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64-474: The assassination of Iruka took place on July 10, 645 (traditional Japanese date : 12th day of the 6th month of 645), during a court ceremony at which memorials from the Three Kingdoms of Korea were being read to Empress Kōgyoku by Ishikawa no Maro. Prince Naka no Ōe had made elaborate preparations, including closing the palace gates, bribing several palace guards, hiding a spear in the hall where

128-489: A Japanese root source; prior eras' names were taken from Chinese classic literature. The Japanese imperial year ( 皇紀 , kōki , or 紀元 kigen ) is based on the date of the legendary founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. For instance, 660 BC is counted as Kōki 1. It was first used in the official calendar in 1873. Kōki 2600 (1940) was a special year. The 1940 Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events, but were canceled due to

192-423: A change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 April of the same year, is Reiwa ( 令和 ) . The era name system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Tenmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, Emperor Monmu once again reinstated

256-519: A kind of "compromised" way of setting dates for festivals called Tsuki-okure ("One-Month Delay") or Chūreki ("The Eclectic Calendar"). The festival is celebrated just one solar calendar month later than the date on the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Buddhist festival of Obon was the 15th day of the 7th month. In many places the religious services are held on 15 July. However, in some areas,

320-620: Is Seiro ( 征露 ) (1904–1905), named for the Russo-Japanese War . Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shigenobu proposed that Kyūshū nengō ( 九州年号 ) , said to have been used in ancient Kumaso , should also be considered a form of shinengō . This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries 鶴峯戊申 and 九州王朝説 . Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for

384-404: Is a worn-down form of tsuki-tachi ( 月立ち ), literally "month start." The last day of the month was called tsugomori , which means "Moon hidden." This classical word comes from the tradition of the lunisolar calendar. The 30th was also traditionally called misoka , just as the 20th is called hatsuka . Nowadays, the terms for the numbers 28–31 plus nichi are much more common. However, misoka

448-497: Is also in general use in private and personal business. The present era, Reiwa , formally began on 1 May 2019. The name of the new era was announced by the Japanese government on 1 April 2019, a month prior to Naruhito 's accession to the throne. The previous era, Heisei , came to an end on 30 April 2019, after Japan's former emperor, Akihito , abdicated the throne. Reiwa is the first era name whose characters come from

512-479: Is divisible by 4; but 2560 − 660 = 1900, which is evenly divisible by 100 and not by 400, so kōki 2560 (1900) was not a leap year, just as in most of the rest of the world. The Western Common Era ( Anno Domini ) ( 西暦 , seireki ) system, based on the solar Gregorian calendar , was first introduced in 1873 as part of the Japan's Meiji period modernization. Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as

576-478: Is much used in contracts, etc., specifying that a payment should be made on or by the last day of the month, whatever the number is. New Year's Eve is known as Ōmisoka ( 大晦日 , big 30th) , and that term is still in use. As mentioned below, there is traditional belief that some days are lucky ( kichijitsu ) or unlucky. For example, there are some who will avoid beginning something on an unlucky day. The first day of April has broad significance in Japan. It marks

640-484: Is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today. In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called shinengō ( 私年号 , "personal era name") , also known as ginengō ( 偽年号 ) or inengō ( 異年号 ) . Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from

704-598: Is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as Tennō Heika ( 天皇陛下 , "His Majesty the Emperor") or Kinjō Tennō ( 今上天皇 , "current emperor") . To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English, is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his posthumous name . Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese. The Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating

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768-418: Is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards. Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for the new era which began on 1 May 2019 . Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time. Java Development Kit 11 supported this era using the placeholders " 元号 " for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages. The final name

832-531: Is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme . The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "gan ( 元 ) ") meaning "origin, basis", followed by the literal "nen ( 年 ) " meaning "year". Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China , during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han . As elsewhere in

896-477: The Chinese calendar . Since 1876, January has been officially regarded as the "first month" even when setting the date of Japanese traditional folklore events (other months are the same: February as the second month, March as the third, and so on). But this system often brings a strong seasonal sense of gap since the event is 3 to 7 weeks earlier than in the traditional calendar. Modern Japanese culture has invented

960-499: The Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, Shōwa is the longest era to date. The Reiwa ( 令和 ) era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of Naruhito to the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan , following the day of the planned and voluntary abdication of his father,

1024-505: The Nichūreki , Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name. Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Hōkō ( 法興 ) (591–621+ CE), Suzaku ( 朱雀 ) (686), Entoku ( 延徳 ) (1460), Miroku ( 弥勒 ) (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and Meiroku ( 命禄 ) (1540–1543). The most recent shinengō

1088-572: The Reiwa period , which can also be written as 令和 . These are included in Unicode : Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively. Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it. Since the release of Java 8 , the Japanese calendar

1152-624: The Second Sino-Japanese War . The Japanese naval Zero Fighter was named after this year. After the Second World War , the United States occupied Japan , and stopped the use of kōki by officials. Today, kōki is rarely used, except in some judicial contexts. Usage of kōki dating can be a nationalist signal, pointing out that the history of Japan's imperial family is longer than that of Christianity ,

1216-521: The Sinosphere , the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers. The five era names used since the end of

1280-540: The gejun of this month." The magazine Kinema Junpo was originally published once every jun (i.e. three times a month). The table below shows dates written with traditional numerals, but use of Arabic numerals ( １日 , ２日 , ３日 , etc.) is extremely common in everyday communication, almost the norm. Each day of the month has a semi-systematic name. The days generally use kun (native Japanese) numeral readings up to ten, and thereafter on (Chinese-derived) readings, but there are some irregularities. Tsuitachi

1344-494: The middle ages . Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called itsunengō ( 逸年号 ) . Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Hakuhō ( 白鳳 ) is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era . However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in

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1408-473: The sexagenary cycle , because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō . These three years are respectively known as kakurei , kakuun , and kakumei , and collectively known as sankaku . Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters. In historical practice, the first day of a nengō ( 元年 , gannen ) starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until

1472-478: The year of the reign of the current Emperor . The written form starts with the year, then the month and finally the day, coinciding with the ISO 8601 standard. For example, February 16, 2003, can be written as either 2003年2月16日 or 平成15年2月16日 (the latter following the regnal year system). 年 reads nen and means "year", 月 reads gatsu and means "month", and finally 日 (usually) reads nichi (its pronunciation depends on

1536-519: The 125th Emperor, Akihito . Emperor Akihito had received special permission to abdicate, rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule. The Reiwa era follows the 31st and final year of the Heisei era ( 平成31年 ) , which had started on the day after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 8 January 1989. The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and

1600-490: The 12th is shakkō and the moon-viewing day on the 15th of the 8th is always butsumetsu . This system did not become popular in Japan until the end of the Edo period. After World War II, the names of Japanese national holidays were completely changed because of the secular state principle (Article 20, The Constitution of Japan). Although many of them actually originated from Shinto , Buddhism and important events relating to

1664-440: The 24 sekki. Shanichi dates can vary by as much as 5 days. Chūgen has a fixed day. All other days can vary by one day. Many zassetsu days occur in multiple seasons: The term Setsubun ( 節分 ) originally referred to the eves of Risshun ( 立春 , 315°, the beginning of Spring), Rikka ( 立夏 , 45°, the beginning of Summer), Risshū ( 立秋 , 135°, the beginning of Autumn), and Rittō ( 立冬 , 225°,

1728-405: The 8th century. After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries. As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names. To convert a Japanese year to a Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō ). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1. The "one reign, one era name" ( 一世一元 ) system

1792-424: The Chinese in 1685 by court astronomer Shibukawa Shunkai, rewriting the names to better match the local climate and nature in his native Japan. Each ko has traditional customs, festivals, foods, flowers and birds associated with it. One can nowadays download an app to learn about and follow along with these "micro-seasons," listed below: Zassetsu ( 雑節 ) is a collective term for special seasonal days within

1856-483: The Chinese procedures. Its sexagenary cycle was often used together with era names, as in the 1729 Ise calendar shown above, which is for "the 14th year of Kyōhō, tsuchi-no-to no tori", i.e., 己酉 . In modern times, the old Chinese calendar is virtually ignored; celebrations of the Lunar New Year are thus limited to Chinese and other Asian immigrant communities. However, its influence can still be felt in

1920-557: The Chinese trend. Tenpyō Kanpō ( 天平感宝 ) , Tenpyō Shōhō ( 天平勝宝 ) , Tenpyō Hōji ( 天平宝字 ) and Tenpyō Jingo ( 天平神護 ) are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period , Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Daidō ( 大同 ) , Kōnin ( 弘仁 ) and Tenchō ( 天長 ) . Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while

1984-590: The Empress—were considered to have been amongst the worst possible acts of pollution—an event so stunning that it would have warranted days of seclusion in an uncertain process attempting to redress what would have been construed as a kind of profanity. Although Kōgyoku wanted to abdicate immediately in favour of Naka no Ōe, on the advice of Nakatomi no Kamatari he insisted that the throne should pass instead to his older brother, Furuhito no Ōe, or to his maternal uncle (Kōgyoku's brother) Prince Karu. Furuhito no Ōe resolved

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2048-408: The Japanese imperial family, it is not easy to understand the original meanings from the superficial and vague official names. Notes: Single days between two national holidays are taken as a bank holiday. This applies to May 4, which is a holiday each year. When a national holiday falls on a Sunday the next day that is not a holiday (usually a Monday) is taken as a holiday. The following are known as

2112-640: The Latin system, was brought to Japan around AD 800 with the Buddhist calendar . The system was used for astrological purposes and little else until 1876. Much like in multiple European languages, in which the names for weekdays are, partially or fully, based on what the Ancient Romans considered the seven visible planets, meaning the five visible planets and the sun and the moon, in The Far East

2176-499: The Western Common Era ( Anno Domini ) ( 西暦 , seireki ) system. In the 21st century, however, the era system (gengo) and Western system (seireki) are the only ones still widely used. The lunisolar Chinese calendar was introduced to Japan via Korea in the middle of the sixth century. After that, Japan calculated its calendar using various Chinese calendar procedures, and from 1685, using Japanese variations of

2240-542: The basis of the Anno Domini (AD) system. The 1898 law determining the placement of leap years is officially based on the kōki years, using a formula that is effectively equivalent to that of the Gregorian calendar : if the kōki year number is evenly divisible by four, it is a leap year, unless the number minus 660 is evenly divisible by 100 and not by 400. Thus, for example, the year Kōki 2560 (AD 1900)

2304-486: The beginning of Winter); however, it now only refers to the day before Risshun . As mentioned above, the Japanese calendar used to be based on an adaptation of the Chinese lunar calendar, which begins 3 to 7 weeks later than the Gregorian. In other words, the Gregorian "first month" and the Chinese "first month" do not align, which is important in historical contexts. The "traditional names" for each month, shown below, are still used by some in fields such as poetry ; of

2368-402: The beginning of the government's fiscal year. Many corporations follow suit. In addition, corporations often form or merge on that date. In recent years, municipalities have preferred it for mergers. On this date, many new employees begin their jobs, and it is the start of many real-estate leases. The school year begins on April 1. The rokuyō ( 六曜 ) are a series of six days calculated from

2432-426: The ceremony was to take place and ordering four armed men to attack Iruka. However, when it became clear that the four men were too frightened to carry out the orders, Naka no Ōe rushed Iruka himself and cut open his head and shoulder. Iruka was not killed immediately, but protested his innocence and pleaded for an investigation. Prince Naka no Ōe pleaded his case before Empress Kōgyoku, and when she retired to consider

2496-438: The date of Chinese calendar that supposedly predict whether there will be good or bad fortune during that day. The rokuyō are commonly found on Japanese calendars and are often used to plan weddings and funerals, though most people ignore them in ordinary life. The rokuyō are also known as the rokki ( 六輝 ) . In order, they are: The rokuyō days are easily calculated from the Japanese lunisolar calendar. The first day of

2560-517: The days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Era Name Law ( 元号法 , gengō-hō ) . Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as " Emperor Meiji " ( 明治天皇 , Meiji Tennō ) . It

2624-459: The era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today. Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period. Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with

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2688-452: The era name was changed to " Meiji " ( 明治 ) , and a "one reign, one era name" ( 一世一元 , issei-ichigen ) system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming dynasty . The Japanese nengō system differs from Chinese practice, in that in the Chinese system the era name

2752-789: The eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent concept, introduced in practice during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne – is properly written as " 敏達天皇元年 " ( Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen , "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not " 敏達元年 " ( Bidatsu Gannen , "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such. By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it

2816-409: The first month is always senshō , with the days following in the order given above until the end of the month. Thus, the 2nd day is tomobiki , the 3rd is senbu , and so on. The 1st day of the 2nd month restarts the sequence at tomobiki . The 3rd month restarts at senbu , and so on for each month. The latter six months repeat the patterns of the first six, so the 1st of the 7th is senshō , the 1st of

2880-424: The five seasonal festivals ( 節句 sekku , also 五節句 gosekku ). The sekku were made official holidays during Edo period on Chinese lunisolar calendar . The dates of these festivals are confused nowadays; some on the Gregorian calendar, others on " Tsuki-okure ". Not sekku : In contrast to other East Asian countries such as China , Vietnam , Korea and Mongolia , Japan has almost completely forgotten

2944-678: The five visible planets are named after the five Chinese elements (metal, wood, water, fire, earth.) On the origin of the names of the days of the week, also see East Asian Seven Luminaries . Sunday and Saturday are regarded as "Western style take-a-rest days". Since the late 19th century, Sunday has been regarded as a "full-time holiday", and Saturday a half-time holiday ( 半ドン ) . These days have no religious meaning (except those who believe in Christianity or Judaism ). Many Japanese retailers do not close on Saturdays or Sundays, because many office workers and their families are expected to visit

3008-530: The flames. Later, he is said to have presented it to Naka no Ōe ; but no known extant copies of the work remain. The violence actually unfolded in Kōgyoku's presence. The Empress responded to this shock by determining to renounce the throne. Japanese society during the Asuka period was sensitive to issues of "pollution", both spiritual and personal. Deaths—especially a violent killing in close physical proximity to

3072-411: The idea of "lucky and unlucky days" (described below), the traditional meanings behind the name of each month, and other features of modern Japanese calendars. The era name ( 元号 , gengō ) system was also introduced from China, and has been in continuous use since AD 701. The reigning Emperor chooses the name associated with their regnal eras ; before 1868, multiple names were chosen throughout

3136-558: The impasse by declaring his intention to renounce any claim to the throne by taking the tonsure of a Buddhist monk. That same day—traditionally said to be July 12, 645, Furuhito no Ōe shaved off his hair at Hōkō-ji , in the open air between the Hall of the Buddha and the pagoda. At this point, Kōgyoku did abdicate in favor of her brother, who shortly thereafter acceded to the throne as Emperor Kōtoku (645–654). After Kōtoku's death Kōgyoku took

3200-498: The matter, the four guards finally rushed Iruka and completed the killing. Shortly afterwards, Iruka's father Soga no Emishi killed himself by setting fire to his residence. The conflagration destroyed the manuscript copy of the Tennōki and many other Imperial treasures which had been taken for safe-keeping by the Soga, but Fune no Fubitoesaka quickly grabbed the burning Kokki from

3264-476: The modern Gregorian months literally translate to "first month", "second month", and so on. The corresponding number is combined with the suffix 月 ( -gatsu , "month"). The table below uses traditional numerals, but the use of Western numerals ( １月 , ２月 , ３月 etc.) is common. Japan uses a seven-day week , aligned with the Western calendar. The seven-day week, with names for the days corresponding to

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3328-581: The next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year. Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Wadō ( 和銅 ) , during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu . Most nengō are composed of two kanji , except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow

3392-419: The number that precedes it, see below) and means "day". Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar . Over the centuries, Japan has used up to four systems for designating years: the Chinese sexagenary cycle , the era name ( 元号 , gengō ) system, the Japanese imperial year ( 皇紀 , kōki , or 紀元 kigen ) and

3456-452: The regnal eras. There are four seasons corresponding to the West's: However, there is also a traditional system of 72 microseasons ( kō ( 候 ) ), consisting of 24 solar terms ( Japanese : 節気 ; rōmaji : sekki ) each divided into three sets of five days, and with specially-named days or Zassetsu ( 雑節 ) indicating the start and end of each. This system was adapted from

3520-404: The reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day. Prior to the Meiji period , era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of

3584-483: The rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations. The vast majority of Japanese Era Names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Ōei, Meiji, and Showa have been used for more than 30 years. Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the Keiō ( 慶応 ) era. On 23 October 1868,

3648-552: The rites are normally held on 15 August, which is more seasonally close to the old calendar. (The general term "Obon holiday" always refers to the middle of August.) Although this is just de facto and customary, it is broadly used when setting the dates of many folklore events and religious festivals. But Japanese New Year is the great exception. The date of Japanese New Year is always 1 January. Japanese era name The Japanese era name ( Japanese : 元号 , Hepburn : gengō , "era name") or nengō ( 年号 , year name ) ,

3712-532: The same emperor's rule, such as to commemorate a major event. For instance, the Emperor Kōmei 's reign (1846–1867) was split into seven eras, one of which lasted only one year . Starting with Kōmei's son the Emperor Meiji in 1868, there has only been one gengō per emperor representing their entire reign. The nengō system remains in wide use, especially on official documents and government forms. It

3776-400: The shops during the weekend. Sunday is traditionally the first day of the week. Japanese people also use 10-day periods called jun ( 旬 ) . Each month is divided into two 10-day periods and a third with the remaining 8 to 11 days: These are frequently used to indicate approximate times, for example, "the temperatures are typical of the jōjun of April"; "a vote on a bill is expected during

3840-441: The throne once more as Saimei (r. 655–661), before Naka no Ōe himself finally took the throne as Emperor Tenji (661–672). 34°28′24″N 135°49′16″E  /  34.4734°N 135.8210°E  / 34.4734; 135.8210 Japanese calendar Japanese calendar types have included a range of official and unofficial systems. At present, Japan uses the Gregorian calendar together with year designations stating

3904-430: The twelve, Shiwasu is still widely used today. The opening paragraph of a letter or the greeting in a speech might borrow one of these names to convey a sense of the season. Some, such as Yayoi and Satsuki , do double duty as given names (for women). These month names also appear from time to time on jidaigeki , contemporary television shows and movies set in the Edo period or earlier. The Japanese names for

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3968-453: Was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government. Unicode code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa. The list of Japanese era names is the result of a periodization system which was established by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. The system of Japanese era names ( 年号 , nengō , "year name") was irregular until the beginning of

4032-404: Was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku . The first era name to be assigned was "Taika" ( 大化 ) , celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great Taika reform ( 大化の改新 ) of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during

4096-686: Was not updated until the year following the emperor's death. In modern practice, the first year of a nengō ( 元年 , gannen ) starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar . For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the Taishō ( 大正 ) era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and "Taishō 1" ( 大正元年 , Taishō gannen ) , although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death. This practice, implemented successfully since

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