topography rises steeply from sea-level at the coast to over 500 metres (1,600 ft) in just a few kilometres. This natural barrier has resulted in densely populated coastal settlements in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown and westward urban sprawl in South Dublin . In contrast, Fingal is generally rural in nature and much less densely populated than the rest of the county. Consequently, Fingal
15568-523: The status of lesser kingdom. In 1170, the ousted King of Leinster , Diarmait Mac Murchada , and his Norman allies agreed to capture Dublin at a war council in Waterford . They evaded the intercepting army of High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair by marching through the Wicklow Mountains , arriving outside the walls of Dublin in late September. The King of Dublin, Ascall mac Ragnaill , met with Mac Murchada for negotiations; however, while talks were ongoing,
15707-590: The two of them performed the majority of the work in translating the principal Upanishads from Sanskrit into common English; the resulting work, The Ten Principal Upanishads , was published in 1938. He died at the Hôtel Idéal Beauséjour in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin , near Menton , France, on 28 January 1939, aged 73. He was buried after a discreet and private funeral at Roquebrune. Attempts had been made at Roquebrune to dissuade
15846-493: The two were married on 20 October 1917. Their marriage was a success, in spite of the age difference, and in spite of Yeats's feelings of remorse and regret during their honeymoon. The couple went on to have two children, Anne and Michael . Although in later years he had romantic relationships with other women, Georgie herself wrote to her husband, "When you are dead, people will talk about your love affairs, but I shall say nothing, for I will remember how proud you were." During
15985-628: The volumes In the Seven Woods , Responsibilities and The Green Helmet . His later poetry and plays are written in a more personal vein, and the works written in the last twenty years of his life include mention of his son and daughter, as well as meditations on the experience of growing old. In his poem " The Circus Animals' Desertion ", he describes the inspiration for these late works: County Dublin County Dublin ( Irish : Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or Contae Átha Cliath )
16124-544: The words: "I consider that this honour has come to me less as an individual than as a representative of Irish literature, it is part of Europe's welcome to the Free State." Yeats used the occasion of his acceptance lecture at the Royal Academy of Sweden to present himself as a standard-bearer of Irish nationalism and Irish cultural independence. As he remarked, "The theatres of Dublin were empty buildings hired by
16263-487: The worst housing conditions of anywhere in the United Kingdom , and overcrowding, disease and malnourishment were rife within central Dublin. In 1901, The Irish Times reported that the disease and mortality rates in Calcutta during the 1897 bubonic plague outbreak compared "favourably with those of Dublin at the present moment". Most of the upper and middle class residents of Dublin had moved to wealthier suburbs, and
16402-559: The writings of William Blake . In later life, Yeats paid tribute to Blake by describing him as one of the "great artificers of God who uttered great truths to a little clan". In 1891, Yeats published John Sherman and "Dhoya", one a novella, the other a story. The influence of Oscar Wilde is evident in Yeats's theory of aesthetics, especially in his stage plays, and runs like a motif through his early works. The theory of masks, developed by Wilde in his polemic The Decay of Lying can clearly be seen in Yeats's play The Player Queen , while
16541-478: Was tone deaf and had dyslexia ), he was fascinated by biology and zoology. In 1879 the family moved to Bedford Park taking a two-year lease at 8 Woodstock Road. For financial reasons, the family returned to Dublin toward the end of 1880, living at first in the suburbs of Harold's Cross and later in Howth . In October 1881, Yeats resumed his education at Dublin's Erasmus Smith High School . His father's studio
16680-479: Was 51 years old and determined to marry and produce an heir. His rival, John MacBride , had been executed for his role in the 1916 Easter Rising , so Yeats hoped that his widow, Maud Gonne , might remarry. His final proposal to Gonne took place in mid-1916. Gonne's history of revolutionary political activism, as well as a series of personal catastrophes in the previous few years of her life—including chloroform addiction and her troubled marriage to MacBride—made her
16819-438: Was Maud's second child with Lucien Millevoye , and at the time was twenty-one years old. She had lived a sad life to this point; conceived as an attempt to reincarnate her short-lived brother, for the first few years of her life she was presented as her mother's adopted niece. When Maud told her that she was going to marry, Iseult cried and told her mother that she hated MacBride. When Gonne took action to divorce MacBride in 1905,
16958-627: Was appointed Senator for the Irish Free State . In the earlier part of his life, Yeats was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood . In the 1930s, Yeats was fascinated with the authoritarian, anti-democratic, nationalist movements of Europe, and he composed several marching songs for the Blueshirts , although they were never used. He was a fierce opponent of individualism and political liberalism and saw
17097-514: Was attracted to the type of people he met at the Golden Dawn. He became heavily involved with Theosophy and with the eclectic Rosicrucianism of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn . He was involved in the Order's power struggles, both with Farr and Macgregor Mathers , and was involved when Mathers sent Aleister Crowley to repossess Golden Dawn paraphernalia during the "Battle of Blythe Road". After
17236-618: Was awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature , and later served two terms as a Senator of the Irish Free State . A Protestant of Anglo-Irish descent, Yeats was born in Sandymount , Ireland. His father practised law and was a successful portrait painter. He was educated in Dublin and London and spent his childhood holidays in County Sligo . He studied poetry from an early age, when he became fascinated by Irish legends and
17375-461: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation". Politically aware, he knew the symbolic value of an Irish winner so soon after Ireland had gained independence, and highlighted the fact at each available opportunity. His reply to many of the letters of congratulations sent to him contained
17514-529: Was born in Sandymount in County Dublin , Ireland. His father John was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter, who died in 1712. Benjamin Yeats, Jervis's grandson and William's great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married Mary Butler of a landed family in County Kildare . Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler. Mary was of
17653-491: Was described by Yeats as a man of "monstrous discourtesy", and he lamented that "It is one of the glories of the Church in which I was born that we have put our Bishops in their place in discussions requiring legislation." During his time in the Senate, Yeats further warned his colleagues, "If you show that this country, southern Ireland, is going to be governed by Roman Catholic ideas and by Catholic ideas alone, you will never get
17792-452: Was followed by the collection The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889), which arranged a series of verse that dated as far back as the mid-1880s. The long title poem contains, in the words of his biographer R. F. Foster , "obscure Gaelic names, striking repetitions [and] an unremitting rhythm subtly varied as the poem proceeded through its three sections": We rode in sorrow, with strong hounds three, Bran, Sceolan, and Lomair, On
17931-545: Was how another of his lovers described the event. Yeats was less sentimental and later remarked that "the tragedy of sexual intercourse is the perpetual virginity of the soul." The relationship did not develop into a new phase after their night together, and soon afterwards Gonne wrote to the poet indicating that despite the physical consummation, they could not continue as they had been: "I have prayed so hard to have all earthly desire taken from my love for you and dearest, loving you as I do, I have prayed and I am praying still that
18070-508: Was introduced to Lady Gregory by their mutual friend Edward Martyn . Gregory encouraged Yeats's nationalism and convinced him to continue focusing on writing drama. Although he was influenced by French Symbolism , Yeats concentrated on an identifiably Irish content and this inclination was reinforced by his involvement with a new generation of younger and emerging Irish authors. Together with Lady Gregory, Martyn, and other writers including J. M. Synge , Seán O'Casey , and Padraic Colum , Yeats
18209-725: Was nearby and William spent a great deal of time there, where he met many of the city's artists and writers. During this period he started writing poetry, and, in 1885, the Dublin University Review published Yeats's first poems, as well as an essay entitled "The Poetry of Sir Samuel Ferguson ". Between 1884 and 1886, William attended the Metropolitan School of Art—now the National College of Art and Design —in Thomas Street . In March 1888
18348-471: Was one of the few works from this period that he did not disown in his maturity. Oisin introduces what was to become one of his most important themes: the appeal of the life of contemplation over the appeal of the life of action. Following the work, Yeats never again attempted another long poem. His other early poems, which are meditations on the themes of love or mystical and esoteric subjects, include Poems (1895), The Secret Rose (1897), and The Wind Among
18487-457: Was one of those responsible for the establishment of the " Irish Literary Revival " movement. Apart from these creative writers, much of the impetus for the Revival came from the work of scholarly translators who were aiding in the discovery of both the ancient sagas and Ossianic poetry and the more recent folk song tradition in Irish. One of the most significant of these was Douglas Hyde , later
18626-595: Was part of a warm tropical sea inhabited by an abundance of corals , crinoids and brachiopods . The oldest rocks in Dublin are the Cambrian shales located on Howth Head, which were laid down ca. 500 Mya. Disruption following the closure of the Iapetus Ocean approximately 400 Mya resulted in the formation of granite . This is now exposed at the surface from the Dublin Mountains to the coastal areas of Dún Laoghaire. 19th-century Lead extraction and smelting at
18765-632: Was put on hold due to the outbreak of the First World War but was never to be revisited as a series of missteps by the British government, such as executing the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising and the Conscription Crisis of 1918 , fuelled the Irish revolutionary period . The IPP were nearly wiped out by Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election and, following a brief war of independence , 26 of Ireland's 32 counties seceded from
18904-559: Was re-appointed for a second term in 1925. Early in his tenure, a debate on divorce arose, and Yeats viewed the issue as primarily a confrontation between the emerging Roman Catholic ethos and the Protestant minority. When the Roman Catholic Church weighed in with a blanket refusal to consider their anti position, The Irish Times countered that a measure to outlaw divorce would alienate Protestants and "crystallise"
19043-406: Was serialized in the Dublin University Review . Yeats wished to include it in his first collection, but it was deemed too long, and in fact, was never republished in his lifetime. Quinx Books published the poem in complete form for the first time in 2014. His first solo publication was the pamphlet Mosada: A Dramatic Poem (1886), which comprised a print run of 100 copies paid for by his father. This
19182-417: Was the driving force behind Ireland's Celtic Tiger period, an era of rapid economic growth that started in the early 1990s. In stark contrast to the turn of the 20th century, Dublin entered the 21st century as one of Europe's richest cities, attracting immigrants and investment from all over the world. Dublin is the third smallest of Ireland's 32 counties by area, and the largest in terms of population. It
19321-540: Was the scholarship on Japanese Noh plays that Pound had obtained from Ernest Fenollosa 's widow, which provided Yeats with a model for the aristocratic drama he intended to write. The first of his plays modelled on Noh was At the Hawk's Well , the first draft of which he dictated to Pound in January 1916. The emergence of a nationalist revolutionary movement from the ranks of the mostly Roman Catholic lower-middle and working class made Yeats reassess some of his attitudes. In
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