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35-493: Most of what is known of the language comes from the works of Francisco Pareja , a Franciscan missionary who came to St. Augustine in 1595. During his 31 years living with the Timucua, he developed a writing system for the language. From 1612 to 1628, he published several Spanish–Timucua catechisms , as well as a grammar of the Timucua language. Including his seven surviving works, only ten primary sources of information about

70-554: A missionary on the east coast of the peninsula, notably at San Juan del Puerto , the doctrina (mission) established by Franciscans in 1587 at the main village of the Saturiwa chiefdom of that area. The people had intensive agriculture, hunting and fishing, and developed government. The Franciscans developed a multi-tier organization, with a doctrina as the base where a resident friar taught Christianity. Other sites, called visitas, were founded in more distant villages, which

105-514: A man named Lamhatty, who was recorded in Virginia in 1708. Lamhatty did not speak any language known in Virginia, but was said to have related that he had been kidnapped by the Tuscarora nine months earlier from a town called Towasa, and sold to colonists in Virginia. Lamhatty has been identified as a Timucua speaker, but John Hann calls the evidence of his origin as a Tawasa "tenuous". Timucua

140-402: A publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Francisco Pareja ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Synthetic language A synthetic language is a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio. Rule-wise, a synthetic language is characterized by denoting syntactic relationship between

175-441: A single independent clause, although they occasionally occurred with subordinate clauses acting as modifiers. Here is a sample from Fr. Pareja's Confessionario , featuring a priest's interview of Timucua speakers preparing for conversion. It is given below in Timucua and early modern Castilian Spanish from the original, as well as an English translation. Francisco Pareja Francisco Pareja , OFM (c. 1570 – June 25, 1628)

210-411: A specific slot, and enclitics usually bore the primary stress of a word. Only the 1st and 2nd person singular are independent pronouns—all other pronominal information is given in particles or nouns. There is no gender distinction or grammatical case. The word oqe , for example, can be 'she, her, to her, he, him, to him, it, to it,' etc. without the aid of context. There are nine morphemic slots within

245-816: A visit in 1606 by Bishop Altamirano, including Cacica Maria and five of her subordinate caciques from the area. In his most significant achievement, Pareja developed a form of written language for Timucua. His catechism in Spanish and Timucua, published in 1612, was the first book written in an indigenous language of the United States. Through 1627, he published several other works in both languages. Due to his books and teachings, both Timucuan men and women learned to read and write in less than six months. They were able to write letters to each other in their own language. His works were distributed to other Franciscans and enabled them to teach literacy and Christianity to

280-503: Is noted for having published the first books in the language of an indigenous tribe (the Timucua ) within the present-day United States. He published several works between 1612 and 1627 in Timucua and Spanish, although some have been lost. His surviving works are: In addition, he was known to have published two other religious works and compiled a dictionary, which did not survive. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

315-778: Is now extinct . Timucua is an isolate, not demonstrably related genetically to any of the languages spoken in North America, nor does it show evidence of large amounts of lexical borrowings from them. The primary published hypotheses for relationships are with the Muskogean languages (Swanton (1929), Crawford (1988), and Broadwell (2015), and with various South American families (including Cariban , Arawakan , Chibchan languages , and Warao ) Granberry (1993). These hypotheses have not been widely accepted. Father Pareja named nine or ten dialects, each spoken by one or more tribes in northeast Florida and southeast Georgia : All of

350-526: Is now the contiguous United States was founded in St. Augustine, Florida , by Pareja in 1560. According to the title page of his Arte y pronunciación en lengua timucuana y castellana, Pareja was born at Auñón in the Diocese of Toledo , Spain ; the date of his birth is unknown. He would have studied at a school and seminary there. Pareja traveled to Florida in 1595 with eleven other Franciscans assigned by

385-439: The analytic languages rely more on auxiliary verbs and word order to denote syntactic relationship between the words. Adding morphemes to a root word is used in inflection to convey a grammatical property of the word, such as denoting a subject or an object. Combining two or more morphemes into one word is used in agglutinating languages , instead. For example, the word fast , if inflectionally combined with er to form

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420-661: The monastery of the Immaculate Conception at St. Augustine. From 1609 to 1612 he served as custodio of the Franciscans in Florida. When the Franciscan church organization in Florida and Cuba was elevated to the rank of a province ( provincia ), named Santa Elena de Florida, Pareja was elected as provincial in 1616 by his fellow Franciscans. Seeking more financial support of the Franciscans, he wrote to

455-521: The "noun matrix": Only slot 1 and 4A must be filled in order for the lexeme to be a noun. Timucua verbs contain many subtleties not present in English or even in other indigenous languages of the United States. However, there is no temporal aspect to Timucua verbs – there is no past tense, no future tense, etc. Verbs have 13 morphemic slots, but it is rare to find a verb with all 13 filled, although those with 8 or 9 are frequently used. Particles are

490-522: The Spanish government to establish missions to the Native Americans. It was the third Spanish effort to establish missions. The brothers were following earlier unsuccessful efforts by Jesuit missionaries, one of whom had been martyred; the others returned to Spain. A group of 13 Franciscans arrived at St. Augustine in 1587. Within five years, most of the Franciscans had become discouraged by their lack of progress and left. Pareja worked as

525-635: The Timucua language survive, including two catechisms written in Timucua and Spanish by Gregorio de Movilla in 1635, and a Spanish -translated Timucuan letter to the Spanish Crown dated 1688. In 1763 the British took over Florida from Spain following the Seven Years' War , in exchange for ceding Cuba to them. Most Spanish colonists and mission Indians, including the few remaining Timucua speakers, left for Cuba , near Havana . The language group

560-510: The Timucua. Since the twentieth century, his work has also been studied for insights into the ethnography of the indigenous people. Pareja also worked at Mission San Pedro de Mocama on Cumberland Island (present-day Georgia ), where he served the Tacatacuru , another Mocama-speaking group. He was there at the time of the Guale revolt in 1597. He later became guardian, or an officer, of

595-602: The Timucuan village that was associated with San Juan del Puerto; the people spoke the Mocama dialect. In 1603 a Saturiwa whom the Spanish named Maria was cacica; the following year she told the Spanish that her people were pleased with Father Pareja. She may have ruled into the 1620s. Pareja achieved some success with the Saturiwa; in 1602 he had 500 Christians within his custodio. Nearly that number were confirmed during

630-597: The affixes attached, and sometimes can be used indifferently as any one with no change. Timucua had three types of bound affix morphemes: prefixes, suffixes, and enclitics . Timucua only had five prefixes: ni- and ho- , '1st person,' ho- 'pronoun,' chi- '2nd person,' and na- 'instrumental noun' Timucua used suffixes far more often, and it is the primary affix used for derivation, part-of-speech designation, and inflection. Most Timucua suffixes were attached to verbs. Enclitics were also used often in Timucua. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, they were not required to fill

665-573: The colonial government, which seemed to favor soldiers: "we are the ones who bear the burden and heats, and we are the ones subduing and conquering the land." The last contemporary record of him was a fellow Franciscan's reference to his work in Florida in the book published in 1627. In his last posting, Pareja joined the province of the Holy Gospel in Mexico . He died in Mexico in 1628. Pareja

700-433: The first vowel of the second morpheme changes the last vowel of the first morpheme. Regressive assimilations are only conditioned by phonological factors while substitutions take into account semantic information. Non-regressive alterations are all substitutions, and involve both phonological and semantic factors. Reduplication repeats entire morphemes or lexemes to indicate the intensity of an action or to place emphasis on

735-733: The form CV, V, and occasionally VC (which never occurred in word-final position). Words of one, two, or three syllables have primary stress on the first syllable. In words of more than three syllables, the first syllable receives a primary stress while every syllable after receives a secondary stress, unless there was an enclitic present, which normally took the primary stress. Examples: There are two phonological processes in Timucua: automatic alteration and reduplication. There are two types of alteration, both of which only involve vowels: assimilation and substitution. These can in turn be either regressive or non-regressive. In regressive alterations,

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770-486: The linguistic documentation is from the Mocama and Potano dialects. Scholars do not agree as to the number of dialects. Some scholars, including Jerald T. Milanich and Edgar H. Sturtevant , have taken Pareja's Agua Salada (saltwater) as an alternate name for the well-attested Mocama dialect ( mocama is Timucua for "ocean"). As such, Mocama is often referred to as Agua Salada in the literature. This suggestion would put

805-576: The morphemes being combined are more concrete units of meaning. The morphemes being synthesized in the following examples either belong to a particular grammatical class – such as adjectives , nouns, or prepositions – or are affixes that usually have a single form and meaning: Aufsicht supervision -s-   Rat council -s-   Mitglieder members Versammlung assembly Aufsicht -s- Rat -s- Mitglieder Versammlung supervision {} council {} members assembly "Meeting of members of

840-545: The non-head lexeme occurs after the "head-word," then it modifies the "head-word." If it occurs before , different operations occur depending on the lexeme's part of speech and whether it is located in a verb or noun phrase. For example, a particle occurring before the "head-word" in a noun phrase becomes a demonstrative, and a non-finite verb in a verb phrase becomes a modifier. Clauses in Timucua are: subjects , complements (direct or indirect object), predicates , and clause modifiers . Timucua sentences typically contained

875-455: The number of dialects attested by Pareja at nine. Others, including Julian Granberry, argue that the two names referred to separate dialects, with Agua Salada being spoken in an unknown area of coastal Florida. Additionally, John R. Swanton identified the language spoken by the Tawasa of Alabama as a dialect of Timucua. This identification was based on a 60-word vocabulary list compiled from

910-439: The phrase. Phrases typically consist of two lexemes , with one acting as the "head-word," defining the function, and the other performing a syntactic operation. The most frequently-occurring lexeme, or in some cases just the lexeme that occurs first, is the "head-word." All phrases are either verb phrases (e.g. Noun + Finite Verb, Pronoun + Non-Finite Verb, etc.) or noun phrases (e.g. Noun + Modifier, Determiner + Noun, etc.). If

945-477: The resident friar would visit on Sundays and holy days. The total group of friars associated with a doctrina was called a custodia and led by one of them, called a custodio. By 1602 the San Juan del Puerto doctrina had set up nine associated visitas. Pareja's doctrina was on present-day Fort George Island near the mouth of the St. Johns River in what is now Jacksonville . A cacique or chief ruled

980-427: The small number of free bases that occur with either no affixes or only with the pluralizer -ca . They function as nominals, adverbials, prepositions, and demonstratives. They are frequently added onto one another, onto enclitics, and onto other bases. A few examples are the following: According to Granberry, "Without fuller data ... it is of course difficult to provide a thorough statement on Timucua syntax." Timucua

1015-700: The word faster , remains an adjective, while the word teach derivatively combined with er to form the word teacher ceases to be a verb. Some linguists consider relational morphology to be a type of derivational morphology, which may complicate the classification. Derivational and relational morphology represent opposite ends of a spectrum; that is, a single word in a given language may exhibit varying degrees of both of them simultaneously. Similarly, some words may have derivational morphology while others have relational morphology. In derivational synthesis , morphemes of different types ( nouns , verbs , affixes , etc.) are joined to create new words. That is, in general,

1050-508: The word. Example: noro 'devotion' + mo 'do' + -ta 'durative' → noronoromota 'do it with great devotion.' Timucua was a synthetic language . These morphemes contained both semantic and semiological information (non-base morphemes only contained semiological information). They could occur as either free bases, which did not need affixes , and bound bases, which only occurred with affixes. However, free bases could be designated different parts of speech (verbs, nouns, etc.) based on

1085-433: The words via inflection and agglutination , dividing them into fusional or agglutinating subtypes of word synthesis. Further divisions include polysynthetic languages (most of them belonging to an agglutinative subtype, although Navajo and other Athabaskan languages are often classified as belonging to a fusional subtype) and oligosynthetic languages (only found in constructed languages ). In contrast, rule-wise,

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1120-557: Was a Franciscan missionary in Spanish Florida , where he was primarily assigned to Mission San Juan del Puerto . The Spaniard became a spokesman for the Franciscan community to the Spanish and colonial governments, was a leader among the missionaries, and served as custodio for the community in Florida. After the Franciscan organization was promoted to a provincia (province), Pareja was elected by his fellow missionaries as provincial in 1616. His primary historical importance

1155-503: Was an SOV language; that is, the phrasal word order was subject–object–verb, unlike the English order of subject–verb–object. There are six parts of speech: verbs , nouns , pronouns , modifiers (there is no difference between adjectives and adverbs in Timucua), demonstratives , and conjunctions . As these are not usually specifically marked, a word's part of speech is generally determined by its relationship with and location within

1190-587: Was as a linguist : he developed the first writing system for the American Indian Timucua language . In 1612 he published the first book in an indigenous language of the United States , a catechism in Spanish and Timucua. From 1612 to 1627, he published eight other works in Spanish and Timucua, for the use of his teaching brothers; six of his works survive. He taught Timucuans to read and write within six months. The first church in what

1225-463: Was written by Franciscan missionaries in the 17th century based on Spanish orthography. The reconstruction of the sounds is thus based on interpreting Spanish orthography. The charts below give the reconstituted phonemic units in IPA (in brackets) and their general orthography (in plain text). Timucua had 14 consonants : Timucua had 5 vowels , which could be long or short: Syllables in Timucua were of

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