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77-682: Somali genealogical tradition places the origin of the Isaaq tribe in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) was one of the scholars who crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa. Sheikh Ishaaq purportedly settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland . Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons, one of them being Ismail (Garhajis). By

154-581: A British warship be anchored at Berbera so the British could detect any Somali movement in the area. Hunter also writes that the Emir of Zeila, Abu Bakr was possibly planning an invasion of Berbera. Hinter describes Abu Bakr as a Afar businessmen, and Emir who held great influence over the Afar, and Somalis. He also describes him as a slave master, and that he controlled slave trade in the read sea. Hunters describes

231-406: A clan-based society states: Since, however, Aw Barkhadle’s precise connection with the rulers of Ifat is not widely known, he appears as an isolated figure, and in comparison with the million or so spears of the Isaaq lineage, a saint deprived of known issue. The striking difference between these two saints is explained in a popular legend, according to which, when Sheikh Isaaq and Aw Barkhadle met,

308-761: A dying Berbera economy, and established Berbera as the capital of the Khedive in east Africa. Although they did not control northern Somaliland for long they did build lighthouses, piers, improved coastal ports, and promoted Islam. In 1883 the Egyptians who were being pressured by the British decided to evacuate the Somali, and Oromo cities. During the Egyptian rule the Somalis controlled the Zeila-Harar trade route, and

385-643: A history going back 500 years, and also became known for its unique Yemini wild Mocha coffee beans. In 1955, the modern port of Mocha was established. Mocha was among the population centers in southern Yemen taken over by the Houthis during their military offensive in March 2015, and was bombed by an Arab coalition in July 2015 . The city was attacked by pro-Hadi forces in January 2017 and captured by them

462-560: A major emporium and coffee exporting port until the early 19th century. The city boasted a stone wall enclosing a citadel, as well as a labyrinth of thatched huts that surrounded the wall from without. Of these, some four hundred accommodated Jewish households that engaged in trade. In the mid-1730s, the vast majority of those occupied in trade in Mocha were the Banyan merchants , who numbered as many as 3,000 to 4,000 men. They chiefly traded in

539-580: A massive conflict between the Ayal Ahmed and Ayal Yunis branches of the Habr Awal over who would control Berbera in the mid-1840s, Sultan Farah brought both subclans before a holy relic from the tomb of Aw Barkhadle . An item that is said to have belonged to Bilal Ibn Rabah . When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On a paper yet carefully preserved in

616-494: A navigation act where they excluded Arab vessels and brought the goods and produce of the interior in their own ships to Mocha and other Arabian ports: Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This months-long market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. In the early 19th century these goods were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had "a kind of navigation act by which they exclude

693-400: A rebellion to break out in the late 1870s. The split was noticeable and Lieutenant C.P Rigby in the year 1848 writes about the two Sultans and the capital of the Isaaq at Toon. The Hubr Gajis tribe and its different branches are governed by two Sultans, named Sultan Deriah [Habr Yunis Sultan] and Sultan Farah : the residence of the latter is at Toro. During the reign of the last ruler of

770-410: A rousing gabay rejecting the decision. Lix nin oo mankiyo shaalka iyo midhaha Guuleed ah Oo wada ma dhaafta ah raggii ugu maloongeeyey Inaan waliba maal ugu daraa waa masalo dhaafe Waligeed markaha looma culin magannu soocnaaye Waa waxaanay dhagahaygu maqal maanta ka horoowe Inaanaan cayuun soo madhayn mudhayo dhaadheer leh Haddaynu Reer Mataan nahay sidaa waydun maan garane Six men who are

847-498: A single delivery. Passing through Mocha in 1752 and 1756, Remedius Prutky found that it boasted a "lodging-house of the Prophet Muhammad , which was like a huge tenement block laid out in many hundred separate cells where accommodation was rented to all strangers without discrimination of race or religion." He also found a number of European ships in the harbor: three French, four English, two Dutch, and one Portuguese. In

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924-797: A son, Mansur, who is the forefather of the Al Mansur clan in the Al-Jawf region. He then travelled to Yaba where he married and had a son, Yusuf, who is the forefather of the Al Yusuf clan based in Yaba and Ma'rib regions. Sheikh Ishaaq then continued his journey and migrated to Zeila , Somaliland and finally Harar in Ethiopia . Several accounts indicate Shaykh Yusuf al Kownayn and Sheikh Isaaq were known to be contemporaries in Zeila and in contact at

1001-511: Is a port city on the Red Sea coast of Yemen . Until Aden and al Hudaydah eclipsed it in the 19th century, Mokha was the principal port for Yemen's capital, Sanaa . Long known for its coffee trade, the city gave its name to Mocha coffee . Mocha was the major marketplace for many commodities, including, but not limited to coffee ( Coffea arabica ) from the 16th century through the 19th century. The coffee itself did not grow in Mocha, but

1078-737: Is cited in accounts of previous conflicts. According to genealogical books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 13th or 14th century with the arrival Sheikh Ishaaq from Arabia in Maydh . He settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland , where he married into the local Magaadle clan. There are also numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival. Besides historical sources, one of

1155-653: Is disposed of. In 1817, a British lieutenant was allegedly mistreated in Mocha, and the British Indian authorities requested that action be taken. However, the imam's governor turned down the British demand. In response, in December 1820, HMS Topaze and ships and troops belonging to the British East India Company attacked Mocha's North and South Forts, destroying them. A decade and a half later, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt would also attack

1232-480: Is illustrated in the following ethnic structure. A. Habr Magaadle B. Habr Habuusheed There is clear agreement on the tribe and sub-tribe structures that has not changed for a long time. The oldest recorded genealogy of a Somali in Western literature was by Sir Richard Burton in the mid–19th century regarding his Isaaq (Habr Yunis) host and the governor of Zeila , Sharmarke Ali Saleh . The following listing

1309-523: Is in Maydh , and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages. Sheikh Ishaaq's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds). His siyaara or pilgrimage is performed annually both within Somaliland and in the diaspora particularly in the Middle East among Isaaq expatriates. The tomb was kept by the family of Somali artist Abdullahi Qarshe . Murray in his book The Journal of

1386-630: Is known as Mokka . According to the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Jerónimo Lobo , who sailed the Red Sea in 1625, Mocha was "formerly of limited reputation and trade" but since "the Turkish assumption of power throughout Arabia , it has become the major city of the territory under Turkish domination, even though it is not the Pasha 's place of residence, which is two days' journey inland in

1463-679: Is taken from the World Bank 's Conflict in Somaliland: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somaliland Assessment 2001 . One tradition maintains that Sheikh Ishaaq had twin sons: Muhammad (Arap), and Ismail (Garhajis). In addition, Sheikh Ishaaq had four additional sons in Yemen (Dir'an, Shareef, Yusuf and Mansur) whose descendants inhabit parts of northern Yemen , including

1540-1419: Is the following; Ash-Shaykh Ishaaq bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Husayn bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Hamza al-Muttahar bin Abdallah bin Ayyub bin Qasim bin Ahmad bin Ali bin Isa bin Yahya bin Ja’far bin Ali al-Hadi bin Muhammad al-Jawad bin Ali al-Ridha bin Musa al-Kadhim bin Ja'far al-Sadiq bin Muhammad al-Baqir bin Ali Zayn Al-Abidin bin Husayn bin Ali bin Abi Talib . In the Isaaq ethnic group are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in

1617-556: The British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Guled Sultans, although no longer ruling vast territory, and with separate Isaaq subclans having their own Sultans, still enjoy primus inter pares status and retain the title of Suldaanka Guud ee Isaaq (Grand Sultan of the Isaaq). Sultan Deria Hassan continued in his role until his death in 1939, with his son and successor Sultan Abdillahi Deria strongly involved in

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1694-672: The Habr Yunis would break from his rule and form the Habr Yunis Sultanate . Sultan Deria Sugulle would have established his own capital at Wadhan and his own taxes. The Habr Yunis Sultanate inherited the profitable trade routes leading into the Sheikh mountains and Burao from the Isaaq Sultanate and reached a pinnacle under Sultan Hersi Aman before being engulfed in civil wars after his considerable power caused

1771-646: The Khawlan district and the Ma'rib governorate. In one exemplified folklore tale, Sheikh Ishaaq's three eldest sons split their father's inheritance among themselves. Garhajis receives his imama , a symbol of leadership; Awal receives the sheikh's wealth; and Ahmed (Tolja'ele) inherits his sword. The story is intended to depict the Garhajis' alleged proclivity for politics, the Habr Awal's mercantile prowess, and

1848-511: The shir . Absiyeh was made to swear a solemn oath not to recite a gabay following the Sultan's decision but he could not resist, especially since Hussein was away. Hussein returned and lamented that he missed the occasion and the two other men (Deria and Absiyeh) prevailed that day. In 1870 The Egyptians occupied Hargeisa after failing to take over Aussa . They continued on to invade Berbera , Zeila , Sagallo , and Bulhar . They helped rebuild

1925-571: The 1300s the Isaaq clans united to defend their inhabited territories and resources during clan conflicts against migrating clans, and by the 1600s the Somali lands split into numerous clan states, among them the Isaaq. According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled Dynasty the Isaaq clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo,

2002-410: The 1830s. He noted that Turkish "rebels" possessed Mocha. The Turks took it over after they left Egypt while being disgruntled with the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt . These "rebels", consisting of confederates throughout Arabia , had banded together under one leader named Turkie ben al Mas. Jacob Saphir who visited the city in 1859 wrote about seeing many houses that were vacant of dwellers, although

2079-498: The 18th century, a plague killed half of the city's population, from which time the city never really recovered. In August 1800 Phoenix visited. William Moffat, her captain, took the opportunity to prepare a chart of the mouth of the Red Sea. Mocha was very dependent on imported coffee beans from present-day Ethiopia, which was exported by Somali merchants from Berbera across the Gulf of Aden. The Berbera merchants procured most of

2156-575: The Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows ." Foreign observers at the time were quick to notice the Somalis who frequented Mocha. The majority of the Somalis arrived seasonally and stayed temporarily to trade in the goods they brought from the interior of the Horn of Africa . They were noted to be industrious in trade as well as keeping to

2233-688: The Governor of Berbera as a man who was ready to take any command, but like all his friends was thuggish, and rude. In 1884 the British signed a deal with the Habr Awal which allowed British presence in Berbera for a while. in October 1884 the Egyptians left Berbera. By the early 1880s the Isaaq Sultanate had been reduced to the Ciidangale confederation with the Eidagale, and Ishaaq Arreh subclan of

2310-461: The Habr Je'lo's bellicosity. To strengthen these tribal stereotypes, historical anecdotes have been used: The Habar Yonis allegedly dominated positions as interpreters for the British during the colonial period, and thus acquired pretensions to intellectual and political superiority; Habr Awal dominance of the trade via Djibouti and Berbera is practically uncontested; and Habr Je’lo military prowess

2387-552: The Habr Yunis remaining, although the sultan still enjoyed widespread prestige among the Isaaq. In 1884–1886 the British signed treaties with the coastal subclans and had not yet penetrated the interior in any significant way. Sultan Deria Hassan remained de facto master of Hargeisa and its environs. Working in conjunction with Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and the Dervish Movement he would exchange letters with Hassan in

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2464-599: The Isaaq Sultanate Deria Hassan tensions were high between his Rer Guled and another subclan of Eidagale. The legendary Eidagale warrior and poet Hussein Hasan ( Somali : Xuseen Xassan ) who hailed from the Rer Guled was prideful and urged them to continue the conflict. Standing against him was a similarly skilled poet and warrior Hersi Absiyeh ( Somali : Xirsi Cabsiye ), a prominent member of

2541-527: The Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by Sultan Guled of the Eidagale clan of Isaaq clan family . His coronation took place after the victorious battle of Lafaruug , in which Guled Abdi successfully led the Isaaq and was crowned by the Isaaq clan after defeating the Absame tribes. After witnessing his leadership and courage, the Isaaq chiefs recognized his father Abdi who refused

2618-512: The Isaaq defeat, 15,000 Spanish dollars was to be paid by the Isaaq Sultanate leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life. In the 1820s Sultan Farah Sultan Guled of the Isaaq Sultanate penned a letter to Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British. This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr was incapacitated by prior Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 and

2695-527: The Isaaq often called for shirs or regular meetings where he would be informed and advised by leading elders or religious figures on what decisions to make. In the case of the Dervish movement Sultan Deria Hassan had chosen not to join after receiving counsel from Sheikh Madar . He addressed early tensions between the Saad Musa and Eidagale upon the former's settlement into the growing town of Hargeisa in

2772-608: The Oromos shared the Berbera-Harar trade route. British officer Hunters carried a number of surveys in the Somali coast. He described the Habr Awal as a friendly people who lived between Harar, and Berbera, and that they supported the Egyptian capture of many towns. In 1884 the Egyptians, and Habr Awal burnt down a number of Bursuuk villages, in retaliation the Bursuuk attacked Habr Awal caravans on their way to Berbera. During

2849-411: The Royal Geographical Society notes that many men from the western Isaaq clans would travel to Maydh to spend the last years of their lives in hopes of being buried near Sheikh Ishaaq. The book states: The stranger is at once struck with the magnitude of the burial-ground at Meyet, which extends for fully a mile each way. Attachment to the memory of their forefather Isaakh yet induces many aged men of

2926-441: The Turkish governor still dwelt there with a band of soldiers, collecting taxes from local traders and ships visiting the harbor. When the British took control over Aden, the port in Mocha fell into disuse, being replaced by Aden. The general destruction of the city was still prominent as late as 1909, when German explorer and photographer, Hermann Burchardt , wrote of the city Mocha as he saw it: "This card will reach you from one of

3003-471: The buds, the shawl and the fruit (youth) of Guuleed Who together were the best, most excellent of men That I add wealth to that is beyond the pale We'll never purify the vessel with blood compensation which we have separated off This is something my ears have never heard before today That we empty [our hands] of very tall camels If we are Reer Mataan you will follow my thinking Sultan Deria responded by sending Hussein away to Berbera and then resuming

3080-428: The city and destroy its fortified wall closest to the sea, as well as its citadel. By that time, however, Mocha's trade in its country's precious commodity of coffee grains ( Coffea arabica ) had already been supplanted by Ethiopia, which was the principal trader of this commodity to North Africa and which sold for a third of the price of the same coffee imported from Arabia. Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Mocha in

3157-452: The city of Sana'a." Lobo adds that its importance as a port was also due to the Ottoman law that required all ships entering the Red Sea to put in at Mocha and pay duty on their cargoes. Mocha's patron saint is Ali bin Omar al-Shadhili. Based on the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, many believe that the important ancient emporium of Muza is located near Mocha. The exact location has been debated, either being present-day Mocha itself,

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3234-432: The closely related Rer Abdi Bari who were warring with the Rer Guled. He called for the regular shir or meeting of subclans where he would take council and advise on what decisions to make next. Sultan Deria ruled that blood payment or mag was sufficient for both parties to exchange at the shir with the Rer Guled losing six and the Abdi Bari six as well. Hussein Hasan was boastful and urged for continued conflict with

3311-451: The coastal village of Maushij or the inland settlement Mauza'. Prior to the arrival of the Ottomans in Yemen , in 1538, Mocha was a small fishing village. The Ottomans developed Mocha as a port city, being the first port north of the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb . Mocha reached its zenith in the first quarter of the 18th century, owing to its trade in coffee. English, Dutch, and French companies maintained factories at Mocha, which remained

3388-424: The coffee from the environs of Harar and shipped them off in their own vessels during the Berbera trading season. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839–1854), Mocha historically imported up to two-thirds of their coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mocha was captured by British-controlled Aden in the 19th century. The Somalis of Berbera also had

3465-486: The commodity of coffee, brought by camels to the port of Mocha from places further north and inland, primarily from Bayt al-Faqih . Other trading goods brought to Mocha for export included such spices and commodities as frankincense, myrrh, Dragon's blood, Socotrine aloe, cumin, and the Balm of Gilead. English and Scottish merchants employed with the East India Company established a trading factory at Mocha, receiving at times as many as 50 to 60 camel loads of merchandise in

3542-492: The common ancestors of the Isaaq clan-family. He remained in Maydh until his death. He is said to have settled in what is today the Erigavo District , and to have established his capital at Maydh . Traditional hagiologies of the Isaaq clan describe how Sheikh Isaaq first made a series of travels through Arabia , before sailing to the ancient Somali port of Zeila and continuing his travels through Somaliland and some regions of Ethiopia , finally settling in Maydh . After

3619-483: The common ancestors of the subtribes of the Isaaq ethnic group. He remained in Maydh until his death. Most Arabic hagiologies are in agreement when it comes to the lineage of Sheikh Ishaaq, tracing his lineage to Ali bin Abi Talib , the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The lineage attributed to Sheikh Ishaaq by two Arabic hagiologies, and which is covered by Alessandro Gori in Studi sulla letteratura agiografica islamica somala in lingua araba ,

3696-416: The creation of British Somaliland in 1884 in addition to five afterwards. Historically Sultans would be chosen by a committee of several important members of the various Isaaq clans. Sultans were usually buried at Toon south of Hargeisa which was a significant site and the capital of the Sultanate during Farah Guled 's rule. Amongst the Isaaq the traditional institution and leadership of the clan survived

3773-442: The death of Sheikh Ishaaq's grandfather he went on a series of migrations in order to study further and preach Islam . He first preached in Mecca and then travelled to Egypt, and hence to Eritrea and Zeila. He then later settled in the area of Saba' in modern-day Yemen where he married the sister of the king of the Al Haqar clan. Sheikh Ishaaq later settled in the Al-Jawf region in northern Yemen where he married once again and had

3850-413: The early nineteenth century were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had "a kind of navigation act by which they exclude the Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows." Eidagale and Habr Yunis traders held the southerly trade routes into the Haud region and the Habr Awal the westerly ones, with the Habr Je'lo maintaining

3927-424: The easterly routes towards Berbera and their substantial frankincense trade exporting from Heis , Karin , and Ceel Daraad . The western and southern routes would merge at Hargeisa. The Isaaq were also the predominant Somali traders in the Yemeni ports of Mukalla , Mocha and Aden . In addition the sultanate produced ghee , myrrh , ivory and gum arabic , which would then be exported to Yemen. The Sultan of

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4004-446: The eldest son of Sheikh Ishaaq . There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total who ruled for centuries starting from the 13th century. The last Tolje'lo ruler Boqor Harun ( Somali : Boqor Haaruun ), nicknamed Dhuh Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the Habr Awal with whom they still mostly live. The modern Guled Dynasty of

4081-467: The extent of their inland trade, their great fairs, and their large exports in their own vessels. A great number of them live close to Mocha, and are a peaceable inoffensive race. Amidst the varied classes which are found in this town, the Soumalies, or natives of the opposite coast of Africa, are the most calculated to excite the attention of a stranger. Few reside here permanently, the greater number only remaining until their stock of sheep, gums, or coffee

4158-543: The first year of the movement's foundation and incited an insurrection in Hargeisa in 1900. The Sultanate had a robust economy and trade was significant at the main port of Berbera but also eastwards along the coast. The Berbera trade fair was the major commercial event of the year with tens of thousands descending on the town. Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This long drawn out market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. These goods in

4235-428: The following month. In 2021, an alleged attack by Houthi rebels, using ballistic missiles and drones, caused major damage to Mocha's port. The Associated Press reported that the attack on the port destroyed warehouses that aid organizations had been using. Today, Mocha is no longer used as a major trade route, as local coffee farms could not compete with those in former colonies such as Java . The local economy

4312-433: The genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Harari woman – the Habr Habusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a Somali woman of the Magaadle sub-tribe of the Dir – the Habr Magaadle. Indeed, most of the largest tribes of the Isaaq ethnic group are in fact uterine alliances hence the matronymic "Habr" which in archaic Somali means "mother". This

4389-414: The general peace: The Samaulies, who inhabit the whole coast from Gardafui to the Straits [Bab-el-Mandeb], and through whose territories the whole produce of the interior of Africa must consequently reach Arabia, have been represented by Mr. Bruce, and many others, as a savage race, with whom it would be dangerous to have connection. I think that this is an unjust accusation, and is sufficiently disproved by

4466-465: The independence movement of British Somaliland, having led a delegation of politicians and Sultans to the United Kingdom in order to petition and pressure the government to return the Haud Reserved Area that had been ceded to Ethiopia by the British. Sultan Rashid Abdillahi likewise was also active in independence and post-independence politics, being elected as the Vice President of the National Assembly of Somalia in 1966, and representing Somalia at

4543-407: The large ports of Berbera and Zeila and were very familiar with the Isaaq Sultanate respectively. One of the most important settlements of the Sultanate was the city of Berbera which was one of the key ports of the Gulf of Aden. Caravans would pass through Hargeisa and the Sultan would collect tribute and taxes from traders before they would be allowed to continue onwards to the coast. Following

4620-417: The late 19th century. The Sultan would also be responsible for organizing grazing rights and in the late 19th century new agricultural spaces. The allocation of resources and sustainable use of them was also a matter that Sultans concerned themselves with and was crucial in an arid region. In the 1870s there was a famous meeting between Sheikh Madar and Sultan Deria proclaimed that hunting and tree cutting in

4697-444: The latter prophesied that Isaaq would be blessed by God with many children. He, however, would not have descendants, but Isaaq’s issue would pay him respect and siyaaro (voluntary offerings). So it is, one is told, that every year the Isaaq tribesmen gather at Aw Barkhadle’s shrine to make offerings in his name. After studying and proselytizing in Harar he then undertook the pilgrimage to Makkah, came back to Somaliland and went along

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4774-413: The more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the Amjaad of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in Aden in 1955. His descendants would later on form two powerful sultanates that would later on dominate the northern coastline of the Horn of Africa during the early modern era; the Isaaq sultanate and the Habr Yunis sultanate. Sheikh Ishaaq's tomb

4851-414: The most godforsaken little places in Asia. It exceeds all my expectations, with regard to the destruction. It looks like a city entirely destroyed by earthquakes, etc." The Bialetti Moka pot stovetop pressurized espresso maker was named after the Yemini city by the Italian engineer inventor Alfonso Bialetti in 1933. At the time Mocha was a famous leading producer and trader of coffee worldwide with

4928-461: The offer and suggested that Farah , Du'ale's full brother of Du'ale, son of Guled's fourth wife Ambaro Me'ad Gadidbe, be crowned. The Isaaq subsequently crowned Farah. With the new European incursion into the Gulf of Aden and Horn of Africa contact between Somalis and Europeans on African soil would happen again for the first time since the Ethiopian–Adal war . When a British vessel named the Mary Anne attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it

5005-418: The position instead relegating the title to his underage son Guled while the father acted as the regent until the son came of age. Guled was crowned the as the first Sultan of the Isaaq clan in July 1750. Sultan Guled thus ruled the Isaaq up until his death in 1808. After the death of Sultan Guled a dispute arose as to which of his 12 sons would succeed him. His eldest son Roble Guled, who was due to be crowned,

5082-457: The same time. According to a popular legend, Shaykh Yusuf al Kownayn, known locally as Aw-Barkhadle, upon meeting Sheikh Ishaaq prophesied that Sheikh Ishaaq would be blessed by Allah with many children while Shaykh Yusuf would not have descendants. According to the prophecy the descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq would also visit Aw-Barkhadle's grave and pay respect and perform siyaaro , or pilgrimage to his tomb. Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in

5159-427: The shore eastward to the coastal town of Maydh in eastern Somaliland , where he converted the pagan peoples to Islam. He later settled in the town aged 60, where he married two women; one of the Magaadle Dir tribe called Magaado, and a Harari woman called Hanifa, the daughter of a Harari emir, with descendants belonging to the Habar Magaadle or Habar Habusheed branches respectively. He sired eight sons who are

5236-402: The tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one [of] the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren. During the reign of Sultan Farah Guled

5313-513: The vicinity of Hargeisa would be banned The holy relics from Aw Barkhadle would be brought and the Isaaqs would swear oaths upon it in presence of the Sultan whenever fierce internal combat broke out. Aside from the leading Sultan of Isaaq there were numerous Akils, Garaads and subordinate Sultans alongside religious authorities that constituted the Sultanate before some would declare their own independence or simply break from his authority. The Isaaq Sultanate has ten rulers in total, five prior to

5390-466: The western tribes to pass the close of their lives at Meyet, in order that their tombs may be found near that of their chief, and this will account for the unusual size of this cemetery. Many of the graves have head-stones of madrepore, on which is cut in relief the name of the tenant below, and of these many are to be found 250 years old. Mocha, Yemen Mokha ( Arabic : المُخا , romanized :  al-Mukhā ), also spelled Mocha , or Mukha ,

5467-400: The withdrawal period officer Hunters was more concerned on Berbera as rumour spread about the Mahdiyya of Sudan. He worried about Berbera more than Harar, because the Habr Awal Somalis had murdered the Governor of Berbera Abd- Al Rahman Bey. They did this because Abd Al Rahman had murdered a Somali in an attempt to rob a caravan. He also feared the Issa Somali would invade Berbera so he ordered

5544-911: The world parliamentary conference in 1967. With the collapse of the Somali Republic , and the subsequent Somaliland war of independence in the 80s and 90s, Sultan Mahamed Abdiqadir would be heavily involved in the peace process and reconciliation of the rebirthed Somaliland . With Somaliland's independence in 1991 the Isaaq sultans assumed the title of Grand Sultan of Somaliland (Suldaanka Guud ee Soomaaliland). Ishaaq bin Ahmed Ishaaq bin Ahmed bin Muhammad , more commonly known as Sheikh Ishaaq or Sheikh Isaaq ( Arabic : الشيخ إسحاق بن أحمد بن محمد , romanized :  Ash-Shaykh Isḥāq bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad , Somali : Sheekh Isxaaq )

5621-456: Was advised by his brother Du'ale to raid and capture livestock belonging to the Ogaden so as to serve the Isaaq sultans and dignitaries who would attend, as part of a plot to discredit the would-be sultan and usurp the throne. After the dignitaries were made aware of this fact by Du'ale they removed Roble from the line of succession and offered to crown Jama, his half brother, who promptly rejected

5698-504: Was an Islamic scholar that crossed the sea from Arabia to the Horn of Africa. He is regarded the Sayyid forefather of the Isaaq clan-family in the Horn of Africa , whose traditional territory is wide and densely populated. Sheikh Ishaaq traveled from Arabia to Somaliland in the 10th or 11th century, where he married two women; one from the local Dir clan and the other from the neighbouring Harari people. He sired eight sons who are

5775-535: Was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Garhajis. In response the Royal Navy enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city. In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this initial suggestion the Battle of Berbera 1827 would break out. After

5852-516: Was transported from Ethiopia and inland Yemen to the port in Mocha, where it was then shipped abroad. Even after other sources of coffee were found, Mocha beans (also called Sanani or Mocha Sanani beans, meaning from Sana'a ) continued to be prized for their distinctive flavor—and remain so even today. Mocha's coffee legacy is reflected in the name of the mocha latte and the Moka pot coffee maker. In Germany, traditional Turkish coffee

5929-694: Was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the Gulf of Aden and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the Mocha on the Red Sea . They had numerous commercial ties with the Somalis , leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the Persian Gulf to regularly attend trade fairs in

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