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53-588: The municipality contains part of the 4,392 hectares (10,850 acres) São Donato Biological Reserve , a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1975 that protects an area of wetlands on the Butuí River, a tributary of the Uruguay River . The city's first mayor was Felipe Nery de Aguiar, (1896–1900). The city's inhabitant demonym is Itaquiense / Gaúcho . The city's patron saint is Saint Patrick . Theatro Prezewodowski , or Teatro Prezewodowski ,

106-674: A diplomatic crisis , compelling one of the companies move the project 250 kilometres (160 mi) south. Beginning in December 2005, the international bridges linking the Argentine province of Entre Ríos with Uruguay were intermittently blockaded by Argentine protesters, causing major disruptions in commercial traffic and tourism. In 2006, Argentina brought the dispute before the International Court of Justice . The ICJ completed hearings between Argentina and Uruguay regarding

159-491: A conflict over the construction of pulp mills on the Uruguay River. Two European companies, ENCE and Botnia, proposed building cellulose processing plants at Fray Bentos , Uruguay, opposite Gualeguaychú , Argentina. According to a 1975 treaty, Argentina and Uruguay were supposed to jointly agree on matters relating to the Uruguay River. Argentina alleged that Uruguay broke the treaty. Additionally, Argentina believed

212-547: A leather raft, and the name of the city comes from the boats made of cockspur coral tree covered with animal skins, used to cross rivers in ranching times. In the first years of the 20th century, progress was stimulated by the Banco Pelotense (Bank of Pelotas), founded in 1906 by local investors. Its liquidation, in 1931, was devastating to the local economy. In 1990, the Urban Conurbation of Pelotas

265-492: A population of 22 thousand higher education students. The city has three football clubs: Esporte Clube Pelotas (founded 1908), Grêmio Esportivo Brasil (also known as Brasil de Pelotas ; founded 1911) and Grêmio Atlético Farroupilha (founded 1926). The history of the city begins in June 1758, through a donation that Gomes Freire de Andrade , Count of Bobadela, made to Colonel Thomáz Luiz Osório, giving him land that lay on

318-505: A white blanket. Snow grains were recorded in Pelotas on 4 September 2006, on 5 September 2008, and on 3 August 2010, and graupel was registered on 12 July 2012, and on 25 September 2012. On 5 July 2019, the downtown area of the city registered, for 40 minutes, snow flurries with liquid drizzle , just before noon (with no accumulation). On 28 July 2021, Pelotas registered snow flurries with sleet. On 19 July 1934 and 27 July 1935,

371-503: Is 27 meters tall, and its stained-glass windows are from New York City . The São Francisco de Paula Metropolitan Cathedral is considered the city's and the region most important religious edifice, due to its size, beauty and the works of art found within its interior. Its construction began in 1813. The cathedral shelters the image of Saint Francis of Paola , by an unknown artist, which was brought from Colônia do Sacramento . The painter Aldo Locatelli, came from Italy especially to make

424-717: Is 55 km (34 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean , and possesses a beach along the Lagoa dos Patos, called Laranjal. In the vicinity of the beach one can find quagmires and sand dunes. Pelotas is part of the watershed of the Camaquã River . The streams Quilombo and Caneleiras drain the city. They meet to form the Arroio de Pelotas, which flows into the São Gonçalo Channel . The Public Library of Pelotas

477-451: Is July, with an average temperature of 12 °C (53.6 °F). The wettest month is February, with 145 mm (5.7 in) of precipitation. The average annual temperature in the city is 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) and the average annual precipitation is 1,379 mm (54.29 in), with rain regularly falling all year long. The relative humidity is very high (with an annual average around 80%). An interesting meteorological occurrence

530-460: Is a Brazilian city and municipality ( município ), the fourth most populous in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul , after Porto Alegre , Caxias do Sul and Canoas . It is located 270 km (168 mi) from Porto Alegre , the state's capital city , and 130 km (80.8 mi) from the Uruguayan border . The Lagoa dos Patos lies to the east and the São Gonçalo Channel lies to

583-509: Is crossed by five international bridges called (from north to south): Integration Bridge and Paso de los Libres-Uruguaiana International Bridge , between Argentina and Brazil; and the Salto Grande Bridge , General Artigas Bridge and Libertador General San Martín Bridge between Argentina and Uruguay . The drainage basin of the Uruguay River has an area of 365,000 km (141,000 sq mi). Its main economic use

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636-471: Is mostly agricultural and commercial. The latter is largely represented by Arabs , mostly Lebanese (erroneously referred to as turcos , or Turks ), and a few other foreigners. The region is the largest producer of peaches for the country's storehouse industry, along with other products such as asparagus , cucumber , fig and strawberries . The city also is a great producer of rice and cattle products. Pelotas produces more milk than anywhere else in

689-470: Is probably very small. Before the arrival of the first European settlers, the area of the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul, including the municipality of Pelotas, was occupied by Amerindian groups. According to archaeological evidence discovered there, the groups were: Minuane , Charrua and Guaraní . In the 2022 census there were 247,257 whites, 38,691 blacks, 39,107 of mixed ethnicities, 363 native Brazilians and 264 Asians. In regards to religion,

742-631: Is situated in front of the "Square Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca" and at the side of the Municipal City hall. During many years the theater had been the scene of stage plays of great international theatrical companies, that played in Brazil , in the axis Porto Alegre - São Paulo - Rio de Janeiro , and then going on to Buenos Aires and Montevideo . Due to the ease of the river travel, these European companies always played in Itaqui's Theater, giving to

795-576: Is situated on a plain near the ocean, the urban area lies on a low elevation, being, on average, 7 meters (23 ft) above sea level. The interior of the municipality is on a plateau called Serras de Sudeste (Southeastern Mountain Ranges). Consequently, the altitude in Pelotas' rural area reaches 429 meters (1,407.4 ft) in the Quilombo district . The city stretches to the Laranjal, a bairro on

848-679: Is the Museum of the Baroness , which was constructed in the 19th century, occupying an area of approximately 7 hectares, possessing 22 parts and an interior patio. Lining it all were many cultivated and varied gardens. In Pelotas there are still nine sculptures of Antônio Caringi, considered the best gaúcho sculptor. Among them are: Oferenda, 1942, in bronze, located in the Ecumenical Cemetery São Francisco de Paula; Monumento ao Colono, 1958, in bronze and granite, in

901-629: Is the generation of hydroelectricity and it is dammed in its lower portion by the Salto Grande Dam and by the Itá Dam upstream in Brazil. Uruguay River at Salto Grande : Mean annual discharge at mouth: 217 km /a (6,900 m /s)–228 km /a (7,200 m /s) The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) Yabotí Guazú Antes Period: 1971–2000 Argentina and Uruguay experienced

954-744: The Paraná River , the Uruguay forms the Río de la Plata estuary . It is navigable from around Salto Chico . Its main tributary is the Río Negro , which is born in the south of Brazil and goes through Uruguay for 500 km until its confluence with the Uruguay River, which is located 100 km north of the Uruguay's confluence with the Río de la Plata, in Punta Gorda, Colonia Department , Uruguay. The river

1007-598: The Public Market was initiated in 1847 and finished in 1853, although between 1911 and 1914 there was a renovation. Its design was fashioned after the Neoclassical style, and was affected by Art Nouveau after 1970 when the building was destroyed by a fire and rebuilt. On it there is a clock tower and an iron lighthouse, imported from Hamburg , Germany, an allusion to the Eiffel Tower . The Great Hotel

1060-645: The Serra do Mar in Brazil , where the Canoas River and the Pelotas River are joined, at about 200 metres (660 ft) above mean sea level . At this stage, the river goes through uneven, broken terrain, forming rapids and falls. Its course through Rio Grande do Sul is not navigable. An unusual feature of the Uruguay River is a submerged canyon . This canyon formed during the Ice Age , when

1113-537: The Baroness . One major attraction is the Fenadoce , a display of sweets prepared from traditional 18th century Portuguese recipes . More than 300,000 people come to the annual event, which began in 1986. Formerly held in different locations each year, today it is always celebrated in the Centro Internacional de Cultura e Eventos (International Center of Culture and Events). The first immigrants to

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1166-538: The Charqueada São João. Pelotas International Airport , which was originally built in 1930, serves 130,000 passengers annually with two runways. It is located in the neighborhood of Três Vendas. The city also has a bus system, a port on the shores of the São Gonçalo Channel , and the junction of two major highways (BR-116 and BR-392) nearby. The city was strongly influence by Portuguese aesthetics, visible in its large houses with Portuguese ceramics on

1219-511: The Finnish company Botnia was polluting the fish and the overall environment of the river while Uruguay believed that the plant was not depositing a large amount of toxins in the Uruguay River. Starting in April 2005, residents of Gualeguaychú, as well as many others, protested, claiming that the plants would pollute the river shared by the two countries. Early in 2006, the conflict escalated into

1272-530: The Moconá Falls are parallel to the river, not perpendicular . The falls are 10 metres (33 ft) to 12 metres (39 ft) high and between 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) and 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) wide. They are 1,215 km (755 mi) from the mouth of the river. The 17,491 ha (43,220 acres) Turvo State Park , created in 1947, protects the Brazilian side of the falls. Together with

1325-741: The Primeiro de Maio Square; Monumento ao Bispo Dom Joaquim Ferreira de Mello, 1942, in bronze and granite, on the Avenue Dom Joaquim; Sentinela Farroupilha, 1935, in bronze, 20 de Setembro Square; As Três Idades do Trabalho, in granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square; Dr. Luiz Pereira Lima, 1958, in bronze, Piratinino de Almeida Square; Monumento ao Coronel Pedro Osório, 1954, in bronze and granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square; Monumento à Mãe, 1968, in bronze and granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square; Monumento ao Dr. José Brusque 1968, in bronze and granite, Coronel Pedro Osório Square. Pelotas

1378-493: The Theater went into decay. The city administered the Theater until 1928, when the cinematographic entrepreneur Manoel Barbosa leased it monthly for R$ 350,000 réis . In 1931, it was leased to another entrepreneur, Mr. Eduardo Corbacho for the equivalent 10% of the incomes of the spectacles, with a minimum guarantee of R$ 300,000 réis. In 1933 the company Contursi & Cia leased it for the monthly value of R$ 600,000 réis, with

1431-600: The banks of the Lagoa dos Patos . In 1763, fleeing the Spanish invasion, many inhabitants of the village Rio Grande sought refuge in the land belonging to Osório. Later, there also came refugees from Colônia do Sacramento , which had been handed over by the Portuguese to the Spanish in 1777. In 1780, the Portuguese rancher José Pinto Martins established himself in Pelotas,with the prosperity of his establishment stimulating

1484-539: The boundaries of Brazil , Argentina and Uruguay , separating some of the Argentine provinces of La Mesopotamia from the other two countries. It passes between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil; forms the eastern border of the provinces of Misiones , Corrientes and Entre Ríos in Argentina; and makes up the western borders of the departments of Artigas , Salto , Paysandú , Río Negro , Soriano and Colonia in Uruguay. The name of

1537-597: The city of Camaquã and Maçambara . [1] Together with Itaqui's branch, JOSAPAR INC., from the city of Pelotas , it is the producer of 'TIO JOÃO' brand name rice and is the 2nd major rice industry of Latin America. [2] Uruguay River The Uruguay River ( Spanish : Río Uruguay [ˈri.o wɾuˈɣwaj] ; Portuguese : Rio Uruguai [ˈʁi.u uɾuˈɡwaj] ) is a major river in South America . It flows from north to south and forms parts of

1590-512: The city recorded a temperature of -5 °C (23 °F), the lowest recorded in Pelotas. The highest recorded temperature in Pelotas was 42 °C (107.6 °F), on January 1, 1943. The larger part of rural Pelotas is made up of grasslands , with low and herbaceous vegetation ( pampa ). Small groves of cultivated trees ( Babylon willow , eucalyptus , pine , cypress , acacia , poplar and platanus ) and native trees ( Cockspur coral tree and araucaria angustifolia ) are also found. Pelotas

1643-560: The city the nickname of "Small Paris." Not only the foreign companies were attractions at the Theater, the biggest names of the Brazilian stage also have played in it, such as Prócopio Ferreira, Maria de La Costa, Nicete Bruno, Wilson Grey, Vicente Celestino and others famous artists from Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro) . With the advent of the Second World War , that prevented the coming of theatrical companies to Brazil ,

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1696-482: The climate was drier and the river was narrower. Its depth is up to 100 metres (330 ft) below the bottom of the river channel and it is 1/8 to 1/3 as wide as the river. The canyon is only visible in two places, one of which is the Moconá Falls (also called the Yucumã Falls). However, the falls are not visible for 150 days per year and become more like rapids when they are not visible. Unlike most waterfalls ,

1749-907: The coast of the Lagoa dos Patos. Beyond the coastal regions Santo Antônio and Valverde, the area also has an even more remote area, the Balneário dos Prazeres (popularly known as Barro Duro, lit. "hard mud"), and Colônia Z-3, a fishing village that primarily explores the art of shrimping . The climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ), a type found in Southeastern Australia (very homogeneous to Sydney , in terms of temperatures, albeit cloudier and wetter), without major temperature deviations as found in Brunswick and Savannah , Georgia ( USA ), and in Shanghai , China (but still considered very high by Brazilian standards), due to

1802-530: The continentality and polar vortex position in those southern cities of the United States and the Chinese city. Summers are warm to hot with regular rainfall. Winters are cool with episodic frosts (about 24 per year) and fog , with no noticeable difference in the amount of monthly rainfall. The hottest month is January, with an average temperature of 23 °C (73.4 °F), and the coldest month

1855-401: The creation of other ranches and growth in the region, creating a population that would define the early city. The Civil Parish of São Francisco de Paula, founded on 7 June 1812, by Father Pedro Pereira de Mesquita, was elevated to the category of town on 7 April 1832. Three years later, in 1835, the town was declared a city, bearing the name Pelotas. In southern Brazil, 'pelota' can refer to

1908-585: The dispute on October 2, 2009. In 2010, the court ruled that although Uruguay failed to inform Argentina of the construction of the pulp mills, the mills did not pollute the river, so closing the remaining pulp mill would be unjustified. Later in 2010, Argentina and Uruguay created a joint commission to coordinate activities on the river. The course of the Uruguay is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream: [REDACTED] Media related to Uruguay River at Wikimedia Commons Pelotas Pelotas ( Portuguese pronunciation: [peˈlɔtɐs] )

1961-486: The fact that German immigrants built isolated farming communities there, is characterized by the production of fruit, rice, and livestock. In times past the production of charque , or dried beef, was economically important. The work was usually done by slaves. The charqueadas , as the livestock ranches were called, are still popular tourist attractions, the most famous being the Charqueada Santa Rita and

2014-472: The façade. Pelotas is very rich in architectural treasures and monuments. One example of the many monuments in the city is a fountain called, As Três Meninas , which came from France in 1873, and was placed in the center of the city. The largest monument in Pelotas is the iron Caixa d'água , which is located in the Piratinino de Almeida Square, and is the only one of its kind in all of Latin America. It

2067-575: The frescoes on the ceiling and walls of the cathedral, at the invitation of Dom Antônio Záttera, bishop of Pelotas at the time. Although Locatelli would choose to stay in Rio Grande do Sul and make many other important works in Brazil, including paintings and murals, this is considered his greatest work, together with the passion at the Church of São Pelegrino in Caxias do Sul . Also deserving attention

2120-768: The ground and first floor levels, and the first floor has two doors with fences of iron. The name of the Theater is a hommage to Estanisláo Przewodowski , who fought in the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) and was of Polish -descendant, (he was born in Bahia ) and then leader of the Flotilla of the High, Uruguay River , unit of the Brazilian Navy , that was anchored here in the waters of the Uruguay River in Itaqui, during approximately 40 years. The Prezewodowski Theater

2173-440: The majority of inhabitants (about 50%) are Roman Catholic , followed by Protestant religions (especially among the people of German origin), such as Evangelical Lutheran and Anglican sects. In recent times there has also been a growing number of Jehovah's Witnesses and Latter-day Saints . Other noteworthy religions include Spiritism and Afro-Brazilian ritualism (such as Umbanda and Candomblé ). The economy of Pelotas

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2226-415: The obligation to make it function at least four times per month, on condition that solo artists or the city's artists played in it. In 1942, the building was sold at public auction , as a result of an action moved by a shareholder, who desired to recover the value of capital that she had subscribed. The building was bought in the auction by the city's medic and politician Dr. Roque Degrazia , who later, for

2279-830: The region were the Portuguese , coming mostly from the Azores , something which profoundly influenced the culture of the city, especially in its architecture and cuisine. Another important immigration was that of the Germans (the majority from Pomerania — see Pomeranians ), even though they preferred to settle in rural areas, unlike the Portuguese, who settled in the city itself. Also worthy to mention are other ethnicities that settled in Pelotas, such as Africans (descendants of slaves, mainly from Angola ), Italians , Poles , French , Jews , Lebanese Arabs , etc. The number of descendants from indigenous peoples , despite being unknown,

2332-457: The river tends to comes from the Spanish settlers' interpretation of the Guaraní language word the inhabitants of the region used to designate it. There are several interpretations, including "the river of the uru (an indigenous bird)", and "[river of] the uruguá" (an indigenous gastropod , Pomella megastoma ). The river measures about 1,838 km (1,142 mi) in length and starts in

2385-429: The same price that he had paid, sold it on to the city's administration, which is still today the owner of its patrimony. Itaqui is the second largest rice producer of the state, and CAMIL INC. is the largest rice producer of Latin America. It uses the brand name of CAMIL in rice, soya oil and beans that it produces. The company was created in Itaqui in the 60s, and has expanded its operations to São Paulo , Uruguay and

2438-598: The south, separating Pelotas from the city of Rio Grande . In the 19th century, Pelotas was Brazil's leading center for the production of dried meat ( charque ), a staple food made by slaves and destined to feed the slaves of sugarcane , coffee and cocoa plantations across the country. Currently Pelotas hosts two major universities, the Federal University of Pelotas , and the Catholic University of Pelotas . Together, they account for

2491-407: The state. Pelotas has industries tied to agriculture , textile , leather tanning and bread-making . Reforestation for the production of paper and cellulose has been a rising economic activity in the whole region. The city is a large commercial center in the region, attracting shoppers to its sidewalk and neighborhood galleries and shops. The rural area, also called the "colony", due to

2544-443: Was built in 1883 and is one of the oldest in South America . It is constructed of masonry, with a façade 15 meters high—an important characteristic being the mobile auditorium, which, with a special mechanism, puts the main floor level with the stage, for balls and other types of events. The façade above the main entrance is decorated with an entrance porch with two Roman columns. Windows are on either side of this main entrance on

2597-467: Was constructed in 1875, and still holds the daily surplus of water in the city. It sits atop 45 columns, and all of its pieces are made of iron. It has forms that are reminiscent of Asian architecture, though all of the materials used in construction were imported from France. The architecture of the city is distinguished by its churches, the Grand Hotel and the Public Market . The construction of

2650-550: Was created as a result of a state law. In 2001, it became the Urban Conurbation of Pelotas and Rio Grande, and in 2002 the Urban Conurbation of the South. The goal is to integrate the participating towns and is the embryo of a future metropolitan region including the towns os Arroio do Padre , Capão do Leão , Pelotas, Rio Grande and São José do Norte , which have a total population of around 600,000 inhabitants. As it

2703-671: Was founded in 1875, and constructed with materials brought over from Europe. Pelotas has two theatres, the Sete de Abril and the Guarani Theatre . The Sete de Abril, which was constructed in 1831, is one of the most traditional theatres in Brazil. The city boasts four major museums: the Carlos Ritter Museum of Natural History , the Leopoldo Gotuzzo Museum of Art , the "Candy Museum", and the Museum of

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2756-672: Was inaugurated in 1928. The building has four floors, presented in the Art Nouveau style. Today the building is closed and belongs to the city government. The Church of the Redeemer , also known as the "Shaggy Church", is the headquarters of the Brazilian Episcopalian Church of the Anglican Communion, and became known for its characteristic vegetal covering. It opened its doors in 1892. Its tower

2809-399: Was the first snowfall , which occurred on 8 July 1994 in Pelotas from 11:00 am to 1:30 pm. Before this date, there had never been any record of snow in the city. The phenomenon was weaker in the urban parts of the city, and did not cover the ground. However, the snowfall was more intense further inland, in districts such as Cascata and Quilombo, and was able to cover the vegetation in

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