54-616: (Redirected from Issos ) [REDACTED] Look up issus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Issus may refer to: Issus (Cilicia) , an ancient settlement in the modern Turkish province of Hatay Battle of Issus (333 BC), in which Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia Battle of Issus (194) , in which P. Cornelius Anullinus defeated Septimius Severus's rival Pescennius Niger Battle of Issus (622) , in which
108-659: A "treasure" consisting of pretty stones, sea shells , etc. In addition to the naturally occurring races of Barsoom, Burroughs described the Hormads, artificial men created by the scientist Ras Thavas as slaves, workers, warriors, etc. in giant vats at his laboratory in the Toonolian Marsh in Synthetic Men of Mars and "John Carter and the Giant of Mars". Although the Hormads were generally recognizable as humanoid,
162-674: A code of honor and have a strong sense of fairness. Their culture is governed by law and is technologically advanced. They are capable of love and have families. The Green Martians are 15 feet (4.6 m) tall (males) and 12 feet (3.7 m) tall (females), have two arms, two legs and two intermediary limbs that can be used as either arms or legs at will. Their eyes are mounted at the side of their heads and can move independently of each other in order to see in two directions at once. They are nomadic, warlike and barbaric, do not form families, have little concept of friendship or love and enjoy inflicting torture upon their victims. Their social structure
216-454: A late-19th-century American Confederate veteran who is mysteriously transported from Earth to the dying world of Mars where he meets and romances the beautiful Martian princess Dejah Thoris . Ten sequels followed over the next three decades, further extending his vision of Barsoom and adding other characters. The Barsoom series, particularly the first novel, is considered a major influence on early science fiction . Burroughs began writing
270-432: A number of elements with westerns in that they feature desert landscapes, women taken captive and a final confrontation with the antagonist. Burroughs' Barsoom stories are considered seminal planetary romances. While examples existed prior to the publication of his works, they are the principal influence on the many works of this type that followed. His style of planetary romance has ceased to be written and published in
324-618: A seafaring race, but when the oceans began to dry up they began to cooperate with the Yellow and Black Martians to breed the Red Martians, foreseeing the need for hardy stock to cope with the emerging harsher environment. They became decadent and 'overcivilized'. At the beginning of the series they are believed to be extinct, but three remaining populations - the Orovars, Therns and Lotharians – are still living in secret and are discovered as
378-501: A worldwide system of canals , controlled by quarreling city-states at the junctures thereof. The idea of Martian "canals" stems from telescopic observations by 19th century astronomers who, beginning with Giovanni Schiaparelli in 1877, believed they saw networks of lines on the planet. Schiaparelli called them canali , meaning "channels" but mistranslated in English as "canals". During the time Burroughs wrote his first Barsoom stories,
432-466: Is 24 hours and 37 minutes long. (Burroughs presumably derived this from the figures published by Lowell, but erroneously substituted the number of 24-hour Earth days in the Martian year, rather than the number of 24.6-hour Martian days , which is only 669.) The days are hot (again known to be false) and the nights are cold, and there appears to be little variation in climate across the planet except at
486-621: Is also introduced as a minor character in The Gods of Mars , as is Thuvia. Three other books focus on their descendants: Carthoris, in Thuvia, Maid of Mars , his sister, Tara of Helium, in The Chessmen of Mars , and Tara's daughter, Llana of Gathol, in Llana of Gathol . Ulysses Paxton , another Earth man transported to Mars, is the focus of The Master Mind of Mars , and the rest of
540-471: Is an unusual exception from the typical ruthless Green Martian, due to having known the love of his own mate and daughter. In the novels, the Green Martians are often referred to by the names of their hordes, which in turn take their names from the abandoned cities they inhabit. Thus the followers of Tars Tarkas, based in the ruined ancient city of Thark, are known as " Tharks ". Other hordes bear
594-629: Is composed of the Martian name for planet, "soom", and the Martian word for eight, "bar". This reflects counting Mars as the eighth body in the inner solar system, by counting not just planets, but the Sun and the satellites of Earth and of Mars. A Princess of Mars , the first novel in the Barsoom series, with its sequels The Gods of Mars and The Warlord of Mars , form a trilogy centered upon protagonist John Carter and damsel in distress Dejah Thoris . John Carter's and Dejah Thoris's son Carthoris
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#1732775591101648-620: Is composed of two novellas. Most are first-person narratives. John Carter narrates A Princess of Mars , The Gods of Mars , The Warlord of Mars , Swords of Mars , the four novellas in Llana of Gathol , and "Skeleton Men of Jupiter" in John Carter of Mars . Ulysses Paxton narrates one, The Master Mind of Mars . Martian guardsman Vor Daj narrates Synthetic Men of Mars , and Martian navy officer Tan Hadron narrates A Fighting Man of Mars . Two other novels, Thuvia, Maid of Mars and The Chessmen of Mars , are written in
702-481: Is described as Burroughs' great-uncle. Collectively, this series of novels has been referred to as the Martian Series . Burroughs frequently invented words of the languages spoken by the people in his novels, and used these extensively in the narrative. In Thuvia, Maid of Mars he included a glossary of Barsoomian words used in the first four novels. The word "Barsoom", the native Martian word for Mars,
756-592: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages issus [REDACTED] Look up issus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Issus may refer to: Issus (Cilicia) , an ancient settlement in the modern Turkish province of Hatay Battle of Issus (333 BC), in which Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia Battle of Issus (194) , in which P. Cornelius Anullinus defeated Septimius Severus's rival Pescennius Niger Battle of Issus (622) , in which
810-520: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Barsoom Barsoom is a fictional representation of the planet Mars created by American pulp fiction author Edgar Rice Burroughs . The first Barsoom tale was serialized as Under the Moons of Mars in pulp magazine The All-Story from February to July 1912 and published compiled as a novel as A Princess of Mars in 1917. It features John Carter ,
864-426: Is highly communal and rigidly hierarchical, consisting of various levels of chiefs, with the highest office of Jeddak obtained by mortal combat. The Green Men are primitive, intellectually unadvanced, do not have any kind of art and are without a written language. While they manufacture edged weapons, any advanced technology they possess, such as 'radium pistols', is stolen from raids upon the Red Martians. They inhabit
918-610: Is no such thing. They frequently raid the White Martian Therns, who maintain the false Martian religion, carrying off people as slaves. John Carter defeats their navy in The Gods of Mars . The Chessmen of Mars introduces the Kaldanes of the region Bantoom , whose form is almost all head but for six spiderlike legs and a pair of chelae , and whose racial goal is to evolve even further towards pure intellect and away from bodily existence. In order to function in
972-580: Is the right thing to do. Qualities of compassion, loyalty, and bravery are celebrated, while callousness, deception, and cowardice are deprecated. Typically the novels include descriptions of aspects of the Martian world such as the architecture, and the presence of desolate landscapes punctuated by abandoned cities, technological achievements, advanced medicine, cultural elements such as religious practices and eating habits, breeding practices, and methods of population control. Many lost cities and civilizations and journeys into forgotten underworlds appear across
1026-576: The Barsoom series of novels See also [ edit ] Isus (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Issus . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Issus&oldid=1211608404 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1080-522: The Barsoom series of novels See also [ edit ] Isus (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Issus . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Issus&oldid=1211608404 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1134-565: The third person , as is "John Carter and the Giant of Mars" in John Carter of Mars . Beginning with A Princess of Mars , Burroughs established a practice which continued in the four sequels of introducing the novel as if a factual account passed on to him personally, wherein John Carter appears as an avuncular figure known to his family for years. The same device appears in several sequels: The Gods of Mars ; The Chessmen of Mars ; Swords of Mars ; and Llana of Gathol . All
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#17327755911011188-823: The Barsoom books in the second half of 1911 and produced one volume a year between 1911 and 1914; seven more were produced between 1921 and 1941. The first Barsoom tale was serialized in The All-Story magazine as Under the Moons of Mars (1911), and then published in hardcover as the complete novel A Princess of Mars (1917). The final Barsoom tale was a novella, Skeleton Men of Jupiter , published in Amazing Stories in February 1943. The novel editions of A Princess of Mars , The Gods of Mars and Llana of Gathol contain newly written forewords describing Edgar Rice Burroughs' interactions with John Carter, who
1242-425: The Barsoom tales were published under the name of Edgar Rice Burroughs, except Under the Moons of Mars , the first publication of A Princess of Mars , which was published under the pseudonym "Norman Bean". Burroughs had actually typed "Normal Bean" (meaning not insane ) on his submitted manuscript; but his publisher's typesetter changed it to "Norman". The first novella in John Carter of Mars , "John Carter and
1296-606: The Black Men of Mars in an analogous deception to that the Therns practice on other Martians. They are also the repeated target of raids by the Black Martians to capture their females as slaves. They are white-skinned (of a skin tone close enough to human Caucasians that John Carter was able to easily pose as one) and the males are bald but wear blond wigs. Legend suggests that the Black Martians are inhabitants of one of
1350-520: The Byzantine emperor Heraclitus defeated Shahrbaraz of Persia Issus (diocese) , a Roman Catholic titular see in the town Issus (river) , a river near the town and battle site Gulf of Issus , near the town Issus, Haute-Garonne , a commune in France Issus (planthopper) , a genus of planthoppers in the family Issidae Issus, the ostensible Goddess of Death and Eternal Life in
1404-402: The Byzantine emperor Heraclitus defeated Shahrbaraz of Persia Issus (diocese) , a Roman Catholic titular see in the town Issus (river) , a river near the town and battle site Gulf of Issus , near the town Issus, Haute-Garonne , a commune in France Issus (planthopper) , a genus of planthoppers in the family Issidae Issus, the ostensible Goddess of Death and Eternal Life in
1458-597: The Giant of Mars", is thought to have been penned by Burroughs' son John "Jack" Coleman Burroughs, although allegedly revised by his father. It was recognized by fans, upon publication, as unlikely of being Burroughs' work, as the writing is of a juvenile quality compared with that of Burroughs' other stories. The stories are science fantasy , belonging to the subgenre planetary romance , which has strong elements of both science fiction and fantasy . Planetary romance stories are similar to sword and sorcery tales, but include scientific aspects. They mostly take place on
1512-473: The Green Martians are much taller, have four arms, tusks, and antennae like ears. The traditional Martian lifespan of 1,000 is based on the customary pilgrimage down the River Iss, which is taken by virtually all Martians by that age, or those who feel tired of their long lives and expect to find a paradise at the end of their journey. None return from this pilgrimage, because it leads to almost certain death at
1566-578: The Kaldane merely climbs upon another as an earthling might change a horse. A lesser people of Barsoom are the Kangaroo Men of Gooli, so called due to their large, kangaroo -like tails, ability to hop large distances and the rearing of their eggs in pouches. They are presented as a race of boastful, cowardly individuals. Their moral character is not highly developed; they are devout cowards and petty thieves, who value (aside from their lives) only
1620-512: The Tarids in Swords of Mars . While Burroughs' Barsoom tales never aspired to anything other than escapism , his vision of Mars was loosely inspired by astronomical speculation of the time, especially that of Percival Lowell , that saw the planet as a formerly Earthlike world now becoming less hospitable to life due to its advanced age. Living on an aging planet, with dwindling resources,
1674-496: The Therns to cannibalize, only excepting those whom the directing Therns choose instead to enslave. They consider themselves a unique creation, different from other Martians. They maintain the Martian religion through a network of collaborators and spies across the planet. When they reach the age of 1000 years they make a pilgrimage to the Temple of Issus, unaware that they have been manipulated into doing so in order to be slaughtered by
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1728-407: The ancient ruined cities left behind by civilizations which lived on Barsoom during a more advanced and hospitable era in the planet's history. They apparently arose from a biological experiment which went awry and as with all other Martians, they are an egg-laying species, concealing their eggs in incubators until hatching. Tars Tarkas , who befriends John Carter when he first arrives on Barsoom,
1782-470: The books focus on John Carter's later adventures ( Swords of Mars and John Carter of Mars ), or on native Martian characters ( A Fighting Man of Mars and Synthetic Men of Mars ). Most of the Barsoom books are novels, but two are collections of shorter works: Llana of Gathol has four linked novelettes, originally published in Amazing Stories during 1941, and John Carter of Mars
1836-411: The books progress. The Lotharians are a remnant population of the original White Martians, which appear only in Thuvia, Maid of Mars . There are only 1000 of them remaining, all of them male. They are skilled in telepathy, able to project images that can kill, or provide sustenance. They live a reclusive existence in a remote area of Barsoom, debating philosophy amongst themselves. Descendants of
1890-457: The cultures are dynasties or theocracies. The Red Martians are the dominant culture on Barsoom. They are organized into a system of imperial city-states including Helium, Ptarth, and Zodanga, controlling the planetary canal system, as well as other more-isolated city-states in the hinterlands. The Red Martians are the interbred descendants of the ancient Yellow Martians, White Martians and Black Martians, remnants of which exist in isolated areas of
1944-578: The entire planet, but a variety of writing systems. All Martians are telepathic among one another, and also with domestic animals. Other telepathic abilities are demonstrated across the books. The Lotharians in Thuvia, Maid of Mars , are able to project images of warfare that can kill by suggestion. In The Warlord of Mars , the nations are described as bellicose and self-sufficient; but in The Gods of Mars inter-city state merchants are mentioned, and in Thuvia, Maid of Mars , towering staging posts for inter-city liners are also described. Most of
1998-407: The hands of ferocious creatures. While the Martian females are egg-laying, Martians have inexplicably mammalian characteristics such as a navel and breasts. While they have skins of various colors, and their bodies differ in some cases from traditional humans, they are very similar to varieties of Earth humans and there is little examination of difference. There is only one spoken language across
2052-419: The hero; who himself fights a variety of enemies and deposes petty rulers of severely repressed populations, usually with the assistance of a native. The world of Barsoom is morally unambiguous: characters are either good or evil; there is no sense of moral relativity. A sense of honor transcends race or political affiliation, and characters fight alongside one another and against their adversaries because it
2106-556: The inhabitants of Barsoom have become hardened and warlike, fighting one another to survive. Once a wet world with continents and oceans, Barsoom's seas gradually dried up, leaving it a dry planet of highlands interspersed with moss-covered dead sea bottoms. Abandoned cities line the former coasts. The last remnants of the former bodies of water are the Great Toonolian Marshes and the antarctic Lost Sea of Korus. Barsoomians distribute their scarce water supplies via
2160-564: The mainstream, though his books remain in print. Like most of Burroughs' fiction, the novels in the series are mostly travelogues , feature copious violence, and often depict civilized heroes captured by uncivilized cultures and mimicking their captors to survive. Most Barsoom novels follow a familiar plot structure wherein a hero is forced to a far-off location in search of a woman kidnapped by an odious but powerful villain. Female characters are likely to be virtuous and fight off amorous advances and other dangers until able to connect with
2214-504: The moons of Mars , when in fact they live in an underground stronghold near the south pole of the planet, around the submartian Sea of Omean, below the Lost Sea of Korus, where they keep a large aerial navy. They call themselves the 'First-Born', believing themselves to be a unique creation among Martian races, and worship Issus, a woman who styles herself as the God of the Martian religion but
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2268-703: The name suggests. Air travel over the barrier is discouraged through the use of a great magnetic pillar called "The Guardian of the North," which draws fliers of all sizes inexorably to their doom as they collide with the massive structure. Their cities are domed hothouses which keep out the cold, but outdoors they favor orluk furs and boots. Physically they are large and strong, and the men usually wear bristling black beards. The White Martians, known as 'Orovars', were rulers of Mars for 500,000 years, with an empire of sophisticated cities with advanced technology. They were white-skinned, with blond or auburn hair. They were once
2322-653: The names of Warhoon, Torquas, and Thurd. Yellow Martians are supposedly extinct, but in The Warlord of Mars they are found hiding in secret domed cities at the North Pole of Mars. At the time John Carter arrives on Barsoom, the Yellow Race is known only in old wives' tales and campfire stories. The only means of entrance to the Okarians' city is through The Carrion Caves, which are every bit as unpleasant as
2376-489: The narrative. Most villains in the Barsoom series are implacably evil or are rulers or despots of major empires or of hidden fiefdoms. They are usually hated by their subjects and possess a voracious sexual appetite, usually directed towards the heroine. The pattern is established by Tharkian Jeddak Tal Hajus in the first novel, A Princess of Mars . Further examples include Salensus Oll of The Warlord of Mars , Nutus of Dusar in Thuvia, Maid of Mars , and Ul Vas, Jeddak of
2430-488: The original White Martians who live in a complex of caves and passages in the cliffs above the Valley Dor. This is the destination of the River Iss, on whose currents most Martians eventually travel, on a pilgrimage seeking final paradise, once tired of life or reaching 1000 years of age. The valley is actually populated by monsters who, overseen by Therns, attack all who enter the valley, killing and exsanguinating them for
2484-510: The physical realm, they have bred the Rykors , a complementary species composed of a body similar to that of a perfect specimen of Red Martian but lacking a head; when the Kaldane places itself upon the shoulders of the Rykor, a bundle of tentacles connects with the Rykor's spinal cord , allowing the brain of the Kaldane to interface with the body of the Rykor. Should the Rykor become damaged or die,
2538-409: The planet, particularly the poles. The Red Martians are said in A Princess of Mars to have been bred when the seas of Barsoom began to dry up, in hopes of creating a hardy race to survive in the new environment. They are, like all the humanoid races of Mars, oviparous , i.e., their newborn hatch from eggs. The Red Martians are highly civilized, respect the idea of private property, adhere to
2592-533: The poles. Burroughs explained his ideas about the Martian environment in an article "A Dispatch on Mars" published in the London Daily Express in 1926. He assumed that Mars was formerly identical to the Earth; therefore a similar evolutionary development of fauna would have taken place. He referenced winds, snows, and marshes supposedly observed by astronomers, as evidence of an atmosphere, and that
2646-401: The principal example, although another plays a prominent role in A Fighting Man of Mars . Instances of the use of superstition by religious cults to control and manipulate others are also common. A Princess of Mars was possibly the first fiction of the 20th century to feature a constructed language ; although Barsoomian was not particularly developed, it did add verisimilitude to
2700-622: The process was far from perfect, and generated monstrosities ranging from the occasional misplaced nose or eyeball to " a great mass of living flesh with an eye somewhere and a single hand. " When Burroughs wrote the first volume of the Barsoom series, aviation and radio technology was in its infancy and radioactivity was a fledgling science. Despite this, the series includes a range of technological developments including radium munitions, battles between fleets of aircraft, devices similar to faxes and televisions, genetic manipulation, elements of terraforming and other ideas. One notable device mentioned
2754-412: The series, and the environment beyond the cities is populated by a variety of ferocious beasts, many roughly equivalent with Earth creatures and most bearing multiple sets of limbs. There are numerous examples of striking coincidences and dei ex machina usually to the benefit of the protagonists. Mad scientists also appear, Ras Thavas from The Master Mind of Mars and Synthetic Men of Mars being
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#17327755911012808-543: The surface of an alien world, frequently include sword fighting, monsters, supernatural elements such as telepathic abilities, and civilizations similar to Earth in pre-technological eras, particularly with the inclusion of dynastic or religious social structures. Spacecraft appear in the stories, but are not central to the story. The series can also be classified as the closely related genre sword and planet , which consists of what are essentially sword and sorcery stories that take place on another planet. The stories also share
2862-443: The theory was put forward by a number of prominent scientists, notably Lowell , that these were huge engineering works constructed by an intelligent race. This view, though utterly false as is now known, inspired much science fiction. The thinning Barsoomian atmosphere is artificially replenished by an "atmosphere plant" on whose function all life on the planet is dependent. The Martian year comprises 687 Martian days, each of which
2916-403: The wastes of the planet had been irrigated (probably referencing Lowell's "canals"), which suggested that an advanced civilization existed on the planet. All Barsoomian races resemble Homo sapiens in most respects, except for being oviparous (making them classified as monotremes instead) and having lifespans in excess of 1,000 years (though actual life expectancy is far shorter.) However,
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