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77-725: Maniu served as Prime Minister of Romania for three terms during 1928–1933, and, with Ion Mihalache , co-founded the National Peasants' Party . Arrested by the ascendant communist authorities in 1947 as a result of the Tămădău affair , he was convicted of treason in a show trial and sent to Sighet Prison , where he died six years later. Maniu was born to an ethnic Romanian family in Szilágybadacsony, Austria-Hungary (now Bădăcin , Sălaj County , Romania ); his parents were Ioan Maniu and Clara Maniu . He finished

154-736: A Constituent Assembly , and not by a regular vote in Parliament. Citing fears that the PNL had ensured a grip over Romanian politics, the PNR and the Peasants' Party united in 1926, and Maniu was the President of the new political force, the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), for the following seven years, and again between 1937 and 1947. Despite its success in elections, the PNȚ was blocked out of government by

231-607: A government-in-exile ( see Tămădău affair ). That was judged as an act of treason , and both Maniu and Mihalache faced a kangaroo court that sentenced them in November 1947 to life imprisonment at hard labour ; given their advanced age, that amounted to a death sentence. The show trial signaled the beginning of the suppression of opposition groups in Romania. Iuliu Maniu died in 1953 in Sighet Prison , and his body

308-640: A Sephardic one following in 1874. Most local Jews in the 19th century worked in viticulture and bought land for growing vines; in the 20th century, they were mainly artisans. By 1930, the 1558 Jews of Alba Iulia represented nearly 13% of the town's population. In October 1940, during the National Legionary State , the Iron Guard terrorized local Jews. The following year, the Ion Antonescu regime confiscated Jewish property and sent

385-444: A commercial organization. The term of a prime minister ends with the individual's resignation, dismissal following a motion of no confidence, loss of electoral rights (following a conviction), incompatibility with the office, death or expiration of the term of the legislature. The prime minister, together with the minister tasked with the particular field of government, can sign resolutions and ordinances to take effect as executive orders

462-532: A lawyer for the Greek Catholic Church (to which he belonged). Maniu was influenced by the activity of Simion Bărnuțiu , a maternal uncle of his father, Ioan Maniu. After serving as an advisor for Archduke Franz Ferdinand , counseling on the latter's projects to redefine the Habsburg states along the lines of a United States of Greater Austria , Maniu moved towards the option of a union with

539-593: A position equivalent to interim governorship . In May 1919, during the Hungarian–Romanian War , he accompanied King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie on a visit to Alba Iulia, Oradea , and Carei , and a meeting with the frontline troops at Békéscsaba . After the creation of Greater Romania , the PNR formed the government in Bucharest —a cabinet led by Al. Vaida-Voevod and allied with Ion Mihalache 's Peasants' Party . It entered in competition with one of

616-673: A quarter of deputies and senators and for it to pass, a majority of deputies and senators must vote in favour of it. After a motion of no confidence is adopted, the prime minister and his Cabinet are officially dismissed and the President must designate an individual to form a new government. Since 1989, five prime ministers have been dismissed following the adoption of a motion of no confidence: Emil Boc (2009), Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (2012), Sorin Grindeanu (2017), Viorica Dăncilă (2019), and Florin Cîțu (2021). Originally styled President of

693-459: A stellar shape, was constructed between 1716 and 1735 by two Swiss fortification architects. The first was Giovanni Morandi Visconti , who built two old Italian-style bastions. The second was Nicolaus Doxat de Demoret —nicknamed "Austrian Vauban ". After 1720, the two architects radically transformed the medieval fortress shaped by the former Roman castrum into a seven-bastion baroque fortress, developing Menno van Coehorn's new Dutch system, of which

770-696: A telegram to the State Department , the US representative in Romania, Burton Y. Berry , wrote: "The Department well knows that Maniu has stood out boldly as a champion of pro-Allied action and sentiment in Rumania even during the dark days of the Antonescu dictatorship. He has an enormous political following in the country and I believe the respect in which all Rumanians hold him eclipses that held for any other Rumanian. Because of what he has been and what he

847-575: A traditional iconographic style. The first monarchs of the Unified Romania, King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the cathedral on 15 October 1922. The National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia is located in the "Babylon" Building. It was built between 1851 and 1853 for military purposes and became a museum in 1887. The museum exhibits over 130,000 pieces of artworks, organized chronologically. The Unification Hall, also part of

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924-485: A wave of similar actions in reprisal. With the loss of Northern Transylvania , Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina , and Southern Dobruja in 1940, Carol conceded power and exiled himself, leading to the creation of the National Legionary State around the Iron Guard and General Ion Antonescu , a regime which aligned Romania with Nazi Germany and the Axis . The PNȚ survived in semi-clandestinity and, after Antonescu purged

1001-614: A year and a half until he was murdered in 1601, by General Giorgio Basta 's agents. Alba Iulia became part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. The fortress Alba Carolina , designed by architect Giovanni Morando Visconti, was built between 1716 and 1735, at the behest of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg . The leaders of the Transylvanian peasant rebellion were executed in Alba Iulia in January 1785. Important milestones in

1078-531: Is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania . Located on the river Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania , it has a population of 63,536 (as of 2011 ). During ancient times, the site was the location of the Roman camp Apulum . Since the High Middle Ages , the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese . Between 1526 and 1570 it

1155-702: Is a translation of the earlier Slavic form, meaning "white castle of the Gyula" meaning "white city of Julius". Alba is the Romanian feminine form of the word for white , and Iulia ("Julius") refers to Gyula II , a mid-10th-century Hungarian warlord who was baptized in Constantinople . Under the influence of the Hungarian form, Gyulafehérvár, the town's Latin name eventually became Alba Julia or Alba Yulia . Its modern Romanian name, Alba Iulia ,

1232-576: Is it seems important that he be preserved from slipping into sharing the general conviction that the dissolution of the Rumanian state is now in progress." Christian Science Monitor correspondent Reuben Markham wrote that Maniu "has become far more than a political leader--he is a national legend." The party was outlawed in July 1947. That month, Ion Mihalache attempted to flee the country in an airplane, which landed at Tămădău , allegedly to establish

1309-526: Is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon , which was mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by some archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire , the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum . Apulum

1386-595: Is not allowed to answer one single calumny hurled against him, seems to have filled the Government with fear." "This is shown by the...unprecedented storm of attacks which the Government has launched against Dr. Maniu...day and night." The PNȚ finished a distant second in the November 1946 general election with 33 seats, well behind the Communist-dominated Bloc of Democratic Parties (BPD). After

1463-417: Is the adoption of this that started to spread in Romanian in ordinary speech in the 18th century. The modern name has been officially used since the town became part of Romania. The 16th-century German name was Weyssenburg . The Saxons later renamed the town to Karlsburg (Carlsburg) in honour of Charles VI (1685–1740). In Yiddish and Hebrew , Karlsburg was prevalent. In Ladino , Carlosburg

1540-470: The 2021 census , there was a total population of 64,227 people living in this city. At the 2011 census , there were 63,536 inhabitants; of these, 95.3% were ethnic Romanians, 3.2% Romani , 1.9% Hungarians , and 0.2% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons ). In 1850, Alba Iulia had 5,408 inhabitants, 2,530 of them being Romanians (46.78%), 1,009 Hungarians (18.67%), 748 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (13.83%), and 1,121 (20.73%) others. In 1891,

1617-604: The Alba Iulia Orthodox Cathedral . Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians , Hungarians , and Transylvanian Saxons . In December 1918, Alba Iulia was officially declared Capital of the Great Union of Romania . The city administers four villages: Bărăbanț ( Borbánd ), Micești ( Ompolykisfalud ), Oarda ( Alsóváradja ), and Pâclișa ( Poklos ). During the Roman period the settlement

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1694-884: The Calvinist College in Zalău in 1890, and studied law at Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár ( Cluj ), then at the University of Budapest and the University of Vienna , being awarded the doctorate in 1896. Maniu joined the Romanian National Party of Transylvania and Banat (PNR), became a member of its collective leadership body in 1897, and represented it in the Budapest Parliament on several occasions. He settled in Blaj , and served as

1771-458: The Chamber of Deputies , Senate , or parliamentary committees as part of the parliamentary control of government. The members of government are allowed to attend the works of Parliament and they must do so at the request of the presidents of the chambers. The prime minister and the members of his Cabinet must answer all questions or interpellations brought forward by deputies or senators as under

1848-654: The Romanian Communist Party (PCR) involvement. Subsequently, Maniu was a prominent supporter of the Western Allies and one of the main adversaries of growing Soviet influence in Romania . His party became the predilect target of PCR hostility. PNȚ supporters and Communists engaged in several street fights in February 1945. "This man, in his seventies, who holds no meetings, makes no public speeches, publishes no articles, possesses no wealth, and

1925-825: The Romanian Old Kingdom when the Archduke was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914. Together with such figures as Vasile Goldiș , Gheorghe Pop de Băsești , the Romanian Orthodox cleric Miron Cristea , and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod , Maniu engaged in an intensive unionist campaign, leading to the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918, during which Romanians demanded separation from Austria-Hungary. On 2 December, Maniu became head of Transylvania's Directory Council –

2002-572: The Royal Prerogative of King Ferdinand, who had preferred to nominate Brătianu, Averescu, and Prince Barbu Știrbey . Maniu publicly protested, and attempted to organize a peasants' march on Bucharest as a public show of support modeled on the Alba Iulia assembly. He also showed himself open to deals proposed by Viscount Rothermere regarding a review of the Treaty of Trianon and, as King Ferdinand's death approached, started negotiations with

2079-489: The Treaty of Trianon . The new constitution limited the powers of the King, vesting the executive power entirely in the prime minister and his Cabinet who now governed in the King's name after the latter appointed him. The new constitution also made the first steps towards a parliamentary control of the government, stipulating that either of the chambers may put ministers under accusation to stand trial. The current residence of

2156-593: The Union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania . The representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to join this declaration on 8 January 1919. In 1922, Ferdinand I of Romania was symbolically crowned King of Romania in Alba Iulia. In October 2012, at the 90th anniversary of King Ferdinand's coronation, his great-granddaughter Princess Margarita of Romania visited Alba Iulia to commemorate

2233-469: The fall of Communism in 1989, some authors went as far as to claim that the PNȚ had actually won the election but was denied victory because of widespread electoral fraud on the part of the pro-Communist Petru Groza government. Later, historian Petre Țurlea reviewed a confidential Communist Party report about the election that revealed the BPD had actually come up short of a majority. Țurlea concluded that had

2310-658: The prime minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României ), is the head of the Government of Romania . Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri ), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers ( Romanian : Consiliul de Miniștri ). The title

2387-530: The 10th century. Geula was baptized in the Byzantine Empire and built around 950 in Alba Iulia the first church of Transylvania. The ruins of a church were discovered in 2011. According to Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians, here lived Hierotheos the first bishop of Transylvania, who accompanied Geula back to Hungary after Geula had been baptized in Constantinople around 950. Analysis of

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2464-544: The 12th or 13th century. In 1442, John Hunyadi , Voivode of Transylvania , used the citadel to prepare for a major battle against the Ottoman Turks . The cathedral was enlarged during his reign and he was entombed there after his death. In 1542 — after the partition of the Kingdom of Hungary — Alba Iulia became the capital of Transylvania and some of its neighboring territories to the west (later known as Partium ),

2541-439: The Council of Ministers, the office was first created in 1862 during the reign of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza . Cuza, unlike other monarchs of his time, was not a hereditary ruler. In 1859 he was elected Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia in two separate elections, thus de facto uniting the two principalities. By 1862, he had completely fused the two administrations into a single government with its capital at Bucharest ,

2618-596: The Guard, achieved some unofficial status when Maniu began holding talks with the general over several issues (notably, he called for an end to persecution of the Jews and transports of Jews to Transnistria ). He remained an opponent of Antonescu, a view which he balanced with his adversity towards the Soviet Union , and joined the plotters of the pro- Allied royal coup of 23 August 1944, while expressing his resentment of

2695-547: The National History Museum, retains historical significance from having hosted, on 1 December 1918, the rally of the 1228 Romanian delegations from Transylvania who determined the province's union with the Kingdom of Romania. The building was used in 1895 as a military casino. The Princely Palace (Palatul Principilor or Palatul Voievodal) was Michael the Brave's residence during the first political unification of

2772-702: The National Liberals, dissolved the Transylvanian Council in April 1920. Consequently, Maniu refused to attend King Ferdinand's Crowning ceremony as King of Greater Romania (held in Alba Iulia , in 1922), seeing it as an attempt to tie multi-religious Transylvania to Orthodoxy. At the same time, the PNR rejected the centralization imposed by the 1923 Constitution favored by Brătianu, and demanded that any constitutional reform be passed by

2849-610: The Roman Catholic cathedral is the most representative building in the medieval Romanic style in Transylvania, and is considered to be an important monument of early Transylvanian medieval architecture. The tombs of John Hunyadi and Isabella Jagiełło —Queen of Hungary are located there. The Batthyaneum Library is held in a former church built in Baroque style. In 1780, Ignác Batthyány , bishop of Transylvania, adapted

2926-474: The Romanians in 1600. Foreign chronicles pictured it as an extremely luxurious building, richly adorned with frescos and marble stairs, which later deteriorated. During the rule of Princes Gábor Bethlen and George II Rákóczi the second palace was restored, but not to its previous condition. After 1716, the building was used as an Habsburg Imperial Army barracks. Alba Iulia is twinned with: According to

3003-655: The Statute expanding the Paris Convention ( Romanian : Statutul dezvoltător al Convenției de la Paris ). The new constitution created the Senate for serving Cuza's legislative purposes and vested the office of the Prince with full executive authority, while the prime minister remained his subordinate. Even though Cuza now had plenary powers, the office the prime minister remained influential, and Mihail Kogălniceanu ,

3080-470: The autonomous Principality of Transylvania , and remained so until 1690. The Treaty of Weissenburg was signed in the town in 1551. During the reign of Prince Gábor Bethlen , the city reached a high point in its cultural history with the establishment of an academy. The former Ottoman Turkish equivalent was Erdel Belgradı or Belgrad-ı Erdel ("Belgrade of Transylvania" in English) where Erdel ( Erdély )

3157-460: The building of the former Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (from where Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife fled by helicopter on December 22, 1989). Sculpted in bronze by Mircea Corneliu Spătaru  [ ro ] , the monument was inaugurated on December 1, 1998, on the 80th anniversary of Great Union Day . There are also busts of Maniu in Alba Iulia , Bădăcin , Baia Mare , Satu Mare , Șimleu Silvaniei , and Zalău . One of

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3234-523: The cabinet membership are debated by the Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The proposal is accepted only if a majority of all deputies and senators approves. Once the vote of confidence is obtained, the candidate becomes the prime minister and all cabinet members become ministers. The prime minister, the ministers, and other members of the Government take an oath before

3311-539: The city's development include the creation of the Batthyaneum Library in 1780 and the arrival of the railway in the 19th century. At the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania, the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary , gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 during the so-called Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia to proclaim

3388-418: The country a political government, Cuza created the office of prime minister and brought into power the leader of the Conservative faction, Barbu Catargiu . During the first years after its creation the office held considerable authority, being able to challenge the will of the Prince and together with a Legislative Assembly composed mainly of conservatives and reactionaries, Catargiu's conservative government

3465-424: The disinherited Prince Carol (King Ferdinand's son), proposing that the latter bypass the Constitution and crown himself in Alba Iulia (as a new foundation for the Romanian Kingdom). Talks with Carol were ended abruptly after the Romanian authorities called on the United Kingdom to expel the Prince from its territory. The PNȚ first came to power in November 1928, after both King Ferdinand and Brătianu had died; in

3542-428: The election been conducted honestly, the PNȚ and the other opposition parties could have won enough votes between them to form a coalition government, albeit with far less than the 80 percent support long claimed by opposition supporters. After 1946, the PNȚ was sidelined, with the PCR ensuring the collaboration of several former party members, such as Nicolae L. Lupu and Anton Alexandrescu  [ ro ] . In

3619-465: The elections of that year, it allied itself with the Romanian Social Democratic Party and the German Party . In 1930, Maniu manoeuvered against the Constitution, and, together with Gheorghe Mironescu , brought about Carol's return and deposition of his son Michael . However, Carol did not respect the terms of his agreement with Maniu, refusing to resume his marriage to Queen Elena . After alternating governments of Maniu and Vaida-Voevod that had brought

3696-400: The event. The Jewish community, which was the first in Transylvania, was established in the 14th century. A community was officially founded by permission of Prince Gabriel Bethlen in 1623. The 18th century saw an influx of Ashkenazim from Hungary and Wallachia, as well as Sephardim. From 1754 to 1868, the town rabbi was the chief rabbi of Transylvania. A synagogue was built in 1840, with

3773-421: The fortress of Alba Iulia is the best preserved example. Inside the fortress are The Union Hall with the National Honour Gallery, The National History Museum of Unification, the Princely Palace (Voivodal Palace), the Orthodox cathedral, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Batthyaneum Library, the Roman Catholic bishop's palace, the Apor Palace, and the University of Alba Iulia . Built in the 10th and 11th centuries,

3850-536: The gazette. An emergency ordinance cannot modify a constitutional law, concern the functioning of the fundamental institutions, rights, or liberties. Unlike in the president-parliamentary semi-presidential systems , such as Russia , the Romanian prime minister is not a subordinate of the president , as he cannot outright dismiss the prime minister. The president can attend the government meetings debating upon matters of national interest with regard to foreign policy, country's defense, maintenance of public order, and, at

3927-417: The government, the prime minister is charged with directing the internal policy of the country and leads the public administration. In this regard, the government cooperates with other interested social actors. As with any other office of public authority, the office of prime minister is incompatible with any other office, except that of deputy or senator and is also incompatible with a professional position in

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4004-442: The inside of the building for use as a library. It is famous for its series of manuscripts, incunabula and rare books—such as half of the 9th century Codex Aureus of Lorsch , the 15th century Codex Burgundus and the 13th century Biblia Sacra (13th century). The first astronomical observatory in Transylvania was founded here in 1792. The Apor Palace, situated on the same street as the Bathyaneum Library, belonged to Prince Apor and

4081-455: The invitation of the prime minister, in other instances as well. The president will always chair the government meetings he attends. In addition to his constitutional roles, the prime minister is, generally, the leader of the major party in the majority coalition that supports the government, although this is not always the case. The Government and the other bodies of administration must submit all information, reports or documents requested by

4158-680: The main thoroughfares in Bucharest is the Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, which runs from the A1 motorway to the Lion's Plaza for a length of 6.8 km (4.2 mi). There are also streets and boulevards named after him in Arad , Brașov , Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca , Deva , Oradea , Satu Mare, Timișoara , and Tulcea , as well as high schools that bear his name in Bucharest, Carei , Oradea, and Șimleu Silvaniei. Maniu appears on two postage stamps emitted by Poșta Română , one from 1993 and one from 2018, both commemorating Great Union Day. Prime Minister of Romania The prime minister of Romania ( Romanian : Prim-ministrul României ), officially

4235-422: The men to forced labor. After World War II, the community was re-established but soon dwindled as Jews emigrated. Alba Iulia has a humid continental climate ( Dfa in the Köppen climate classification ). The main historical area of Alba Iulia is the Upper Town region, developed by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in honour of whom the Habsburgs renamed the city Karlsburg. The fortress, with seven bastions in

4312-425: The moment they are published in the Monitorul Oficial , the official gazette of the Romanian state. Such ordinances must be sent to the appropriate chamber of Parliament where they are discussed in an urgent manner and they are then sent to the official gazette. In case the noticed chamber does not discuss or approve said ordinance after 30 days of its arrival, the ordinance is officially adopted and published in

4389-401: The necropoles of the city prior to the 11th century show that they were used by a population different from the conquering Hungarians. After Stephen I adopted Catholicism, and the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first cathedral was built in the 11th century or possibly before. The present Catholic cathedral was built in

4466-434: The new country bearing the name Romania, but the union was in danger of being dissolved after the end of his rule. A liberal, in favour of the two great reform projects envisioned by the liberals of the time (the electoral and agrarian reforms), Cuza did not publicly espouse his political preferences or position himself as the leader of a faction, preferring to keep the office of the Prince politically neutral. In order to give

4543-408: The office of prime minister. The president must consult with the party that has the majority in the Parliament or, if no such majority exists, with the parties represented in Parliament. Once designated, the candidate assembles a proposal for the governing program and the cabinet. The proposal must be approved by the Parliament within ten days, through a motion of no confidence . Both the program and

4620-466: The party into conflict with the King's inner circle and with his lover, Magda Lupescu , during its tenure his government was faced with a strike by coal miners in the Jiu Valley and major social and economic problems caused by the Great Depression in Romania . Maniu resigned for the third and final time on 13 January 1933, due to his ongoing conflict with King Carol . The country moved towards an authoritarian regime formed around Carol and prompted by

4697-414: The president, as stipulated under Article 82 of the Constitution. The Government as a whole and each of its members exercise their mandate from the date of the oath. The prime minister directs the actions of the government and co-ordinates the activities of its members. The prime minister submits to the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate reports and statements on Government policy, to be debated. As head of

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4774-614: The prime minister is the Victoria Palace. Initially designed to be headquarters of the Foreign Ministry, Victoria Palace was the headquarters of Foreign Ministry and Council of Ministers during the Communist period and became, in 1990, headquarters of the first government of post-communist Romania . The palace was declared a historical monument in 2004. Alba Iulia Alba Iulia ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˌalba ˈjuli.a] ; German : Karlsburg or Carlsburg , formerly Weißenburg ; Hungarian : Gyulafehérvár [ˈɟulɒfɛɦeːrvaːr] ; Latin : Apulum )

4851-412: The prime minister served at the pleasure of the Prince, the latter being able to appoint and dismiss the former at any time and for any reason. Nevertheless, the prime minister still held considerable influence. After World War I led to the creation of Greater Romania another constitution was drafted in 1923 to reflect the changes the Romanian state had undergone since the Treaty of Versailles and

4928-424: The rapid growth of the fascist Iron Guard . In 1937, Maniu agreed to sign an electoral pact with the Iron Guard's Corneliu Zelea Codreanu , in the hope that this would block the monarch's maneuvers. The king instead sought an agreement with other members of the political class, including the National Liberal Ion Duca and the former PNȚ politician Armand Călinescu , while clamping down on the Iron Guard—leading to

5005-406: The terms laid down in the statutes of Parliament. After such interpellations, the Chamber or the Senate can adopt a simple motion to express their position towards an issue of internal or external politics. Parliament can dismiss an outgoing prime minister and his cabinet by adopting a motion of no confidence against the government. In order for a motion to be initiated, it must be signed by at least

5082-423: The third prime minister, a liberal and former ally of Cuza often clashed with him. After Cuza's removal by coup d'état in 1866 by a coalition formed by both members of the liberal and conservative factions, the political forces of the time settled on two objectives: bringing a foreign prince from a European noble family on the country's throne and drafting a liberal constitution. The 1866 Constitution confirmed that

5159-424: The traditional parties of the Romanian Kingdom, the National Liberal Party , and with its leader Ion I. C. Brătianu , when the Peasants' Party deadlocked the Parliament of Romania with calls for a widespread land reform . After King Ferdinand I dissolved Parliament, Iuliu Maniu found himself at odds with the national leadership, especially after the new Prime Minister Alexandru Averescu , with support from

5236-431: Was a political prisoner in Romania, claims in his "Tortured for Christ" the last words of Iuliu Maniu were, "If the Communists are overthrown in our country, it will be the most holy duty of every Christian to go into the streets and at the risk of his own life defend the Communists from the righteous fury of the multitudes whom they have tyrannized." A bust of Maniu was placed in Bucharest's Revolution Square , in front of

5313-419: Was able to delay the adoption of several reforms. Frustrated by the government's opposition to reforms, and unable to work with an Assembly dominated by reactionary forces due to the censitary nature of the electoral system, Cuza launched a coup d'etat , followed by a constitutional referendum that replaced the Convention of Paris, an act that served as the constitution of the country, with his own version named

5390-457: Was added to prevent confusion with Belgrat and Arnavut Belgradı ("Albanian Belgrade" in Turkish, early name of Berat during Ottoman rule). In 29 November 1599, Michael the Brave , Voivode of Wallachia , entered Alba Iulia following his victory in the Battle of Șelimbăr and became Voivode of Transylvania. In 1600 he gained control of Moldavia , uniting the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under his rule, which lasted for

5467-462: Was built in the second half of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was the residence of the Austrian army leader Prince Steinville. The palace was renovated in 2007 under the supervision of the Romanian Ministry of Culture. The Orthodox Unification Cathedral was built between 1921 and 1923, following the plans of architect D.G. Ștefănescu and built under the supervision of eng. T. Eremia. The frescoes were painted by Constantin in

5544-570: Was called Apulum (from the Dacian Apoulon , mentioned by Ptolemy ). When the settlement with its Roman ruins became the seat of a dukedom in the 10th century, the population may have been Slavic . From the 9th to the 11th centuries, the settlement bore the Slavic name Bălgrad (meaning "white castle" or "white town"). The old Romanian name of the town was Bălgrad , which originated from Slavic . The Hungarian name Gyulafehérvár

5621-551: Was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime . The current prime minister is Marcel Ciolacu of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), who has been serving since 15 June 2023 onwards as the head of government of the National Coalition for Romania (CNR). One of the roles of the president of the republic is to designate a candidate for

5698-722: Was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania until 1711. At one point it also was a center of the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania with suffragan to Vad diocese. On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in Alba Iulia, and Romania's King Ferdinand I and, in 1922 Queen Marie were crowned in

5775-534: Was the largest urban centre in Roman Dacia and was the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion . Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 hectares (93 acres) (750 x 500 m ). The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a Hungarian regent named Jula or Geula—the maternal grandfather of Stephen I of Hungary and lord [regent] of Transylvania—who built the capital of his dukedom there during

5852-490: Was thrown into the common grave in the courtyard. The official death certificate listed his occupation as "unemployed", and the death cause as circulatory failure and chronic myocarditis . On November 12, 1998, the High Court of Cassation and Justice ordered the rehabilitation of Maniu and removed the additional punishment of confiscation of property, pronounced in 1947. Christian minister Richard Wurmbrand , who also

5929-1100: Was used. Alba Carolina was also a Medieval Latin form of its name. Among Ruthenians , the city was known as Bilhorod ("white city"). The city's Latin name in the 10th century was Civitatem Albam in Ereel . The first part of the name Alba denotes the ruins of the Roman fort Apulum , the pre-feudal white citadel. Later in the Middle Ages, different names were used: Frank episcopus Belleggradienesis in 1071, Albae Civitatis in 1134, Belegrada in 1153, Albensis Ultrasilvanus in 1177, eccl. Micahelis in 1199, Albe Transilvane in 1200, Albe Transsilvane in 1201, castrum Albens in 1206, canonicis Albensibus in 1213, Albensis eccl. Transsylvane in 1219, B. Michaelis arch. Transsilv. in 1231, Alba... Civitas in 1242, Alba sedes eptus in 1245, Alba Jula in 1291, Feyrvar in 1572, Feyérvár in 1574, Weissenburg in 1576, Belugrad in 1579, Gyula Feyervár in 1619, Gyula Fehérvár in 1690 and Karlsburg in 1715. The modern city

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