The Iron City Houserockers were an American rock band from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, led by the singer and guitarist Joe Grushecky , from 1976 to 1984.
65-611: Started in 1976 as the Brick Alley Band by Grushecky, a high school special education teacher in Pittsburgh, the band was a fairly typical bar band. It was distinguished by Grushecky's taut, focused songs about life in the heartland and a distinctive, harmonica-and-guitar-driven sound owing much to the Rolling Stones and the J. Geils Band , but which also seemed to borrow the thrashing fury of punk rock . Most of
130-420: A reading remediation program. The response of the children to this intervention then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability. Those few who still have trouble may then receive designation and further assistance. Sternberg (1999) has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities. He has also suggested that
195-693: A seclusion room is often misused as a form of punishment for disrespecting staff or leaving the classroom. One of the first special schools in the world was the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris, which was founded in 1784. It was the first school in the world to teach blind students. The first school in U.K. for the Deaf was established 1760 in Edinburgh by Thomas Braidwood , with education for visually impaired people beginning in
260-583: A Good Time but Get Out Alive! , was featured in Rolling Stone magazine as its showcase review, with the headline "New American Classic", and The Village Voice called it "the strongest album an American band has made this year." The tandem tavern-set tracks "Old Man Bar" and "Junior's Bar" were especially praised. Production was credited to the Slimmer Twins and Mick Ronson , with arrangements by Ian Hunter and Steven Van Zandt . According to
325-762: A Good Time but Get Out Alive! were released on compact disc in 1999. Blood on the Bricks and Cracking Under Pressure are still unreleased on CD, but cuts from both albums are included on Pumping Iron & Sweating Steel: The Best of the Iron City Houserockers . Ron "Byrd" Foster died at the age of 61 on June 30, 2011, in Deltona, Florida , from liver cancer . Special education Special education (also known as special-needs education , aided education , alternative provision , exceptional student education , special ed. , SDC , and SPED )
390-623: A classroom can improve autistic student's verbal skills. There are several controversies surrounding the diagnoses and causes of autism . It is now believed that there is no single cause of autism. Research seems to suggest that autism is normally the result of both genetic and environmental influences. If a student has Down syndrome , assistive technology can help with their learning experience. Author of Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together, Terry Hassold, who got his PhD in human genetics, explains that students with Down syndrome have delays with cognitive ability. Their brains have
455-489: A few). Although the United States has seen a decrease in individual differences research since the 1960s, researchers are found in a variety of applied and experimental fields. These fields include clinical psychology , psychophysiology , educational psychology , Industrial and organizational psychology , personality psychology , social psychology , behavioral genetics , and developmental psychology programs, in
520-399: A general education school, may have students who remain in the separate classroom full-time, or students who are mainstreamed in certain general education classes. An alternative to the separate classroom full-time for a student would be a one-to-one aide in the general education setting. In the United States, a one-on-one aide for a student with a disability is called a paraprofessional . In
585-465: A genetic condition that is associated with intellectual disability , may have various forms of brain damage , may have a developmental disorder , may have visual or hearing disabilities, or other disabilities. On the other hand, for students with less obvious disabilities, such as those who have borderline intellectual disability or specific learning difficulties ( dyslexia , dyscalculia , etc.), two primary methods have been used for identifying them:
650-413: A late reaction when their neurological system sends a message for any task. Because of this late reaction, they tend to take longer to complete a task than an average student. Assistive technology is crucial in helping students with Down syndrome with their writing ability. Children with Down syndrome tend to have shorter fingers and a lowered thumb making their ability to write more difficult. Also, some of
715-620: A little in 2004 when the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) decided to update the law. After the law was updated into the Disabilities Education Improvement Act, the ability to identify special needs children and give them the appropriate education environment was improved. Students with all forms of special needs are assessed to determine their specific strengths and weaknesses. The earlier these students with special needs are assessed,
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#1732797485566780-416: A person's education was disrupted, for example, by internal displacement during civil disorder or a war . In most developed countries , educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the maximum number of students are served in general education environments. Integration can reduce social stigmas and improve academic achievement for many students. The opposite of special education
845-580: A person. People who are autistic tend to think and act differently from others. Many autistic children find themselves comfortable with a device in their hands. For students with autism, there are apps called "visual scene displays" that are most helpful for children who are having difficulty with verbal skills, according to Jules Csillag, a speech–language pathologist who focuses on special ed tech. Apps such as SceneSpeak and Speech with Milo help autistic children develop storytelling skills with text-to-speech voice and interactive storybooks. Using apps like these in
910-553: A regular classroom setting and will require specialized education and resources to provide the level of support they require. An example of a disability that may require a student to attend a special school is intellectual disability. However, this practice is often frowned upon by school districts in the US in the light of the least restrictive environment as mandated in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act . An alternative
975-528: A search of biomarkers of consistent, biologically based behavioural patterns ( temperament traits and symptoms of psychiatric disorders). Other sets of methods include behavioural experiments, to see how different people behave in similar settings. Behavioural experiments are often used in personality and social psychology, and include lexical and self-report methods where people are asked to complete paper-based and computer-based forms prepared by psychologists. Jarl, Vidkunn Coucheron (1958). "Historical Note on
1040-435: A second, control group. In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study. This approach is applied because psychological research depends upon statistical controls that are only defined upon groups of people. Importantly, individuals can also differ not only in their current state, but in
1105-525: A sport. In the U.S., the Office for Civil Rights ensures students with disabilities always have opportunities to participate in extracurricular athletics equal to other students. Special education students can benefit from sports in many ways. For example, studies show it boosts self confidence and improves the participant's skills in relationship building and working as part of a team. Just about any sport can be altered for special education purposes. Some of
1170-402: A steady decrease in enrollment as districts weighed the cost per student. It also posed general funding dilemmas to certain local schools and districts, changed how schools view assessments, and formally introduced the concept of inclusion to many educators, students and parents. The student can be taught in either a classroom or outside environment. Both environments can be interactive for
1235-451: A student takes an academic test and it indicates that the student struggles with reading comprehension, parents can request speech and language support or classroom accommodations, such as extra time to complete reading and writing tasks. In most developed countries , schools use different approaches to providing special education services to students. These approaches can be broadly grouped into four categories, according to how much contact
1300-444: Is general education , also known as mainstream education. General education is the standard curriculum presented without special teaching methods or supports. Sometimes special education classrooms and general special education classrooms mix. This is called an inclusive classroom. In the past, most students with special needs have been excluded from school. On November 19, 1975, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
1365-473: Is a special unit or special classroom , also called a self-contained classroom , which is a separate classroom dedicated solely to the education of students with special needs within a larger school that also provides general education. This classroom is typically staffed by a specially trained teacher, who provides specific, individualized instruction to individuals and small groups of students with special needs. Separate classrooms, because they are located in
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#17327974855661430-503: Is a legally binding document [in the US]. The school must provide everything it promises in the IEP." In the US, for children who are not yet three years old, an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) contains information on the child's present level of development in all areas; outcomes for the child and family; and services the child and family will receive to help them achieve the outcomes. In
1495-530: Is crucial for special education programs to be individualized so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student. In the United States, Canada, and the UK, educational professionals use a student's Individualized Education Program (IEP). Another name for a student's Individualized Education Plan is a student's Individual Learning Plan (ILP). "The IEP is meant to address each child’s unique learning issues and include specific educational goals. It
1560-515: Is that diagnosing SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy between achievement and IQ does not predict the effectiveness of treatment. Low academic achievers who also have low IQ appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence. The alternative approach, response to intervention, identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or second year after starting school. They then receive additional assistance such as participating in
1625-497: Is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their individual differences , disabilities , and special needs . This involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency and success in school and in their community, which may not be available if
1690-468: The discrepancy model and the response to intervention model . The discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the students' achievements are noticeably below what is expected, at which point the teacher may make the decision for the student to receive support from a special education specialist. Before doing so, the teacher must show documentation of low academic achievement. The response to intervention model advocates earlier intervention. In
1755-758: The neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development in particular. To study individual differences, psychologists use a variety of methods. The method is to compare and analyze the psychology and behaviour of individuals or groups under different environmental conditions. By correlating observed psychological and behavioral differences with known accompanying environments, the relative roles of different variables in psychological and behavioral development can be probed. Psychophysiological experiments on both humans and other mammals include EEG and ERPs , PET -scans, MRI , functional MRI , neurochemistry experiments with neurotransmitter and hormonal systems, caffeine and controlled drug challenges. These methods can be used for
1820-599: The Edinburgh and Bristol in 1765. In the 19th century, people with disabilities and the inhumane conditions where they were supposedly housed and educated were addressed in the literature of Charles Dickens . Dickens characterized people with severe disabilities as having the same, if not more, compassion and insight in Bleak House and Little Dorrit . Such attention to the downtrodden conditions of people with disabilities brought resulted in reforms in Europe including
1885-482: The Houserockers to avoid the geographic limitation the "Iron City" moniker had put them in. It also shed the harmonica player Marc Reisman. Ned Rankin quit and was replaced by Ron "Byrd" Foster (from the recently disbanded Silencers, previously with Sweet Lightning and Roy Buchanan's band), and Gil Snyder added synthesizers to his trademark piano and organ. The subsequent album, Cracking Under Pressure , like all
1950-537: The Iron City Houserockers, but this caused some problems when touring outside their native Pittsburgh—when they played Cleveland their tires were slashed. The band's debut album, Love's So Tough , was released in April 1979. With dense, no-frills production by Popovich and Marty Mooney (“The Slimmer Twins”), the album successfully captured the band's live sound. "Hideaway" (the first single) and "Dance With Me" were viewed as standout cuts. The band's follow-up album, Have
2015-644: The Miracle League or Little League Challenger Division. Another organization that soccer athletes can participate in US Youth Soccer TOPSoccer or Just for Kicks. Other sports which can be played or adapted include track and field , quad rugby , tennis, bowling, and skiing. A 2021 study that examined the impact of a sharp reduction in the provision of special education services in Texas found that this policy change substantially reduced
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2080-414: The US university sector in schools of education. Advanced instruction is based upon community-referenced instruction, and alignment with transition to adulthood and progressive community practices. Rehabilitation counseling personnel are often association with supported employment services, and typically with "transition to adulthood" in which multi-decade recommendations for better coordination between
2145-410: The United States a part-time alternative that is appropriate for some students is sometimes called a resource room . Another alternative would be attending a separate classroom for a specific subject such as social studies . Seclusion is the practice of involuntarily locking a student in a isolated room, utility closet or office alone without the ability to leave until school staff allows. The use of
2210-458: The United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that requires every school system to provide a free and appropriate public education for every child, ages 3 to 22, regardless of how or how seriously that child may be disabled. To ensure that this federal law is obeyed, the government requires every school system provide this type of education to each student in order to receive federal funding. This changed
2275-517: The band's previous efforts, drew critical raves but did not sell well. The band was dropped from MCA Records , shortly after the album's release, and broke up a few months later. Joe Grushecky went on to a modestly successful career on his own, often under the name Joe Grushecky and the Houserockers. He has co-written several songs with another heartland rocker, Bruce Springsteen , and made a number of appearances on stage with him. The Iron City Houserockers' first two albums, Love's So Tough and Have
2340-532: The classroom, individual, school, and district levels for decades resulting in dual certification of "regular teachers". With the Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 , school districts in the United States began to slowly integrate students with moderate and severe special needs into regular school systems. This changed the form and function of special education services in many school districts and special schools subsequently saw
2405-482: The discrepancy model, a student receives special education services for a specific learning difficulty (SLD) if the student has at least normal intelligence and the student's academic achievement is below what is expected of a student with his or her IQ . Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach (e.g., Aaron, 1995, Flanagan and Mascolo, 2005) among researchers. One reason for criticism
2470-413: The educational environment as much as possible. Students may need this help to access subject matter, physically gain access to the school, or meet their emotional needs. For example, if the assessment determines that the student cannot write by hand because of a physical disability, then the school might provide a computer for typing assignments, or allow the student to answer questions verbally instead. If
2535-403: The faster they get the accommodations that they need, and the better it is for their education. Placement, resources, and goals are determined on the basis of the student's needs. Accommodations and modifications to the regular program may include changes in the curriculum, supplementary aids or equipment, and the provision of specialized physical adaptations that allow students to participate in
2600-532: The focus on learning disabilities and the provision of accommodations in school fails to acknowledge that people have a range of strengths and weaknesses and places undue emphasis on academics by insisting that students should be supported in this area and not in music or sports. A special education program should be customized to address each student's needs. Special educators provide a continuum of services, in which students with various disabilities receive multiple degrees of support based on their individual needs. It
2665-437: The high school completion rates and college enrollment rates of the students who were denied access to special education. Disabled children are often denied their right to education. The collection of data on children with disabilities is not straightforward, but data are vital to ensure that policies are in place to address the constraints these children face. Individual differences Differential psychology studies
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2730-496: The institutions, and it has taken sometime before the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1974, to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act (IDEIA) have come into fruition. School integration was supported as early as the 1970s, and teacher preparation programs in higher education have carefully taught and instructed graduates on inclusion at
2795-532: The liner notes within Pumping Iron & Sweating Steel: The Best of the Iron City Houserockers , Van Zandt left after producing five songs, because of musical differences between him, Hunter and Ronson. The Houserockers' third album, Blood on the Bricks , was produced by Steve Cropper . The 1983 edition of Rolling Stone Record Guide praised it as the band's best album, although it had good marks for all of them. The band then changed its name to simply
2860-576: The magnitude or even direction of response to a given stimulus . Such phenomena, often explained in terms of inverted-U response curves, place differential psychology at an important location in such endeavours as personalized medicine , in which diagnoses are customised for an individual's response profile. Individual differences research typically includes personality , temperament (neuro-chemically based behavioural traits), motivation , intelligence , ability, IQ , interests , values , self-concept , self-efficacy , and self-esteem (to name just
2925-462: The material to make it simpler. Modifications may change what is learned, how difficult the material is, what level of mastery the student is expected to achieve, whether or how the student is assessed, or any other aspect of the curriculum. For example, the school may modify a reading assignment for a student with reading difficulties by substituting a shorter, easier book. A student may receive both accommodations and modifications. In addition to how
2990-416: The members of the Iron City Houserockers came from a genuine blue-collar background: Art Nardini was the son of a mechanic and a part-time college student, Joe Grushecky was a coal miner's son, and Gil Snyder's father was a construction worker. In 1977 they signed with Cleveland International Records, headed by former Epic Records A&R chief and Pittsburgh native Steve Popovich . Popovich christened them
3055-477: The needs of the children. Special schools will also have other facilities for children with special needs, such as soft play areas, sensory rooms , or swimming pools , which are necessary for treating students with certain conditions. In recent times, places available in special schools are declining as more children with special needs are educated in mainstream schools . However, there will always be some children, whose learning needs cannot be appropriately met in
3120-607: The popular sports are swimming, wheelchair soccer , handball, gymnastics, and weightlifting. Many competitive organizations are available for special needs student athletes. For example, the Special Olympics is an annual, world-wide competition held for intellectually children that want to participate in sports. Other organizations include the Paralympic Games and Unified Sports, the latter which pairs participants with and without intellectual disabilities on
3185-464: The presentation, response, setting, or scheduling of lessons. For example, the school may accommodate a student with visual impairments by providing a large-print textbook. This is a presentation accommodation. All developed countries permit or require some degree of accommodation for students with special needs, and special provisions are usually made in examinations which take place at the end of formal schooling. A modification changes or adapts
3250-413: The re-evaluation of special schools. In the United States reform came more slowly. Throughout the mid half of the 20th century, special schools, termed institutions, were not only accepted, but encouraged. Disabled students were housed with people with mental illnesses , and they were not educated much, if at all. Deinstitutionalization proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of
3315-476: The same team. Educational institutions can also promote Adapted Physical Education , which tailors sports for students with certain disabilities. Organizations like S.T.R.I.D.E. Adaptive Sports help educational institutions in providing opportunities for special education student athletes. Some of these sports might include wheelchair basketball or sledge hockey . Some sports even have their own organizations. For example, in baseball athletes can participate in
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#17327974855663380-433: The school and the community service sectors have been made at the federal and university levels. Autism , or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a range of conditions. These conditions involve challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. They also involve unique strengths and differences. Autism is a disability that impairs the social interactions and communication skills of
3445-461: The school determines that the student is severely distracted by the normal activities in a large, busy classroom, then the student might be placed in a smaller classroom such as a separate classroom or resource room . Parents of students with a learning disability must be aware of what type of disability their child has, so they can get access to accommodations such as speech therapy, occupational therapy and adaptive physical education. For example, if
3510-408: The schools; in others, they are provided by the normal healthcare and social services systems. As an example, students who have poor impulse control , behavioral challenges, or are autistic may learn self-management techniques, be kept closely on a comfortingly predictable schedule, or given extra cues to signal activities. A university field, termed severe disabilities , also is taught throughout
3575-470: The scientific interest in the study of individual differences. The interest was further pursued by half-cousin Francis Galton in his attempt to quantify individual differences among people. For example, in evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the therapy in one treatment group might be compared to the mean effectiveness of a placebo (or a well-known therapy) in
3640-898: The student is taught the academic curriculum, schools may provide non-academic services to the student. These are intended ultimately to increase the student's personal and academic abilities. Related services include developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are required to assist a student with learning disabilities and includes speech and language pathology , audiology , psychological services, physical therapy , occupational therapy , counseling services, music therapy, including rehabilitation counseling, orientation and mobility services, medical services as defined by regulations, parent counseling and training, school health services, school social work, assistive technology, other appropriate developmental or corrective support services, appropriate access to recreation and other support services. In some countries, most related services are provided by
3705-462: The student to engage better with the subject. Different instructional techniques are used for some students with special educational needs. Instructional strategies are classified as being either accommodations or modifications . An accommodation is a reasonable adjustment to teaching practices so that the student learns the same material, but in a format that is more accessible to the student. Accommodations may be classified by whether they change
3770-693: The student were only given access to a typical classroom education . Special education aims to provide accommodated education for disabled students such as learning disabilities , learning difficulties (such as dyslexia ), communication disorders , emotional and behavioral disorders , physical disabilities (such as osteogenesis imperfecta , down syndrome , lissencephaly , paralysis , Sanfilippo syndrome , and muscular dystrophy ), developmental disabilities (such as autism spectrum disorder , and intellectual disabilities ) and other disabilities. Disabled students are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching,
3835-654: The student with special needs has with non-disabled students (using North American terminology): A special school is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to learning difficulties, physical disabilities, or behavioral problems. Special schools may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional needs. Students attending special schools generally do not attend any classes in mainstream schools. Special schools provide individualized education, addressing specific needs. Student to teacher ratios are kept low, often 6:1 or lower depending upon
3900-399: The term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of disabled students. Whereas special education is designed specifically for students with learning disabilities, remedial education can be designed for any students, with or without special needs; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of unpreparedness, regardless of why. For example, if
3965-467: The use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, a resource room , or a separate classroom. Some scholars of education may categorize gifted education under the umbrella of "special education", but this pedagogical approach is different from special education because of the students' capabilities. Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but
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#17327974855664030-687: The usual wrist bones are not formed, making it difficult to hold objects. Slanted desks are one type of assisted technology that can aid in the successful ability to write. A three-ring binder can be used to create a slanted desk by turning the binder sideways. Also, students with Down syndrome often try to hold their pencils by anchoring them against the thumb rather than using the tip of their thumb. Shortened pencils or triangular-shaped pencils encourage students to hold them correctly. Using any of these assistive technologies can help students with Down syndrome during their educational process. Many people with special needs are denied when they want to participate in
4095-483: The ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. It is a discipline that develops classifications ( taxonomies ) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that, although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups, or attempt to discover general psychological processes that apply to all individuals. This particular area of psychology
4160-462: Was first named and still retains the name of "differential psychology" by William Stern in his 1900 book " Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen " (On the Psychology of Individual Differences). While prominent psychologists, including Stern, have been widely credited for the concept of differential psychology, historical records show that it was Charles Darwin (1859) who first spurred
4225-495: Was passed by President Gerald Ford . The IDEA law provides free appropriate education with services to individuals with disabilities. Such exclusion still affects about 23 million disabled children worldwide, particularly in poor, rural areas of developing countries . National Special Needs Day is celebrated every December 9th of the year. Some children are easily identified as candidates for special needs due to their medical history. For example, they may have been diagnosed with
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