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27-521: Rennyo, the great revivalist abbott of Jōdo Shinshū ( Ikkō-shū ), retired to the area in 1496, initiating the series of events that would end in the formation of Japan's second-largest city. Contemporary documents describing his retirement site as being on a "long slope" (大坂, Ōzaka) are the first to call the area by that name, which has changed only slightly over time to Osaka (大阪), and become Japan's second largest city. Although Rennyo sought isolation in retiring to this quiet place, he very quickly attracted

54-510: A bell. The priests of the fortress came not only from Osaka and the surrounding areas, but also from the Ikko sect's home provinces of Kaga and Echizen . The priests also had many allies, including the Mōri clan , who supplied the fortress when it was under siege. Both Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen , both of whom were rivals of Oda Nobunaga , simply by keeping Nobunaga and each other occupied, did

81-535: A great number of devotees and followers. The tiny temple Rennyo built for his own personal devotions was expanded, and many homes and other buildings were erected to accommodate the new residents. By the time of Rennyo's death, three years later, the general shape and size of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji was already in place. After the 1532 destruction of Yamashina Mido in Kyoto , the Ishiyama Hongan-ji acted as

108-479: A replica of which stands on the site today. Following the destruction of Nagashima, Nobunaga ordered his men to search all of Echizen Province and kill every last man and woman of the so-called Ikkō sect. Other Ikkō-shū Buddhists went underground, forming the kakure nenbutsu . Liberation theology Liberation theology is a theological approach emphasizing the "liberation of the oppressed". It engages in socio-economic analyses, with social concern for

135-540: A theology of liberation—"a rational study of the being of God in the world in light of the existential situation of an oppressed community, relating the forces of liberation to the essence of the Gospel, which is Jesus Christ," writes James Hal Cone , one of the original advocates of the perspective. Black theology mixes Christianity with questions of civil rights , particularly as raised by the Black Power movement and

162-413: A way as to make that liberating gospel relevant to the perceived needs of their Indigenous flocks. As a rule, this articulation involves a theological underpinning of Palestinian resistance to Israel as well as Palestinian national aspirations, and an intense valorization of Palestinian ethnic and cultural identity as guarantors of a truer grasp of the gospel by virtue of the fact that they are inhabitants of

189-490: Is usually viewed as a small, militant offshoot from Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism , though the name has a complex history. Originally, Ikkō-shū was an "obscure band of Pure Land proponents" founded by Ikkō Shunjō in the fifteenth century. He was a disciple of Ryōchū of the Chinzei branch of Jōdo-shū Buddhism and similar to Ippen 's Ji-shū. However, when the religious and military-political establishment began to crack down on

216-688: The Black Consciousness Movement . Dalit theology is a branch of Christian theology that emerged among the Dalit castes in the Indian subcontinent in the 1980s. It shares a number of themes with Latin American liberation theology , which arose two decades earlier, including a self-identity as a people undergoing Exodus . Dalit theology sees hope in the "Nazareth Manifesto" of Luke 4, where Jesus speaks of preaching "good news to

243-698: The Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1960s, as a reaction to the poverty and social injustice in the region, which CEPAL deemed the most unequal in the world . The term was coined in 1971 by the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez , who wrote one of the movement's defining books, A Theology of Liberation . Other exponents include Leonardo Boff of Brazil, and Jesuits Jon Sobrino of El Salvador and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay. Latin American liberation theology influenced parts of

270-644: The Ikkō-ikki revolts and the growing power of the Jōdo Shinshū , the sect's fortress-temples Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima (built at the end of the 15th century) were eventually destroyed by Oda Nobunaga 's armies. The fortress at Nagashima was razed to the ground in 1574, taking about 20,000 people with it. The Ishiyama Hongan-ji withstood the longest siege in Japanese history before surrendering in 1580. Upon its ruins, Toyotomi Hideyoshi built Osaka Castle ,

297-566: The Nembutsu , little distinction was made between the various factions. Most of Ikkō Shunjo's followers therefore defected to the more powerful Jōdo Shinshū and the name Ikkō-shū ultimately became synonymous with Jōdo Shinshū . Rennyo , the charismatic leader of the Hongan-ji branch of Jōdo Shinshū, responded to this situation by clarifying the positive religious meaning of Ikkō (single-minded) whilst simultaneously distancing himself from

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324-556: The United States and later in other parts of the world, which contextualizes Christianity in an attempt to help those of African descent overcome oppression. It especially focuses on the injustices committed against African Americans and black South Africans during American segregation and apartheid , respectively. Black theology seeks to liberate people of colour from multiple forms of political, social, economic, and religious subjugation and views Christian theology as

351-578: The antinomian behaviour of the original Ikkō sect. In his pastoral letters, known as Ofumi or Gobunsho , he therefore wrote: "It has been established with certainty that our Founder did not particularly name our school the "Ikkō-shū". On the whole, the reason the people call us this is that we place our complete reliance, exclusively, on Amida Buddha ... However, the Founder has specifically named this sect "Jōdo Shinshū". Therefore, you must understand that we of our sect did not originate in any manner or form

378-818: The evangelical movement and Catholic bishops in the United States. Its reliance on " Marxism " led in the mid-1980s to an admonition by the Vatican 's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF). While stating that "in itself, the expression 'theology of liberation' is a thoroughly valid term", the prefect Cardinal Ratzinger rejected certain forms of Latin American liberation theology for focusing on institutionalized or systemic sin and for identifying Catholic Church hierarchy in South America as members of

405-459: The military dictatorship in Brazil , Câmara, who called on clergy to engage in the struggle for justice without fear of identification with the revolutionary left ("When I give food to the poor, they call me a saint. When I ask why they are poor, they call me a communist "), refused to condemn armed resistance. In a famous interview with Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci , he explained that while it

432-586: The 1970s called for integral mission , emphasizing evangelism and social responsibility . Theologies of liberation have also developed in other parts of the world such as black theology in the United States and South Africa , Palestinian liberation theology , Dalit theology in India , Minjung theology in South Korea , as well as liberation theology in Ireland . Liberation theology developed within

459-544: The Ikki a great service. The Hongan-ji came under siege from the forces of Oda Nobunaga in 1570, but, due in part to its position on the coast, managed to hold out for 11 years, making this the longest siege in Japanese history. In August 1580, the Abbot Kōsa (Kennyo) was persuaded to surrender, ending the 11-year-long siege . At the time of the surrender, the entire temple complex was set aflame. According to some sources, this

486-896: The land of Jesus and the Bible . The principal figure in Palestinian liberation theology is the Anglican cleric Naim Ateek , founder of the Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center in Jerusalem . In Ireland , liberation theology has been associated with the ideas and praxis of the Belfast Roman Catholic priest Des Wilson . Following the onset of the Northern Ireland Troubles , Wilson defended

513-467: The name of "One-Mind Sect." The Amida pietist movement, and in particular the Jōdo Shinshū, also provided a liberation theology (or ideology ) for a wave of uprisings against the feudal system in late-fifteenth and sixteenth century Japan which are known as the Ikkō-ikki revolts. The causes of this phenomenon are disputed, but may have had both religious and sociopolitical causes. As a consequence of

540-659: The phrase " preferential option for the poor ". The option for the poor is simply the idea that, as reflected in canon law, "The Christian faithful are also obliged to promote social justice and, mindful of the precept of the Lord, to assist the poor." It indicates an obligation, on the part of those who would call themselves Christian, first and foremost to care for the poor and vulnerable. Latin America also produced Protestant advocates of liberation theology, such as Rubem Alves , José Míguez Bonino , and C. René Padilla , who in

567-421: The poor ... freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind" and of releasing "the oppressed". Palestinian liberation theology is an expression of political theology and a contextual theology that represents an attempt by a number of independently working Palestinian Christian theologians from various denominations—mostly Protestant mainline churches—to articulate the gospel message in such

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594-655: The poor and "political liberation for oppressed peoples" and addresses other forms of perceived inequality. Liberation theologies were first being discussed in the Latin American context, especially within Catholicism in the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council . There, it became the political praxis of theologians such as Frei Betto , Gustavo Gutiérrez , Leonardo Boff , and Jesuits Juan Luis Segundo and Jon Sobrino , who popularized

621-604: The primary temple for the Ikkō sect, from which the Ikkō-ikki had sprouted. Contributions from devotees were collected through a system of brokers, primarily those based in Sakai in nearby Izumi Province . The temple-fortress was considered impenetrable, due largely to its location and orientation. In addition, roughly a hundred priests were on patrol at any given time, and upwards of ten thousand could be summoned to battle simply by ringing

648-433: The right of communities systematically failed by the state, the churches and other institutions to create "alternative education, alternative welfare, alternative theatre, broadcasting, theological and political discussion, public inquiries and much else". More controversially, citing the example of Brazilian archbishop Hélder Câmara , he argued that this right extended to "alternative police and alternative armies". During

675-401: The same privileged class that had long been oppressing Indigenous populations from the arrival of Pizarro onward. More or less at the same time as the initial publications of Latin American liberation theology are also found voices of Black liberation theology and feminist liberation theology . Black theology refers to a theological perspective which originated in some black churches in

702-484: Was done from within, to deny Nobunaga any true material gains from having defeated the Ikki. Though some members of the group fled to Kaga Province to make a final stand, the destruction of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji was truly the killing blow which marked the destruction of the sect as a militant force. Three years later, Toyotomi Hideyoshi began the construction of Osaka Castle on the same site. Ikk%C5%8D-sh%C5%AB Ikkō-shū ( 一向宗 ) or "single-minded school"

729-547: Was not his choice ("not my road, not my way to apply the Gospels"), he would never say "to use weapons against an oppressor is immoral or anti-Christian". Wilson argued that a church, not itself pacifist (as a schoolchild he recalls being taught to revere General Franco as a soldier of Christ), needed to develop a new "theology of pacifism". Acknowledging the predicament of those who had "a duty to protect others--their families their homes", this would need to do more than satisfy

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