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85-534: This Buryatia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Irkutsk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Buryatia Buryatia , officially the Republic of Buryatia , is a republic of Russia located in

170-605: A 500,000 strong Ming army and captured the Zhengtong Emperor in what came to be known as the Tumu Crisis . However, after this astounding victory, Esen failed to take the Ming capital of Beijing . In the following year a peace was concluded between the two sides and the captive emperor was allowed to return home. After executing the rebellious Tayisung Khan (r. 1433–1453) and his brother Agbarjin in 1453, Esen took

255-658: A Khalkha army of 10,000 near Lake Baikal. After two bloody battles with the Dzungars near Erdene Zuu Monastery and Tomor, Chikhundorji and his brother Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Zanabazar fled across the Gobi Desert to the Qing dynasty and submitted to the Kangxi Emperor . By 1690, Galdan had control of Outer Mongolia as far as the edge of Manchuria, before turning his attention east towards Beijing. This expansion of

340-473: A century. Despite this decentralization, there was a remarkable concord within the new Mongol order created by Dayan Khan. After Dayan Khan's death, the Mongols began falling apart again under the two succeeding khans. By 1540 new regional circles of taijis and local tabunangs (imperial sons-in-law) of the taijis emerged in all the former Dayan Khan's domains. The khagan and the jinong had titular authority over

425-571: A formal alliance with the Jurchens from 1612 to 1624. In response, Ligdan waged war on the Mongol allies of the Jurchens in 1625. The Jurchen-Mongol army defeated Ligdan and forced him back. In the following year, Uuba Noyan of the Khorchin had his younger brother marry one of Nurhaci's daughters, cementing the alliance. Many of the Jurchens married Mongols. Ligdan appointed his own officials over

510-639: A large-scale conversion to Tibetan Buddhism in the Right Wing Tumens occurred. Jasagtu appointed a Tibetan Buddhist chaplain of the Karmapa order and agreed that Buddhism would henceforth become the state religion of Mongolia. In 1577, Altan and Sechen received the 3rd Dalai Lama , which started the conversion of Tumed and Ordos Mongols to Buddhism. Soon after the Oirats also adopted Buddhism. Numerous Tibetan lamas entered Mongolia to proselytize. By

595-532: A population of 978,588 ( 2021 Census ). It is home to the indigenous Buryats . The republic is located in the south-central region of Siberia along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal . Major rivers include: Over 80% of the republic's territory is located in the mountainous region, including the Baikal Mountains on the northern shores of Lake Baikal , the Ulan-Burgas east of the lake, and

680-635: A result, in 1639, Gombodorj's son became the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , the spiritual head of the Gelug Buddhists in Mongolia. Gombodorj did his best to maintain peaceful relations with the rising Manchus by sending tribute. He also stopped providing horses to the Ming dynasty . Diplomacy failed after the Manchus defeated the Ming in 1644 and seized Beijing . In 1646, a Mongol noyan rebelled against

765-545: A self-governing Buryat Autonomous Region, based on the models of Poland and Finland , with an elected body, the Buryat National Duma, that all Buryats, men and women, over the age of 18 and without criminal convictions, would participate in. This Duma would elect a permanent executive body, the Buryat National committee, which would take on responsibilities such as organizing the elections, assembling

850-767: A small handful of followers. In 1697 he died in the Altai Mountains near Khovd on 4 April. Back in Dzungaria, his nephew Tsewang Rabtan , who had revolted in 1689, was already in control as of 1691. Outer Mongolia was thus incorporated into the Qing Empire, and the Khalkha leaders returned to Outer Mongolia as Qing vassals. A Qing garrison was installed at Ulaanbaatar. The Qing forces occupied Hami but did not advance into Dzungaria. The Dzungars later expanded into Tibet and Kazakhstan, but they too were conquered by

935-562: A succession of Genghisid rulers, many of whom were mere figureheads put on the throne by those warlords who happened to be the most powerful. From the end of the 14th century there appear designations such as "period of small kings" ( Бага хаадын үе ). On one side stood the Western Mongols and on the other the Eastern Mongols . While the Oirats drew their khans from the descendants of Ariq Böke and other princes, Arugtai of

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1020-472: A yearly supply of furs ; it was not until the 1680s that the last of the eastern Buryat lands were forced to participate in the yasak system. In 1666, the fort of Udinskoye was founded. This area later became known as Verkhneudinsk – in 1934, it was renamed Ulan-Ude, the present-day capital of Buryatia. From 1727 it was the border crossing for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China . Kyakhta's founder,

1105-399: Is composed of agricultural and commercial products including wheat , vegetables , potatoes , timber , leather , graphite , and textiles . Fishing , hunting , fur farming , sheep and cattle farming , mining , stock raising, engineering , and food processing are also important economic generators. The unemployment rate of Buryatia was 11% in 2020. GDP pro person nominal in 2018

1190-669: Is currently dominated by the country's ruling party, United Russia , with 45 seats. Vladimir Anatolyevich Pavlov has been Chairman of the People's Khural since September 2019. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on February 22, 1994. In the 2024 Russian presidential election , which critics called rigged and fraudulent, President Vladimir Putin won 87.96% of the vote in Buryatia. Population : 972,021 ( 2010 Census ) ; 981,238 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,041,119 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Source: According to

1275-455: Is the same as that of the declared group. Traditionally, Buryats adhered to belief systems that were based on the deification of nature, belief in spirits, and the possibility of their magic influence on the surroundings. They were led by shamans , who systematized tribal beliefs and cults. From the second half of the 17th century, beliefs and cults in the shamanic form were displaced by Buddhism , which became widespread in ethnic Buryatia. By

1360-437: The 2021 Census , ethnic Russians make up 64% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Buryats comprise 32.5% of the population. Other groups include Soyots (0.5%) and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. 68,873 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group

1445-620: The Asud supported the old Yuan khans of Kublaid descent. The House of Ogedei also briefly attempted to reunite the Mongols under their rule. The Mongols eventually split into three main groups: the Oirats in the west, the Uriankhai in northeast, and the Khorchin between the two. The Uriankhai surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s. The Ming divided them into the Three Guards: Doyin, Tai'nin and Fuyu. Mongol relations with

1530-722: The Buryat-Mongolian ASSR and merged with Chita and Irkutsk Oblasts , respectively. In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the republic and simply became the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Buryatia within the vast multi-ethnic, diverse Soviet Union. The Ivolginsky Datsan was opened in 1945 as the only Buddhist spiritual centre of the USSR, home to the Central Spiritual Board of Buddhists of

1615-684: The February Revolution in 1917. From March 1917, the leading Buryat intelligentsia organized a number of conferences in cities such as Petrograd , Chita , Irkutsk , and Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude) and invited representatives from Buryat administrative districts of the Irkutsk and Transbaikalia regions. The culmination of these conferences was the first All-Buryat Congress in April 23–25, 1917 in Chita, where activists advocated for

1700-598: The Four Oirats . Making another of his sons jinong, he abolished old-Yuan court titles of taishi, chingsang, pingchan and chiyuan. From 1495 onward, Dayan exerted pressure on the Ming dynasty, which closed border-trade and killed his envoys. Dayan invaded Ming territory and subjugated the Uriankhai Three Guards, who had previously submitted to the Ming. As a result, the Tümed Mongols ruled in

1785-527: The Germans (0.11% of the population) are also Orthodox, so are some other non-European groups like Armenians (0.23%), Georgians (0.03%), and Soyot (0.37%). Buryats constitute 30.04% of the total population. Most urban Buryats are either Buddhist or Orthodox, while those in the rural areas often adhere to Yellow shamanism , a mixture of shamanism and Buddhism, or to Black shamanism . There are also Tengrist movements. Siberian Tatars are around 0.7% of

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1870-698: The Jurchen -led Later Jin dynasty in 1635. The Northern Yuan dynasty began with the retreat of the Yuan imperial court led by Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong of Yuan) to the Mongolian steppe. This period featured factional struggles and the often only nominal role of the Great Khan . Dayan Khan and Mandukhai Khatun reunited most Mongol tribes in the late 15th century. However, the former's distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs caused

1955-566: The Jurchens to the east. Abtai and Sechen brought many of the Oirat tribes under their domination. Altan conquered large parts of Qinghai and left one of his sons in charge there. Jasagtu also tried to unify the Mongols under a new code of law, written in the old Mongol script derived from the Uyghur script . A series of smallpox epidemics and lack of trade forced the Mongols to repeatedly plunder

2040-545: The Manchus , and the successors of the Mongol Empire were also under Manchu authority. The son of Ligdan Khan, Ejei , died under mysterious circumstances. His rank was given to his brother Abunai, who refused to attend court with the Manchus. Abunai's rank was then passed on to his son, Burni, who rebelled against the Manchus in 1675, but the uprising was defeated and Burni died in battle. The Qing emperors then placed

2125-526: The Merkit , Bayads , Barga Mongols and Tümeds inhabited Buryatia. Cossacks and other tsarists officials began moving eastward into the western Buryat lands in 1625, where they estimated 30,000 Buryats were living in southeastern Siberia, collecting tribute from other, small Siberian tribes. The Buryats resisted the incorporation into the Russian Empire's tribute system ( yasak ) that demanded

2210-515: The Ordos region and they gradually extended their domain into northeastern Qinghai . In 1517, Dayan even threatened Beijing itself. Mongol armies raided the Ming dynasty not only in the north but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming dynasty lost Kara Del as a protectorate to the Turpan Khanate at the same time. Dayan kept defeating the Ming in battle right up until his death in 1543. At

2295-606: The Russian Far East . Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District , it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. It borders Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal , the deepest lake in the world to the north, Zabaykalsky Krai to the east, Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude . It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with

2380-655: The Selenga Highlands in the south near the Mongolia–Russia border . The republic's natural resources include gold , tungsten , zinc , uranium , and more. The climate varies, with the capital Ulan-Ude having a humid steppe climate and the north with a humid continental climate . Mongolian people have lived around the area of Lake Baikal since the fifth century, with Mongolic -related Slab Grave cultural monuments found in Baikal territory. Over time,

2465-574: The Serb Sava Vladislavich , established it as a trading point between Russia and the Qing Empire . The 1820 reforms of Mikhail Speransky established indirect rule over Buryatia by codifying the local clan leaders as official members of the "steppe duma " in order to incorporate them into the existing imperial government. Buddhism was recognized as an official religion of the Russian Empire by Empress Elizabeth in 1741, with

2550-519: The Uyghurs and they might have had some ties with the Hami oasis. During his reign, Manduulun Khan (1475–1478) effectively won over most of the Mongol warlords before he died in 1478. Manduulun's young khatun Mandukhai proclaimed a seven-year-old boy named Batumongke of Genghisid descent as khan. Mandukhai made persistent efforts to bring the various Mongol tribes under control. The new khan took

2635-521: The "Great Yuan" dynastic name along with other Han -style imperial titles were abandoned by his successor Jorightu Khan Yesüder ; hence, the name "Northern Yuan" is sometimes limited in its usage to referencing only the period between 1368 and 1388. The historiographical term "Northern Yuan" in the English language is derived from the corresponding term "北元" ( Běi Yuán ) in the Chinese language, in which

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2720-691: The 1930s. The leader of the Buryat ASSR from 1962 to 1984 was Andrei Urupkheevich Modogoev . In the 1970s, Soviet authorities began two major industrial projects in Buryatia: the Gusinoozerskii power station to the south of Ulan-Ude and the construction of the Baikal–Amur Mainline railway in northern Buraytia. The construction of both projects, particularly the railway, required recruiting campaigns to bring workers from other parts of

2805-779: The Buryat Duma, and publishing works in the Buryat language. Among other topics discussed at the Congress were the establishment of an Education Council to create Buryat schools, trained educators, and curricula that included the history of the Buryats and Mongols and Buryat studies. After the November Revolution in 1917, the Buryats bid for independence was complicated by the arrival of a Japanese expeditionary force into Buryatia in 1918. The Buryat national leaders saw

2890-728: The Chahar Mongols under their direct rule. In Outer Mongolia the Khalkhas still against Manchu rule, Tüsheet Khan Gombodorj retained his independence and suzerainty over the Sechen and Jasagtu khans. However another independent entity known as Altan Khan of the Khalkha emerged in Jasagtu territory. With the loss of Inner Mongolia and the Imperial Mongol Seal, the Mongols had to search for a new source of authority. As

2975-652: The Dzungar state was viewed with worry by the Qing, which led the Kangxi Emperor (Enh-Amgalan khaan-in Mongolian) to block Galdan. Late in the summer of 1690, Galdan crossed the Kherlen River with a force of 20,000 and engaged a Qing army at Battle of Ulan Butung 350 kilometers north of Beijing near the western headwaters of the Liao River . Galdan was forced to retreat and escaped total destruction because

3060-529: The Japanese as potential and critical allies in assisting the independence movement, but the cooperation ultimately failed due to the conflicting agendas. The Red Army advanced in Buryatia in 1920 and continued to Outer Mongolia in 1921. Attracted to the promises of self-determination and territorial autonomy by the Bolsheviks , and having lost the cooperation of the Japanese, the Buryat leaders embraced

3145-533: The Ming did consider the previous Yuan which it had succeeded to be a legitimate dynasty. In 1388, the Mongol throne was taken over by Jorightu Khan Yesüder , a descendant of Arik Böke ( Tolui 's son), with the support of the Oirats. He abolished the Han -style title of former Yuan dynasty. In the following year, one of Uskhal Khan's subjects, Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan , founded his own small state called Kara Del in Hami . The following century saw

3230-645: The Ming dynasty in 1387–88. The Yuan loyalists under the Kublaid prince Basalawarmi (the Prince of Liang ) in Yunnan and Guizhou were also defeated and killed by the Ming earlier in 1381–82. In 1380, the Ming invaded Northern Yuan and sacked Karakorum, although they were eventually forced to withdraw. Around 70,000 Mongol captives were taken. In 1387, the Ming defeated the Uriankhai Mongols , and in

3315-492: The Ming dynasty consisted of sporadic bursts of conflict intermingled with periods of peaceful relations and border trade. The Oirat-backed Örüg Temür Khan (Gulichi) was defeated by Elbeg Khan's son Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri, r. 1408–1412), the protégé of Tamerlane (d. 1405), in 1403. Most of the Mongol noblemen under Arugtai chingsang sided with Öljei Temur. The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) issued Öljei Temür an ultimatum demanding his acceptance of tributary relations to

3400-523: The Ming dynasty. In 1616, the Jurchens rose to the forefront of East Asian powers under the reign of Nurhaci . Although sharing many similar characteristics with the Mongols, the Jurchens were not nomads, but tribal people who had adopted Chinese agricultural practices. Nurhaci had ambitions to conquer the Ming dynasty and sought allies in the Khorchin Mongols, subjects of Ligdan. The princes of Khorchin , Jarud, and southern Khalkha Mongols made

3485-626: The Ming dynasty. Öljei Temur refused, resulting in the Ming dynasty conducting several campaigns against the Mongols . In 1409, a Ming army of 100,000 entered Mongolia but suffered a defeat against Öljei Temur and Arugtai at the Battle of Kherlen . In the following year, the Yongle Emperor personally led an expedition into Mongolia and defeated the Mongols. After the death of Öljei Temur, the Oirats under their leader Bahamu ( Mahmud ) (d. 1417) enthroned an Ariq Bökid Delbeg Khan in 1412. Originally

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3570-430: The Ming had supported the Oirats in their power struggle with the eastern Mongols, but as the Oirats gained supremacy over them, the Ming withdrew their support. By 1422 Arugtai turned hostile again as the Ming did not grant him the trading privileges he wanted, and Yongle campaigned against him in 1422 and 1423. Bahamu's successor Toghan pushed Arugtai east of the Greater Khingan range in 1433. The Oirats killed him in

3655-552: The Mongolian language, this period is also known as " The Forty and the Four " ( Döchin Dörben ), meaning forty tümen of Eastern Mongols ( Eastern Mongolia ) and four tümen of Western Mongols . Mongolian historiography also uses the term "Period of political disunion", "Period of small khagans", "Mongolia's period of political disruption" and "Mongolia's 14th–17th century", etc. The Chinese Ming Dynasty called them “Tatar” ( Chinese : 鞑靼 ; pinyin : Dádá ) and “Wala” (Oirats, Chinese : 瓦剌 ; pinyin : Wǎlà ) after

3740-409: The Mongolic peoples of the regions developed into distinct groups, one of which became the Buryats. Further divisions of the Buryats came from those living on the western shore of Lake Baikal, with better land for agriculture, and those in the east, who practiced nomadism more regularly and continued residing in moveable felt yurts . As a result of the superior farmland, the western side of Lake Baikal

3825-497: The Mongols were divided into eastern and western parts. The Northern Yuan dynasty was the remnant of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) founded by Kublai Khan . After eliminating the Song dynasty in 1279, the Yuan dynasty ruled all of China proper for about a century. Even prior to the Yuan dynasty, the Mongols had ruled Northern China for more than 40 years, since the time they conquered the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in 1234. Yuan rule in China proper began to collapse in 1344 when

3910-414: The Qing army did not have the supplies or ability to pursue him. In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor led 100,000 troops into Mongolia . Galdan fled from the Kherlen only to be caught by another Qing army attacking from the west. He was defeated in the ensuing Battle of Jao Modo near the upper Tuul River . Galdan's wife, Anu , was killed and the Qing army captured 20,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep. Galdan fled with

3995-434: The Qing but was crushed under overwhelming odds. In 1647, Gombodorj met the Qing in battle with 50,000 cavalry and neither side were able to obtain a decisive victory. Although both sides suffered heavy losses, the Mongol army constituted a larger part of their overall forces than the Qing, signalling that the Mongols no longer had the numbers to directly confront the Qing in battle. In the mid-17th century, Gombodorj died and

4080-486: The Republic is the Head (formerly President), who the voters of the republic elect for a four-year term. From 2004 to 2012 the head of Buryatia (along with all other heads of regions in Russia) was nominated directly by the Russian President . Between 1991 and 2007, the President was Leonid Vasilyevich Potapov , who was elected on July 1, 1994, re-elected in 1998 (with 63.25% of votes), and then re-elected again on June 23, 2002 (with over 67% of votes). Prior to

4165-451: The South Khalkha of eastern Inner Mongolia and Doyin Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were conquered in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. However, his decision to divide the six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in the law of the taijis created a decentralized system of Borjigin rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for

4250-476: The USSR , the state-controlled sangha . The Buryat intelligentsia were active throughout Buryatia and beyond, into Tibet and Mongolia. At the turn of the 20th century, Buryats leaders, such as Batu-dalai Ochirov and Mikhail Bogdanov, began actively writing political articles about the threat to Buryatia and Buryat existence from Russia. Despite their noted influence from 1900 to 1930, most of them were purged , killed outright or sent to concentration camps , in

4335-460: The Yellow River flooded and changed course, causing widespread droughts, flooding, and making the Grand Canal impassable. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion erupted in the Huai River valley, which saw the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang , a Han peasant, who eventually established the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) in southern China. In 1368, a Ming army advanced on the Yuan capital Khanbaliq or Dadu (present-day Beijing ). Toghon Temür (r. 1333–1370),

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4420-491: The apogee of Dayan's reign, the Northern Yuan stretched from the Siberian tundra and Lake Baikal in the north, across the Gobi , to the edge of the Yellow River and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of Manchuria in the East past the Altai Mountains and out onto the steppes of Central Asia . Dayan Khan's reorganization of the Mongols into six Eastern Mongol tümens (literally "ten thousand") and four Oirats tümens had far-reaching effects on

4505-453: The country to Buryatia. Towns developed along the railroad, and the urban population in northern Buryatia doubled between 1979 and 1989. In addition to the Russians who moved to Buryatia for work, Buryats from other parts of southern Siberia also migrated to the Buryat ASSR, particularly Ulan-Ude and other cities for jobs and educational opportunities. Prior to World War II, less than 10% of Buryats lived in urban areas, compared to almost half at

4590-403: The decentralization of the imperial rule . Despite this decentralization, a remarkable concord continued within the Dayan Khanid aristocracy, and intra-Chinggisid civil war remained unknown until the reign of Ligdan Khan (1604–1634), who saw much of his power weakened in his quarrels with the Mongol tribes and was defeated by the Later Jin dynasty. The last sixty years of this period featured

4675-470: The development of Mongol society. The six Eastern Mongol tümens were granted to his 11 sons while the four Oirat tümens were ruled by taishi nobles. His youngest son Gersenji Khongtaiji of the Jalayir became the ruler of the Khalkha Mongols, the largest of the six tümens. The tümens functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies who hoped to receive taijis, descended from Dayan Khan. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to

4760-482: The districts of China. In 1571 the Ming opened trade with the three Right Wing Tumens. By the end of the 16th century, the Uriankhai Three Guards had lost their existence as a distinct group. Their Fuyu was absorbed by the Khorchin after they had moved to the Nonni River . Two other, Doyin and Tai'nin, were absorbed by the Five Khalkhas. Although Yuan emperors had previously adopted Buddhism , most Mongols ignored it and remained shamanist in their belief. From 1575,

4845-470: The elections, Potapov was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic—the highest post at that time. The current Head of the Republic is Alexey Tsydenov , who was elected by popular vote on 10 September 2017. Prior to this he was acting Head, having been appointed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in February 2017. The Republic's parliament is the People's Khural , popularly elected every five years. The People's Khural has 66 deputies and

4930-399: The end of the 19th century, the majority of Buryats were part of the Buddhist tradition. A synthesis of Buddhism and traditional beliefs that formed a system of ecological traditions has constituted a major attribute of Buryat culture. In 2003, the Local Religious Organization of Shamans, Tengeri was officially registered as a religious organization in Buryatia. As of a 2012 survey 27.4% of

5015-538: The first Pandito Khambo Lama , the spiritual leader of Buryat Buddhists, elected in 1764. The first person to serve in this role was Damba Dorzha Zaiaev (1711–1776). At the time of the Bolshevik Revolution , Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov served as the 12th Pandito Khambo Lama of Eastern Siberia from 1911 to 1917. Itigilov stepped down in 1917 at the time of the revolution and later encouraged his students to flee to Mongolia, though he refused to flee himself. National movements, including that of Buryatia, began to foment after

5100-419: The following year they achieved decisive victory around the Buir Lake against Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür . The defeat of Uskhal Khan effectively shattered Yuan power in the steppes and allowed the Western Oirat Mongols to rise and become kingmaker of the Northern Yuan realm. The Genghisid (Major descendants of Kublai ) rulers of the Northern Yuan also buttressed their claim on China, and held tenaciously to

5185-541: The idea of building a Buryat nation with the new Soviet state. In 1923, the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Buryat : Буряадай Автономито Совет Социалис Республика ; Russian : Бурятская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика ) was created as a result of the merger of State of Buryat and Buryat Oblast and promised territorial autonomy. In 1929, a revolt was suppressed in Buryatia , caused by collectivisation and repression of Buddhism . In 1937, Aga Buryatia and Ust-Orda Buryatia were detached from

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5270-399: The intensive penetration of Tibetan Buddhism into Mongol society. The regime that existed between 1368 and 1635 is known by various names, including the Northern Yuan (dynasty). The dynastic name of " Great Yuan' " ( Chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : Dà Yuán ) was officially used between 1368 and 1388, as was the preceding Yuan dynasty . Following the death of Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür ,

5355-443: The last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu (located in present-day Inner Mongolia ) from Dadu upon the approach of Ming forces. He tried to regain Dadu but failed and died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. The Mongols retreated to Karakorum in the Mongol heartland after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they maintained

5440-469: The non-Chahar tumens. Ligdan died on his way to Qinghai to punish the Gelug order in 1634. His son, Ejei Khan , surrendered to the Qing dynasty and was said to give the Imperial Seal of the Mongols to Qing emperor Hong Taiji the next year (February 1635), ending the Kublaid descent ruled Northern Yuan. After Ligdan Khan's death in 1634, the Mongols formed four Khanates, from west to east: In 1636, all of Inner Mongolia had already been conquered by

5525-503: The official dynastic title "Great Yuan", known retroactively as the "Northern Yuan". The Ming army pursued the Yuan remnants into the Mongolian steppe in 1372 but was defeated by Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (r. 1370–1378) and his general Köke Temür (d. 1375). In 1375, Naghachu , a Mongol official of Biligtu Khan in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with the aim of restoring Mongol power in China proper. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria , Naghachu eventually surrendered to

5610-534: The population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 19.8% to Buddhism , 2% to the Slavic Native Faith , Tengrism or Buryat shamanism , 4% declares to be unaffiliated Christian (excluding Protestants), 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to churches or are members of other Orthodox churches , 1% are members of Protestant churches . In addition, 25% of the population declares to be " spiritual but not religious ", 13% to be atheist , and 10.8% follows another religion or did not give an answer to

5695-509: The population. However, due to isolation from the main body of Tatars, many of them now are either non-religious or Orthodox. Islam is followed by immigrant groups like Azeris and Uzbeks , who constitute another 0.7% of the population. The higher education institutions of the republic include Buryat State University , Buryat State Academy of Agriculture , East Siberian State Academy of Arts and Culture , and East Siberia State University of Technology and Management . The republic's economy

5780-447: The prefix "Northern" is used to distinguish between the Yuan dynasty established in 1271 and the regime that existed after 1368. The historiographical name "Northern Yuan" first appeared in the Korean historical text Goryeosa written in Classical Chinese . Some scholars believe that the reign of Dayan Khan whose regnal name "Dayan" came from the Chinese term "大元" ( Dà Yuán ; lit. "Great Yuan"). Contrary to this, other views hold that

5865-400: The reign of Ligdan Khan (r. 1604–1634), the Eastern Mongol tumens had ceased to function as a unified entity. Ligdan only controlled the Chahar tumen and the Khalkha and Oirat Mongols no longer obeyed his authority. Ligdan built a new capital in Chahar land known as Chaghan Baishin (White House) and promoted the building of Buddhist monasteries, translation of Tibetan literature, and trade with

5950-412: The rule of Esen Taishi ), the Mongols called their regime " Ikh Mongol Uls ", meaning the "Great Mongol State". It is also referred to as " Post-Imperial Mongolia ", the " Mongol(ian) Khaganate " or the " Mongol(ian) Khanate " in some modern sources, Although most of these English terms can also refer to the Mongol Empire or the Yuan dynasty in the 13th and the 14th centuries. In chronicles written in

6035-411: The survey. Tibetan Buddhism and Orthodox Christianity are the most widespread religions in the republic. Many Slavs, who constitute around 67% of the population, are Russian Orthodox. Since the breakup of the USSR in 1991, a small number have converted to various Protestant denominations or to Rodnovery , also known as the Slavic native faith. There are also some Catholics among the Slavs. Most of

6120-618: The three right wing tumens. Darayisung Gödeng Khan (r. 1547–1557) had to grant titles of khans to his cousins Altan , ruling the Tumed, and Bayaskhul, ruling the Kharchin. Under Tümen Jasagtu Khan (r. 1558–92), the realm was unified again with the aid of Altan Khan, Abtai Sain Khan , and Khutughtai Sechen Khongtaiji of Ordos. Jasagtu defeated the Uriankhai and Daghur Mongols and subjugated

6205-621: The time of the fall of the Soviet Union. By 1989, one-third of the Buryat population of the Buryat ASSR was living in Ulan-Ude. The Buryat ASSR declared its sovereignty in 1990 and adopted the name Republic of Buryatia in 1992. However, it remained an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation . On 11 July 1995 Buryatia signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement

6290-498: The title Dayan meaning "the whole" or “Great Yuan” (大元; "Da Yuan"). Mandukhai and Dayan Khan defeated the Oirats and the taishis who ruled the Yellow River Mongols. However, one of them killed Dayan Khan's son and revolted when Dayan Khan appointed his son, Ulusbold, as jinong (crown prince) over them. Dayan Khan finally defeated the southwestern Mongols in 1510 with the assistance of his allies, Unebolad wang and

6375-507: The title "Dayan" is derived from the Mongolian word means "origin" or "whole". Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that Taisun Khan , Esen Taishi , Manduul Khan , and Ligdan Khan had also used the "Great Yuan" dynastic name and Han-style imperial titles during their rule up to the early 17th century. In English, the term "Northern Yuan (dynasty)" is generally used to cover the entire period from 1368 to 1635 for historiographical purpose. Apart from "Great Yuan" (before 1388 and during

6460-555: The title of Emperor (or Great Khan ) of the Great Yuan (Dai Yuwan Khaan, or 大元可汗) to resist the Ming who had by this time become the real ruler in China proper. According to the traditional Chinese political orthodoxy, there could be only one legitimate dynasty whose rulers were blessed by Heaven to rule as Emperor of China (see Mandate of Heaven ), so the Ming also denied the Yuan remnants' legitimacy as emperors of China, although

6545-794: The title of not just khan, but also Yuan Emperor. This caused widespread dissent among the Genghisids, and in 1455, a series of revolts resulted in Esen's death. His death started the decline of the Oirats, who would not recover until their rise as the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. From Esen's death to 1481 different warlords of the Kharchin , the Belguteids and Ordos Mongols fought over succession and had their Genghisid khans enthroned. The Mongolian chroniclers call some of them

6630-624: The tumens and formed an elite military band to coerce opposition. In 1628, Ligdan defeated the Khorchins and Jurchen auxiliary at Zhaocheng but fled a large Jurchen punitive expedition. Only Tsogt Taiji (1581–1637) supported the Great Khan whilst other nobles of Khalkha remained neutral and inactive. In 1632, Hong Taiji of the Jurchens and his Mongol allies defeated the Chahars and captured Ligdan's family. Ligdan lost any authority he had over

6715-472: The west of Baotou the next year. Arugtai's ally Adai Khan (r. 1425–1438) made a last stand in Ejene before he was murdered too. Toghan died in the very year of his victory over Adai. His son Esen Taishi (r. 1438–1454) brought the Oirats to the height of their power. Under his puppet khans, he drove back Moghulistan and crushed the Uriankhai Three Guards, Kara Del and the Jurchens . In 1449 he defeated

6800-594: Was 3,650 USD and PPP in 2009 was 11,148 USD. Lake Baikal is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. Northern Yuan The Northern Yuan ( Chinese : 北元 ; pinyin : Běi Yuán ) was a Mongol dynastic regime ruled by the Borjigin clan based in the Mongolian Plateau . It existed as a rump state after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 and lasted until its conquest by

6885-455: Was abolished on 15 February 2002. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , autonomous republics such as Buryatia did not have the right to secede. However they retained considerable autonomy , with a separate legislature and president. However this autonomy has been curtailed following the 2004 law passed by Vladimir Putin that decreed regional governors and presidents were to be appointed, rather than directly elected. The head of

6970-594: Was killed in battle. Chikhundorj then murdered Degdeehei Mergen Ahai of the Jasagtu Khan who was on the way to Galdan. To avenge the death of his brother, Galdan established friendly relations with the Russians who were already at war with Chikhundorj over territories near Lake Baikal . Armed with Russian firearms, Galdan led 30,000 Dzungar troops into Outer Mongolia in 1688 and defeated Chikhundorj in three days. The Siberian Cossacks , meanwhile, attacked and defeated

7055-732: Was partly driven by their wars with the Altan Khans. When the Jasagtu Khan Shira lost part of his subjects to the Tüsheet Khan Chikhundorj, Galdan Boshugtu Khan of the Dzungars moved his orda near the Altai Mountains to prepare an attack. Chikhundorj attacked the right wing of the Khalkhas and killed Shira in 1687. In 1688, Galdan dispatched troops under his younger brother Dorji-jav against Chikhundorj but they were eventually defeated and Dorji-jav

7140-852: Was settled by European peasants during the time of the Russian Empire – western Buryats were more exposed to and influenced by the culture, religions, and economy of their European neighbors, whereas the eastern Buryats maintained closer ties to other Mongolic peoples, Buddhism, and Asian civilizations. The territory of Buryatia has been governed by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 CE) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), First Turkic Khaganate (552-603), Eastern Turkic Khaganate (682-744), Tang dynasty (647–784), Uyghur Khaganate (744-840), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (840-1208), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), and Northern Yuan (1368–1635). Medieval Mongol tribes such as

7225-519: Was succeeded by his young and inexperienced son Chikhundorj. In 1655, the Qing began interfering in Tusheet affairs by appointing their own lamas in Tusheet territory. Thus Outer Mongolia also gradually fell under Qing control. Meanwhile, to the west, about 1600–1620 the Oirats united under Kharkhul . In 1635, the Oirats under Kharkhul's son Erdeni Batur formed the Dzungar Khanate . This unification

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