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57-574: The Isnag, also referred to as Yapayao, trace their origins to the Province of Apayao , though they are also found in parts of Cagayan , Ilocos Norte , and Abra. Their populations are distributed across the municipalities of Calanasan , Kabugao , Pudtol , Flora , Luna , Santa Marcela , and Conner in Apayao; the eastern part of Ilocos Norte, specifically Adams , Carasi , Dumalneg , Vintar , Marcos , Dingras , Solsona , Bangui and Pagudpud ;

114-568: A lone legislative district . The 7 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 133 barangays , with Barangay Malama in Conner as the most populous in 2015, and Eleazar in Calanasan as the least. The population of Apayao in the 2020 census was 124,366 people, with a density of 28 inhabitants per square kilometre or 73 inhabitants per square mile. Based on the 2000 census survey, Ilocanos comprised 49,328  ( 50.82%) of

171-440: A ladder. The open space below ( linong or sidong ) includes a small shed ( abulor ) for jars of basi . The bamboo pigpen( dohom ) is nearby. Rice granaries ( alang ) are also made on four posts that include a circular and flat rat shield. Temporary buildings associated with upland and swidden farming are called sixay . Their bolo ( badang ) and axe ( aliwa ) are important tools. They are also expert fishermen. Isnag kinship

228-656: A length of 196 kilometres (122 mi) from its source in the mountains of Apayao in the Cordillera Administrative Region. More than 90% of the drainage area of the river is located in Apayao province while the remaining, including the mouth of the river , is in Cagayan province. The river is located in the northern part of Cordillera , along with the Apayao River . The river is part of

285-420: A municipal district and to be represented by Luna. Tauit was abolished through EO No. 13 , issued on January 21, 1936 and effective February 1, with remaining territories annexed as a single barrio to Luna. These territories were established as the municipal district of Pudtol upon its creation on December 3, 1956 through EO No. 217 . Parts of the territories of Pudtol and Luna were later established as

342-584: A red kerchief on their heads and have tattoos on their arms and shoulders to signify their bravery and accomplishments in head-taking forays. Women's Attire: Isnag women are known for their colorful garments. They wear a wraparound cloth called "aken," which comes in two sizes: a smaller one for everyday use and a larger one for ceremonial occasions. Their attire is often complemented by numerous ornaments and jewelry, showcasing their inclination towards vibrant and decorative clothing during festivities and important ceremonies. These traditional garments are integral to

399-468: A rich tradition of basket, handicraft, and textile weaving. Tauit (or Tawit ), an Isneg settlement along the lower Apayao-Abulug River, was a former municipal district and Apayao's first sub-provincial capital (1907–1915) until the capital was moved to Kabugao in August 1915 by virtue of Executive Order No. 45 . It had been existed by the time of creation of the sub-province of Apayao. Tauit

456-806: A slender and graceful stature, being kind, hospitable, and generous, with a strong sense of self-reliance and courage. Various names have been used to differentiate the Isnag. The Spaniards referred to them as los Apayaos (referring to the river along which they live) and los Mandayas (taken from the Isnag term meaning “upstream”). In 1923, they were the last ethnic group to be conquered by the American colonialists. Before, they had no collective name. Instead, they referred to themselves based on their residence or whether they lived: upstream ( Imandaya ) or downstream ( Imallod ). The Isnags are called river people because they historically used riverways to navigate and settle in

513-481: A sub-province of Cagayan province. The Americans established the Mountain Province on August 13, 1908, with the enactment of Act No. 1876 . Apayao was incorporated; and along with Amburayan , Benguet , Bontoc, Ifugao , Kalinga , and Lepanto, became sub-provinces of this new province. In the early years, the sub-province underwent series of territorial changes: In the early years, Apayao as

570-582: A sub-province was divided into seven municipal districts, all Isneg predominated. While the Isneg clashed with the Philippine Constabulary in the early years, the families attempted to escape the area and go into the mountains of Ilocos Norte and Abra . They were involved in an attack in Tauit in 1913. In 1942, Japanese Imperial forces entered Apayao, starting a three-year occupation of

627-584: A sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history

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684-684: Is along the Tawit River, between Upper Atu' and Upper Pudtol in Apayao. The Isnags of Conner reside along a major tributary of the Matalag River. The Ehapayao/Iyapayao (Yapayao) prefer the Bulu River, known as 'payaw,' in the eastern part of Ilocos Norte and the northwestern part of Cagayan. The Isnags are native in Apayao province, which was formerly a sub-province of Mountain Province, but are also found in portions of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte . Apayao has an area of 397,720 hectares and

741-524: Is also based on livestock and poultry breeding such as swine, carabao, cattle, goat and sheep. Other additional investment includes manufacturing, food processing, furniture, crafts and house wares making. Updated records of the Department of Trade and Industry Provincial Office reveal that existing industries in the province are furniture, garment craft, food processing, gifts and house wares, and agricultural support. The people of Apayao also have

798-498: Is basically composed of farmlands. The prevailing climate in the province falls under Corona's Type III Classification . It is characterized by relatively dry and wet seasons, from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain during December to February while the month of May is the warmest. Apayao is biologically diverse. The province is sanctuary to 139 bird species, 61 of which are endemic and 4 threatened. It also has 43 species of wild food plants eaten by

855-443: Is bilateral, meaning children are equally related to both the mother and the father. Households consist of interrelated families living close to each other, and extended families of three generations living together in their balay . The family is the key element in society, the larger the better, headed by the husband. No other society structure exists, though brave men, mengals, lead in hunting and fishing. The bravest, Kamenglan ,

912-401: Is devoted to agricultural production, particularly food and industrial crops such as palay , corn , coffee , root crops and vegetables . Fruits produced include lanzones , citrus , bananas and pineapples , durian , santol , rambutan , coconut and mangosteen . Rice production totaled 98,489 metric tons in 2011. Parts of Apayao are home to rice terraces . Economic activity

969-454: Is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of

1026-412: Is said to be the forerunner of the present-day Pudtol . Its seat of government at Barrio Tawit was later divided into four barangays in the municipality. In 1913, a band of Isneg attacked Tauit, as they were infuriated by the large number of Ilocano settling in the territory under the protection of the local government. In 1926, Allacapan was founded as its municipal district. In July 1927,

1083-588: Is the least densely-populated province in the Philippines, the least developed province in Luzon and one of the poorest. By 20th century, Apayao is predominated by the Isneg people. They are located primarily in the highland municipalities of Kabugao and Calanasan . Majority of them live in scattered settlements along the upper reaches of the Apayao-Abulug River; while some along a major tributary of

1140-462: Is the overall leader. A young man entered their ranks after the first headhunting expedition. A mengal carries a red kerchief on the head and has tattoos on his arms and shoulders. They are animistic and practice polygamy. Isnag language is spoken by around 50, 000 people mostly by the Isnag people, who are also bilingual in Ilokano . Approximately 9% of the population are Christians. In 2006,

1197-589: Is typographically divided into two parts: the Upper Apayao that is mountainous, and the Lower Apayao that is generally flat with rolling mountains and plateaus. Today, there are about 50, 000 Isnags living in Apayao. Isnag populations can also be found in the Eastern part of the Province of Ilocos Norte , specifically the municipalities of Adams, Carasi, Marcos, Dingras, Vintar, Dumalneg and Solsona; and in

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1254-573: The Chico River Dam Project , which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have submerged numerous townships in Kalinga, Mountain Province, and Apayao; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people. Marcos sent three armed brigades to subdue protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. Apayao was deeply affected by events that took place in its sister sub-province of Kalinga, as well as

1311-715: The Fall of Bataan . Little fighting occurred in the sub-province, but a number of Isneg fought with the American and Filipino forces in the Cagayan Valley and in the neighboring areas. The war and the post-war era seen development among the Isnegs, although slowly. On June 18, 1966, the huge Mountain Province was split into four provinces with the enactment of Republic Act No. 4695 . The four provinces were Benguet, Bontoc (renamed "Mountain Province"), Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao. Kalinga-Apayao, along with Ifugao, became one of

1368-670: The Matalag River in Conner . Although Apayao which was then part of Cagayan , was among the earliest areas penetrated by the Spaniards in the Cordilleras, the region, inhabited by the Isneg tribe, remained largely outside Spanish control until late in the 19th century. As early as 1610, the Dominican friars established a mission in what is now the town of Pudtol . In 1684, the friars again made attempts to convert

1425-668: The Abulog-Apayao basin, which spans at about a 444,500 hectares (1,716 sq mi) size. The upper reaches of the Abulug River, especially upstream from Kabugao , is commonly known as the Apayao River . Development plans were proposed for the river, for creating a dam, or more specifically four. The Gened 2 HEPP, the Aoan Dam, the Calanasan dam, and one more unnamed dam. The council still needs to get permission from

1482-763: The Culture and Its Implications to the Socioeconomic Development of a Cordilleran Ethnic Group of Northern Luzon. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Baguio Central University, Philippines) 12. Bongui, R. (2010). Ya Babanan daya Yapayao 13. Dangao, D. (2014). Part II Imallod Lifeways and worldview of the Isnag Imallod 14. Tacdag, L. (2014). Part I IMandaya Lifeways and worldview of the Isnag Imandaya 15. Sadao, N.C. (2010). Lapat system: an indigenous natural resource management system of

1539-723: The Isnag identity and are worn with pride during various cultural and social gatherings, reflecting their unique heritage and social structures. The isnags traditionally only consume two meals a day; one in the mid-morning and one in the late afternoon, or one at noon and the other in the evening. Though most of their meals include rice, rice is always scarce because of the limited womanpower. Hence, they resort to trade to satisfy demands. Meals also include vegetables and root crops such as camote and occasionally, fish and wild pig or wild deer. Dogs, pigs and chickens are only eaten during feasts and chicken eggs are seldom eaten because they are generally allowed to hatch. Sometimes, before or after meals,

1596-808: The Isnag people, populations are distributed in the municipality of Pudtol, Apayao and some parts of Flora, Apayao. A sub-tribe of the Isnag people, primarily inhabiting areas along the Nagan River in Pudtol, Apayao. Often spelled as Isneg due to the tribe's pronunciation, found primarily in Conner, Apayao part. Populations are distributed in Adams, Dumalneg, Bangui, and Pagudpud in Ilocos Norte, as well as Sta. Praxedes in Cagayan. An Isnag subtribe located in

1653-748: The Isnags in Apayao [Philippines] 16. NCIP /IPMR Ilocos Norte, Apayao and Cagayan Apayao Apayao , officially the Province of Apayao ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Apayao ; Itawit : Provinsiya ya Apayao ; Isnag : Provinsia nga Apayao ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Apayao ), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon . Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capitol and its associated offices are located at

1710-590: The New Government Center in Luna . The province borders Cagayan to the north and east, Abra and Ilocos Norte to the west, and Kalinga to the south. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao comprised a single province named Kalinga-Apayao , which was partitioned to better service the needs of individual ethnic groups. With a population of 124,366 (as of the 2020 census) covering an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi), Apayao

1767-495: The Northwestern part of the Province of Cagayan, specifically the municipalities of Santa Praxedes, Claveria, Pamplona and Sanchez Mira. The majority of them live along the Apayao River - Abulog River , Matalag River , and the small rivers on the hillsides of Ilocos Norte and Abra. Because there was no political or ward system, the kinship groups and family clans became the central social organizations and were usually led by

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1824-708: The activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who had sided with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement , made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted. Another event in 1986 marked

1881-401: The area was separated from Tauit and was organized into an independent one with the same name by virtue of EO No. 68 . It was ceded to the province of Cagayan in 1928. In 1929, a separate municipal district taken from Tauit, Macatel (later renamed Luna through a resolution), was organized through EO No. 200 . Difficulties in transportation led to the decision to abandon Tauit as

1938-762: The beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg , who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986, believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than

1995-592: The earth; instead of being made of bamboo cut in long narrow strips joined by rattan, as the lowland Filipinos do. Their houses are airy and bigger, and they do everything to decorate it the best way they can. They barter for products from their mountains, such as beeswax, cacao, and tobacco. 9. Aliten, H. (2004). Palnah for Peace and Development: Case Studies 10. Boday, R. (2016). The Ymandaya Isnag of Apayao, Book 2(The Institutionalization of Say-am and other Social Gatherings Practices of Calanasan) 11. Boday, R. (1991). The Isnag Indigenous Beliefs and Practices: A Study on

2052-650: The entire New Testament , along with the books of Genesis and Exodus , had been translated into Isnag by SIL . The complete Bible was completed in 2023. Rest of the Isnags are mainly animists . The traditional attire of the Isnag tribe reflects their rich cultural heritage and distinct aesthetic sensibilities. Men's Attire: Isnag men traditionally wear a G-string called "abag," which is typically blue in color. For special occasions, they don an upper garment known as "bado." They also wear an ornament called "sipattal," made of shells and beads, specifically during significant events. Historically, warriors or "mengal" would wear

2109-477: The harvest in cooking it with chili. The Isnag wrap the deceased person in a mat, and is then carried on the shoulders of the immediate male family members. Items are placed inside the coffin in order to help the deceased person throughout his/her journey. For example, a jar ( basi ) is placed in the coffin to quench the deceased one's thirst. Another example is a spear and shield also being put inside in order to help him/her protect himself/herself from enemies during

2166-462: The husbands. Polygamy is allowed, but depends on the capacity of the husband to support the family. Like other ethnic groups, they also follow a lot of taboos . These taboos vary from place to place. A pregnant woman, for example, is discouraged to eat some kinds of sugarcane , banana , and the soft meat of sprouting coconut to have a normal conception. In the past, twins were also believed to be unlucky, so whenever twins were born, they would let

2223-402: The indigenous people and 50 species of medicinal plants. The province is home to critically endangered rufous hornbills , lawaan or dipterocarp trees, Raflesia flowers, and the white-winged flying fox . The Philippine Eagle Foundation began its search of eagles in Apayao in 2011 after reports of huge eagles were roaming the area for centuries. On March 22, 2013, scientists discovered

2280-453: The journey. The coffin is then lowered into either the kitchen area of their families home or in a burial site owned by his/her family. The Isnag are distinguished from the other Cordillerans by the fine construction of their houses, resembling that of the lowland Filipinos, and they are particularly conspicuous about cleanliness. Their houses are set on four large and strong straight posts of incorruptible wood resistant to humidity, driven into

2337-577: The mountains. The Imandaya prefer the upper streams "daya" of the Apayao River, Diksonan River, and Kadlay River, while the Imalawa favor the riverways of Vintar-surung, from Malawa (a sitio of Barangay DRAS, Calanasan) to Katoan (now Barangay Tanglagan, Calanasan). The Imallod live along the lower stream "allod" of the Apayao River. The Ingahan inhabit areas along the Nagan River while the Itawit domain

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2394-488: The municipalities of Flora and Santa Marcela ; meanwhile, Tauit also comprised some parts of Lasam in Cagayan. At present, remnants of Tauit are located in northeastern Apayao and in few parts of Cagayan. Download coordinates as: Abulog River The Abulog River or Abulug River is the 9th largest river system in the Philippines in terms of watershed size. It has an estimated drainage area of 3,372 square kilometres (1,302 sq mi) and

2451-657: The national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA. Either way, this set the stage for negotiations which would eventually lead to the creation of the Cordillera Administrative Region, and Apayao as an independent province within it. In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region , although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in

2508-497: The neighboring provinces of Abra and Mountain Province (Bontoc, including the struggle against the Chico Dam Project, the struggle against the encroachment on indigenous lands of logging company Cellophil Resources Corporation owned by Marcos crony Herminio Disini, and the rise of multiple armed Cordilleran autonomy movements. After Marcos was finally deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of

2565-451: The northern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region , and is bounded on the north and east by Cagayan , west by Ilocos Norte , southwest by Abra and south by Kalinga . The province is geographically subdivided into Upper Apayao (composed of the upland municipalities: Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao) and Lower Apayao (the lowland municipalities: Luna, Pudtol, Flora and Sta. Marcela). Plains and valleys are used for farming. Apayao

2622-443: The northwestern part of Cagayan, particularly Santa Praxedes , Claveria , Sanchez Mira , and Pamplona ; and the northern part of Abra, particularly Tineg . The Isnag sub-tribes are classified based on their dialect accents. Despite the variations in accents, they are still able to understand and communicate with each other. Populations are spread across Kabugao, Pudtol, Flora, Santa Marcela, and Luna in Apayao. A sub-tribe of

2679-486: The outskirts of Barangay Canaam and Sitio Dasar, Barangay Isic-isic, Vintar, Ilocos Norte. The Malawa live in the village of Isic Isic, a peaceful and charming area in the Surong Valley, known for its natural beauty and friendly inhabitants. Isnag is derived from a combination of 'IS,' meaning 'recede,' and 'UNAG,' meaning 'interior.' Thus, it translates to 'people who live inland.' The Isnags are described as having

2736-515: The people and established a church in what is now Kabugao . The Spanish authorities were then able to establish in Cagayan the comandancia s of Apayao and Cabugaoan in 1891, which covered the western and eastern portions of what is now Apayao. The comandancia s, however, failed to bring total control and the Spanish government only maintained a loose hold over the area. Apayao was established through  Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907 as

2793-608: The province during the Second World War . Local Filipino troops and the military forces of the 11th and 66th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army , USAFIP-NL, supported by the Cordilleran guerrillas, drove out the Japanese in 1945. During the Second World War , Kabugao was occupied for a year by the Japanese ; an Isneg guerilla force was organized under a United States Army captain who had escaped

2850-407: The provinces of the Cagayan Valley region in 1972. The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took

2907-672: The provincial government announced that they were doing "legwork for the inscription." In July 2024, UNESCO , in the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (ICC MAB) 36th session at Agadir, Morocco , listed Apayao’s 3,960 square kilometers lush forest areas, with Apayao River , a Biosphere Reserve , making it the fourth biosphere reserve in the country. Apayao comprises 7 municipalities , all encompassed by

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2964-596: The region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites. The Cordillera Administrative Region was established on July 15, 1987, and Kalinga-Apayao was made one of its provinces. Finally, on February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao was split into two independent provinces with the passage of Republic Act No. 7878 . Apayao is basically situated within the Cordillera Central mountains, traversed by many rivers. The province covers an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi) forming

3021-589: The stronghold of critically endangered Philippine eagles , the country's national bird, in Luzon island within the vicinity of the Calanasan Lowland Forest. In January 2015, the town of Calanasan initiated a program which protected 3,000 hectares of forests under its jurisdiction. Additionally, the province of Apayao is one of the very few in the country that has an approved forest land use plan (FLUP). The first active Philippine eagle nest in Apayao

3078-532: The total provincial population of 97,058, while almost 1/3 of the population were Isnag at 29,071  ( 29.95%) . Other ethnic groups in the province were the Malaueg at 3,580  ( 3.69%) , Itneg at 3,380  ( 3.48%) , Kalinga at 2,992  ( 3.08%) , Kankanaey at 1,208  ( 1.24%) , Bontoc at 1,014  ( 1.04%) , and Ibaloi at 979  ( 1.01%) . Poverty incidence of Apayao Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Apayao

3135-561: The typical isneg families enjoy home-grown coffee while gathering around the hearth while rice wine is only consumed during festive occasions. They were proud of using bamboo as cooking utensils. They have sinursur , a dish made of catfish or eel on bamboo with chili, abraw , freshwater crabs with coconut and chili, sinapan , which looks like smoked meat. They used anything they can find in nature as food, from brooks, rivers, lakes and streams, they catch fish and other creatures in it. In forests, they use any edible leaves in there. They douse

3192-467: The weaker twin die. Also, if the mother dies upon giving birth, the child is also left to die and is usually buried with the mother. The Isnags don’t follow rituals on the adolescence of the child. They, however, have rituals on marriage, like the amoman (or the present-day pamamanhikan ), and death, like the mamanwa which is done by the widowers. Isnag houses ( balay ) are two-story, one-room structures built on 4 corner posts with an entrance reached by

3249-594: Was discovered in July 2015. On 9 July 2018, the provincial government of Apayao announced their intent for the province to be a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . The province, which possesses more than 286,000 hectares of virgin forests, also noted that they have sent four of their personnel to train in the United States under the US Foreign Service to hasten the declaration of the site. On January 16, 2019,

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