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66-604: Adhering to the Thesis of Cassiciacum of the French theologian Bishop Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers , the institute teaches that while Pope Francis is a duly elected pope, unless he recants the doctrinal changes brought by the Second Vatican Council , he lacks the authority to either teach or govern, and is only pope materialiter sed non formaliter , that is " materially but not formally ". The Institute of

132-553: A 'place of pilgrimage' for the neighboring areas, thus drawing larger crowds on Sunday than his local parish could provide. On Sundays and feast days, religious services took place three times a day (in Riasne), and the Sunday liturgy lasted for two and a half to three hours. The main religious celebrations took place outside the church in the middle of the neighborhood, and on every occasion traditionalists organized long processions through

198-709: A Belgian priest and member of the IMBC, who administers to the needs of the institute at present. The IMBC is currently present in Italy , France , Argentina , Switzerland , Hungary , the Netherlands and Belgium . Mass is irregularly celebrated in Croatia , Romania , Finland , Sweden , and Bulgaria . It celebrates the Tridentine Mass following the missal of Pope Pius V , as amended by Pope Pius X , rejecting

264-664: A Greek Catholic equivalent of the 1666 Schism within the Russian Orthodox Church . De-latinization in the UGCC gained further momentum with the 1964 decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum of the Second Vatican Council ) and several subsequent documents. Latinizations were discarded within the Ukrainian diaspora , while among Byzantine Catholics in Western Ukraine, forced into a clandestine existence following

330-474: A failure to receive the form of the papacy (i.e. the authority) because his acceptance is impeded by a defective intention arising from their manifest disposition of apostasy. In explaining the position of sedeprivationism, sedevacantist bishop Donald Sanborn writes: Because the power of designation to office pertains to the purely legal and material side of authority, the Novus Ordites possess

396-701: A group of Basilian priests in Pidhirtsi , Ukraine, announced that four of them had been consecrated as bishops in order to save the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) from heresy and apostasy and in August 2009, they announced the formation of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church . Having elected Czech Basilian priest Fr. Anthony Elias Dohnal as "Patriarch Elijah", they declared that

462-704: A leave of absence by their bishops, who disapproved of their actions. In 1970, French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre founded the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), made up of priests who would say only the Traditional Latin Mass and who opposed what he saw as excessive liberal influences in the Church after Vatican II. In 1988, Lefebvre and another bishop consecrated four men as bishops without papal permission, resulting in excommunication latae sententiae for all six men directly involved. Some members of

528-731: A number of ways. The best-known and most visible sign of Catholic traditionalism is an attachment to the form that the Roman Rite liturgy of the Mass had before the liturgical reform of 1969–1970 , in the various editions of the Roman Missal published between 1570 and 1962. This form is generally known as the Tridentine Mass , though traditionalists usually prefer to call it the Traditional Mass . Many refer to it as

594-471: A privation in the occupant of the chair of Saint Peter, i.e. something lacking." "Sedeprivationism" is composed of " sede " ("seat" in Latin ) and "privationism" (Latin " privatio ", meaning "privation", and the suffix "ism"). American sedeprivationist Bishop Donald Sanborn , however, disagrees with the use of the name, calling it "a completely dumb name". He explained in 2009 that: it means that there

660-541: A statement from the Holy See said the SSPX had an irregular canonical status "for the time being". Sedeprivationists hold that the current occupant of the papal office is a duly elected pope but lacks the authority and ability to teach or govern unless he recants the changes brought by the Second Vatican Council . Sedeprivationists teach that the popes from Pope John XXIII onward fall into this category. Sedeprivationism

726-652: Is a Greek (Byzantine) Catholic priest,' while supporting a group [SSPX] that uses the old Latin liturgy exclusively, eschewing the Byzantine tradition, and does not maintain allegiance to the Holy See." Father Kovpak's excommunication process was restarted by the hierarchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and was confirmed by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 23 November 2007. In March 2008

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792-800: Is a doctrinal position within Traditionalist Catholicism which holds that the current occupant of the Holy See is a duly-elected pope , but lacks the authority and ability to teach or to govern unless he recants the changes brought by the Second Vatican Council . The doctrine asserts that since this council, occupants of the See of Peter are popes materialiter sed non formaliter , that is " materially but not formally ". As such, sedeprivationists teach that Pope John XXIII , Pope Paul VI , Pope John Paul I , Pope John Paul II , Pope Benedict XVI , and Pope Francis have not attained fullness of

858-418: Is a privation of the seat when you say Sede Privata . It's as if there's a privation of the seat; there's no privation of the seat. Or it could mean that the seat is in a state of privation. But neither of these things is true. We're saying that the seat is occupied materially but not formally, and that means that Ratzinger [i.e. Benedict XVI ] is in possession of a formal election but he is not in possession of

924-537: Is currently endorsed by two groups: Sedevacantists hold that the Vatican II popes have forfeited their position through their acceptance of heretical teachings connected with the Second Vatican Council and consequently there is at present no true pope. They conclude, on the basis of their rejection of the revised Mass rite and of certain aspects of postconciliar Church teaching as false, that

990-657: Is the study and defense of Catholic doctrine; to these is added the San Simonino Committee, which aims to restore the public cult of Simon of Trent , suppressed in 1965 by Archbishop Alessandro Maria Gottardi. The IMBC also uses the name Sodalitium Pianum as an alternative name; this was the name of an unofficial group of theologians and others set up in the early twentieth century by priest and church historian Umberto Benigni to report to him those thought to be teaching Modernist doctrines. Sedeprivationism#Thesis of Cassiciacum Sedeprivationism

1056-567: The Catholic Church before the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). Traditionalist Catholics particularly emphasize the Tridentine Mass , the Roman Rite liturgy largely replaced in general use by the post-Second Vatican Council Mass of Paul VI . Many Traditionalist Catholics disliked the liturgical changes that followed the Second Vatican Council, and prefer to continue to practice pre-Second Vatican Council traditions and forms. Some also see present teachings on ecumenism as blurring

1122-691: The Latin Church . Opposition to this has been given relatively high publicity with regard to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC). Even before the Second Vatican Council the Holy See declared it important to guard and preserve whole and entire forever the customs and distinct forms for administering the sacraments in use in the Eastern Catholic Churches ( Pope Leo XIII , encyclical Orientalium Dignitas ). Leo's successor Pope Pius X said that

1188-546: The Latin Mass , though Latin is the language also of the official text of the post-Vatican II Mass , to which vernacular translations are obliged to conform, and canon law states that "the eucharistic celebration is to be carried out in the Latin language or in another language provided that the liturgical texts have been legitimately approved." In his 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum Pope Benedict XVI relaxed

1254-509: The Metropolitan City of Turin ), Italy. In September 1986, two priests of the institute traveled to Raveau , France , for the IMBC, to meet the French sedeprivationist Bishop Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers , whose Thesis of Cassiciacum the IMBC adopted. In May 1987, the founders of institute wrote a retraction of doctrines they professed in the past when they still belonged to the SSPX. In 1987, Des Lauriers consecrated to

1320-617: The ecumenical efforts of the Vatican, and sometimes assert that all recent Popes are illegitimate. The SPLC says that adherents are "incensed by the liberalizing reforms" of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) which condemned hatred for Jewish people and "rejected the accusation that Jews are collectively responsible for deicide in the form of the crucifixion of Christ " and that "Radical traditional Catholics" also embrace "extremely conservative social ideals with respect to women." The SPLC clarifies: "Radical traditionalists are not

1386-486: The pope and the Holy See , they are not regarded by Holy See to be members of the Catholic Church, but instead separate religious groupings. A distinction is often made between these groups (sometimes called Radical Traditionalists) and Catholics who accept the teachings and authority of the Catholic Church while still preferring older traditions and practices as well as the Tridentine Mass in Latin. Toward

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1452-575: The Archeparchy in which the PSSJ is most active, denounced the ordinations as a "criminal act", and condemned Fr. Kovpak's participation in the ceremony. He stressed that the two priests whom Bishop Williamson had ordained would not receive faculties within the Archeparchy. Officials of the Lviv archdiocese said that Kovpak could face excommunication , and that "'he deceives the church by declaring that he

1518-532: The Catholic Church. These organizations accept the documents of the Second Vatican Council and regard the changes associated with the Council (such as the revision of the Mass) as legitimate, but celebrate the older forms with the approval of the Holy See. There are also multiple monastic communities, including See Communities using the Tridentine Mass for a more detailed list. The Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX)

1584-448: The Church, sedeprivationists do not; rather, they insist that non-Catholics are still able to retain offices or privileges such as papal elector or Cardinal. Through an impediment of the moral order, however, they cannot receive papal power who posit a certain moral obstacle, both voluntary and removable, for example, the refusal of episcopal consecration, or the intention of teaching errors or of promulgating harmful general disciplines, or

1650-409: The Council (an interpretation adopted both by certain traditionalists and by certain "progressives") with the "hermeneutic of reform, as it was presented first by Pope John XXIII in his Speech inaugurating the Council on 11 October 1962 and later by Pope Paul VI in his Discourse for the Council's conclusion on 7 December 1965." He made a similar point in a speech to the bishops of Chile in 1988, when he

1716-638: The February 2003 issue of Patriayarkhat , the official journal of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, written by a student of the Ukrainian Catholic University , which since its 1994 foundation has been, "the strongest progressive voice within the Church". The article named priests and parishes in every eparchy in Ukraine as being involved in "a well-organized movement" and who described themselves as "traditionalists". According to

1782-732: The Mother of Good Counsel was formed in December 1985, when four Italian priests left the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX). These priests were Father Francesco Ricossa, Father Franco Munari, Father Curzio Nitoglia, and Father Giuseppe Murro. These priests were dissatisfied with the position the SSPX, which acknowledged John Paul II as a true pope but disobeyed him. The IMBC was first based in Nichelino , Province of Turin , Italy , then later in Verrua Savoia , Province of Turin (currently

1848-505: The SSPX, unwilling to participate in what they considered schism , left and founded the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), which celebrates the Tridentine Mass and is in full communion with the Holy See. In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI lifted the excommunications of the four surviving bishops, but clarified that the society had "no canonical status within the Catholic Church." The Istituto Mater Boni Consilii (IMBC)

1914-517: The Second Vatican Council, such as the following: Traditional Catholics, with respect to male and female gender roles, often adhere to the doctrine of complementarianism . The standards of clothing among Traditional Catholics, based on instructions given by Pope Pius XI and consequently promoted by the Purity Crusade of Mary Immaculate, is referred to as "Mary-like Modesty", which includes for women, wearing sleeves "extending at least to

1980-599: The Soviet ban on the UGCC, the latinizations remained, "an important component of their underground practices". In response, some priests, nuns, and candidates for the priesthood found themselves, "forced towards the periphery of the church since 1989 because of their wish to 'keep the tradition'." In some eparchies, particularly those of Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil - Zboriv , the bishops would immediately suspend any priest who, "displayed his inclination toward 'traditionalist' practices". Vlad Naumescu reports that an article in

2046-475: The Vatican has granted SSPX priests the authority to hear confessions and has authorized local ordinaries , in certain circumstances, to grant delegation to SSPX priests to act as the qualified witness required for valid celebration of marriage . The Our Lady of Guadalupe Monastery in Silver City, New Mexico , which is affiliated with the SSPX, is seeking Vatican approval through the society. In 2017,

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2112-524: The article, they constituted "a parallel structure" with connections with the Society of St. Pius X and with a charismatic leader in Fr. Basil Kovpak , the Pastor of St. Peter and Paul's Church in the suburb of Lviv -Riasne. According to Vlad Naumescu, "Religious life in a traditionalist parish followed the model of the 'underground church.' Devotions were more intense, with each priest promoting his parish as

2178-399: The authority, which is the form which makes them to be what they are, Ratzinger is a false pope and the bishops are false bishops. The cardinals are true electors, to the extent that they are legally nominated to be designators of the pope. But their role pertains to the material order of authority, the order of designation only. Sedeprivationism argues that since the Second Vatican Council ,

2244-511: The bishops of the SSPX. Its superior, Father Basil Kovpak , has accused the UGCC hierarchy of using intense psychological pressure against priests who are reluctant or unwilling to de-Latinise. In 2003, Cardinal Liubomyr Huzar , Major Archbishops of Kyiv-Galicia, excommunicated Father Kovpak, but this act was later declared null and void by the Roman Rota due to lack of canonical form. On 22 November 2006, Bishop Richard Williamson , who

2310-402: The chair/ see [of Saint Peter ] is vacant"). Sedevacantist groups include: Conclavism is the belief and practice of some who, claiming that all recent occupants of the papal see are not true popes, elect someone else and propose him as the true pope to whom the allegiance of Catholics is due. Pope Benedict XVI contrasted the "hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture" that some apply to

2376-541: The decisions of the Second Vatican Council and the subsequent changes made by the Holy See make the following counterclaims: Integrism is traditionalist Catholicism that integrates social and political contexts. Kay Chadwick described Catholic integrism as a holding " anti-Masonic , anti-liberal and anti-Communist " political objectives. She also noted its alignment with the right-wing press and an annual Parisian Joan of Arc procession with participation by both integrists and National Front supporters. A Tridentine Mass

2442-459: The distinction between Catholics and other Christians . Traditional Catholicism is often more conservative in its philosophy and worldview, promoting a modest style of dressing and teaching a complementarian view of gender roles. A minority of Traditionalist Catholics reject the current papacy of the Catholic Church and follow positions of sedevacantism , sedeprivationism , or conclavism . As these groups are no longer in full communion with

2508-576: The earlier form to have Mass celebrated for them in that form, provided that the celebrating priest is "qualified to [celebrate] and not juridically impeded". The Society of Saint Pius X welcomed the document, but referred to "difficulties that still remain", including "disputed doctrinal issues" and the notice of excommunication that still affected its bishops. In 2021, Pope Francis promulgated Traditionis custodes , amending and abrogating parts of Summorum Pontificum . Some traditionalist Catholics stress on following customs prevailing immediately before

2574-463: The elbows" and "skirts reaching below the knees", as well as having a neckline no more than two inches with the rest of the bodice fully covered. It is commonplace for women who identify as traditionalist Catholics to wear a head covering (veil) while praying at home and attending celebrations of the Mass . Since the Second Vatican Council, various Eastern Catholic Churches have removed some practices and emphases that were derived from those of

2640-581: The elected popes are materially popes, though they have not attained the fullness of that office due to what sedeprivationists perceive as them holding the heresy of Modernism . This is contrasted with the position of sedevacantism , which asserts a vacancy in the papal office; the term sede vacante means "empty chair" in reference to the See of Saint Peter . Putting it another way, whereas sedevacantists believe that heretics and other non-Catholics are prevented by divine law from holding any office or privilege in

2706-585: The end of the Second Vatican Council, Father Gommar DePauw came into conflict with Cardinal Lawrence Shehan , Archbishop of Baltimore, over the interpretation of the council's teachings, particularly on liturgical matters. In January 1965, DePauw incorporated an organization called the Catholic Traditionalist Movement in New York State, purportedly with the support of Cardinal Francis Spellman , Archbishop of New York. By

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2772-482: The entire locality. The community was strongly united by its common opponent, re-enacting the model of the 'defender of faith' common to times of repression. This model, which presupposes clear-cut attitudes and a firm moral stance, mobilized the community and reproduced the former determination of the 'underground' believers." The Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat (SSJK), which operates a seminary, Basilian convent, and numerous parishes, receives priestly orders from

2838-441: The episcopacy Father Giorgio Munari, an Italian priest and member of the IMBC. However, on 26 October 1990, Munari resigned from the episcopacy and priesthood. From 1990 to 2002, the IMBC was assisted by Bishop Robert McKenna , an American sedeprivationist bishop, who had also been consecrated by Des Lauriers in 1987. On 16 January 2002, McKenna consecrated to the episcopacy Father Geert Stuyver  [ it ; pt ; fr ] ,

2904-477: The followers of Francis Schuckardt , but he was later expelled due to scandals and CMRI is now more aligned with other sedevacantist groups. Other groups known as Conclavists have elected their own popes in opposition to the post-Vatican II pontiffs. They are not considered serious claimants except by their very few followers. Since the Second Vatican Council, several traditionalist organizations have been started with or have subsequently obtained approval from

2970-740: The following amendments by Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII , without mentioning the Pope's name in it ( non una cum ). It owns a seminary , named Seminary of Saint Peter the Martyr, and published a magazine called Sodalitium . The Institute is also connected to three study centers (the Giuseppe Federici Study Center, the Paolo de Töth Study Center and the Davide Albertario Study Center), whose purpose

3036-531: The impediment is moral and voluntary, the obstacle is reduced to an absence of the intention of promoting the common good. God, therefore, who is Subsistent Good, is not able to infuse power in him who posits a voluntary impediment toward the promotion of the common good. Traditionalist Catholicism God Schools Relations with: Traditionalist Catholicism is a movement that emphasizes beliefs , practices, customs, traditions, liturgical forms, devotions and presentations of teaching associated with

3102-556: The late 1960s and early 1970s, conservative Catholics opposed to or uncomfortable with the theological, social and liturgical developments brought about by the Second Vatican Council began to coalesce. In 1973, the Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement (ORCM) was founded by two priests, Francis E. Fenton and Robert McKenna , and set up chapels in many parts of North America to preserve the Tridentine Mass. Priests who participated in this were listed as being on

3168-550: The papacy. Sedeprivationism is held by some traditionalist Catholic groups such as the Istituto Mater Boni Consilii and Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement , among others. The doctrine of Sedeprivationism traces its origin to the Thesis of Cassiciacum of the Dominican Catholic theologian Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers . The etymology of the term sedeprivationist "means that there is

3234-617: The passing of time, as St Vincent of Lérins said [...] 'The dogma of the Christian religion too must follow these laws. It progresses, consolidates itself with the years, developing itself with time, deepening itself with age'.” Radical Traditionalists' claims that substantive changes have taken place in Catholic teaching and practice since the Council often crystallize around the following specific alleged examples: Those who in response to these criticisms by certain traditionalists defend

3300-466: The popes involved are also false. This is a minority position among traditionalist Catholics and a highly divisive one, so that many who hold it prefer to say nothing of their view, while other sedevacantists have accepted episcopal ordination from sources such as Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục . The terms sedevacantist and sedevacantism derive from the Latin phrase sede vacante ("while

3366-433: The popes: The Thesis of Cassiciacum, as held by the Istituto Mater Boni Consilii and others, contends that both aspects are required and that if any candidate fails either one, he would not be elected to the office of pope. The Catholics adhering to the thesis hold that all claimants of the papal office from at least Paul VI to Francis are invalid and do not hold the papal office except by right of designation because of

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3432-429: The position of sedevacantism , which teaches Pope John XXIII and his successors are heretics and therefore cannot be considered popes, and that the Catholic Church's sacraments are not valid . One sedevacantist group, the Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV), broke off from the SSPX in 1983, due to liturgical disputes. Another sedevacantist group, the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (CMRI), formed spontaneously among

3498-414: The power to legitimately designate to positions of power, until such time as this power is legally removed from them. As a result, there is a material hierarchy in place, i.e., someone legally nominated to be a pope, and others legally nominated to be bishops, and others legally nominated to be electors of popes, but none of these has any jurisdiction, and obedience is owed to none of them. Because they lack

3564-617: The power to rule and teach and sanctify. The doctrine of sedeprivationism was formulated by the French Dominican theologian Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers (1898–1988). His thesis is known as the Thesis of Cassiciacum, because it was first published in the magazine Cahiers de Cassiciacum ("Notes from Cassiciacum "), in the first issue of the magazine, in 1979. He was excommunicated in 1983. The thesis states that John Paul II , like predecessors who came after John XXIII ,

3630-741: The priests of the newly created Russian Catholic Church should offer the Divine Liturgy Nec Plus, Nec Minus, Nec Aliter ("No more, No Less, No Different") than priests of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Old Believers . In the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, liturgical de-latinization began with the 1930s corrections of the liturgical books by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky . According to his biographer Cyril Korolevsky, Metropolitan Andrey opposed use of coercion against those who remained attached to Latin liturgical practices, fearing that any attempt to do so would lead to

3696-421: The refusal of baptism in the case of the election of a catechumen (for example, St. Ambrose , elected to the episcopal see of Milan) These are capable of a valid designation because the impediment is removable, but the authority cannot be infused by God until the impediment is removed. The reason is that they are not capable of promoting the common good to the extent that they do not remove the obstacle. And because

3762-599: The regulations on use of the 1962 Missal, designating it "an" extraordinary form of the Roman Rite , as opposed to "the" ordinary or normal form, as revised successively by Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II . The Pope ruled that priests of the Latin Church can freely choose between the 1962 Roman Missal and the later edition "in Masses celebrated without the people". Such celebrations may be attended by those who spontaneously ask to be allowed. Priests in charge of churches can permit stable groups of laypeople attached to

3828-450: The same as Catholics who call themselves 'traditionalists'—people who prefer the old Latin Mass to the mass now typically said in vernacular languages—although the radicals, as well, like their liturgy in Latin." Traditionalist Catholicism has been described as "a self-conscious revival of the liturgies, practices, and trappings of an earlier time in the Catholic Church" and this manifests in

3894-590: The term radical traditionalist Catholics to refer to those who "may make up the largest single group of serious anti-Semites in America, subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics. Many of their leaders have been condemned and even excommunicated by the official church." The SPLC claims that adherents of radical traditional Catholicism "routinely pillory Jews as 'the perpetual enemy of Christ'", reject

3960-399: The totality of its Tradition, and that Vatican II belongs to that. Responding to a comment that some consider tradition in a rigid way, Pope Francis remarked in 2016, "there’s a traditionalism that is a rigid fundamentalism; this is not good. Fidelity on the other hand implies growth. In transmitting the deposit of faith from one epoch to another, tradition grows and consolidates itself with

4026-464: Was Pope only materially and not formally , and so was the valid electee of the October 1978 conclave . Although he never became Pope, he equally has never forfeited his claim on the papacy . The Thesis of Cassiciacum, which asserts the position of sedeprivationism, states that the See of Peter is not obtained and must conform with one of two prescribed requirements of a legitimate papal election by

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4092-543: Was celebrated before the annual National Front party meeting. Lefebvre was fined in France for "racial defamation" and " incitement to racial hatred " for proposing the removal of immigrants – particularly Muslims  – from Europe. Lefebvre also supported Latin American dictatorships, Charles Maurras , Philippe Pétain , and the continued occupation of French Algeria . The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) used

4158-600: Was founded in 1970, with the authorization of the bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg , by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre . Lefebvre was declared to have incurred automatic excommunication in 1988, after illicit consecrations . In January 2009 the Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops remitted the excommunications the Congregation had declared to have been incurred by the Society's bishops in 1988. More recently,

4224-444: Was founded in 1985. It is a sedeprivationist religious congregation of clergy who were dissatisfied with the SSPX's position on the Pope, i.e., acknowledging John Paul II as pope but disobeying him. Sedeprivationists hold that the current occupant of the papal office is a duly elected pope but lacks the authority and ability to teach or govern unless he recants the changes brought by the Second Vatican Council. Some Catholics took

4290-419: Was still Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger: [Archbishop Lefebvre] declared that he has finally understood that the agreement he signed aimed only at integrating his foundation into the "Conciliar Church". The Catholic Church in union with the Pope is, according to him, the 'Conciliar Church' which has broken with its own past. It seems indeed that he is no longer able to see that we are dealing with the Catholic Church in

4356-589: Was then a member of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), ordained two priests and seven deacons in Warsaw , Poland , for the SSJK. Fr. John Jenkins, an SSPX priest who was present, later remarked, "We were all very edified by their piety, and I myself was astonished by the resemblance of the atmosphere amongst the seminarians with that which I knew in the seminary – this in spite of the difference of language, nationality and even rite." Archeparch Ihor Vozniak of Lviv,

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