Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction. However, many elements of what is typically termed "Victorian" architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria's reign, roughly from 1850 and later. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles (see Historicism ) . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture .
51-516: The Iveagh Markets / ˈ aɪ v iː / is a former indoor market built in the Victorian style on Francis Street and John Dillon Street in The Liberties neighbourhood of Dublin , Ireland , that was open from 1906 until the 1990s. As of 2024, the site remains derelict despite attempts to restore the site to market use. Until the creation by The 1st Baron Iveagh , as he then was, of
102-481: A Conservative MP for Dublin in the 1860s, as did his brother Arthur in the 1870s. Iveagh limited his involvement to acting as High Sheriff of County Dublin in 1885, mindful of the growing movement towards Irish Home Rule in the 1880s and the growth of the electorate under the 1884 Act . He did however stand as a Conservative for the seat of Dublin St Stephen's Green in the 1885 general election , losing to
153-534: A Pueblo (village) into a Victorian Downtown – now almost entirely demolished but with residential remnants in its Angelino Heights and Westlake neighborhoods. San Francisco is particularly well known for its extensive Victorian architecture, especially in the Haight-Ashbury , Lower Haight , Alamo Square , Western Addition , Mission , Duboce Triangle , Noe Valley , Castro , Nob Hill , and Pacific Heights neighborhoods. The extent to which any one
204-558: A gold rush and population boom during the 1880s in the states of New South Wales and Victoria . There were fifteen styles that predominated: The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the Federation Period, from 1890 to 1915. Western influence in architecture was strong when Hong Kong was a British colony . Victorian architecture in Hong Kong: Georgian architecture
255-436: A 500-year lease with a €2 million tender. In 2007, Keane was granted planning permission to develop the market and an adjacent site into a food market complex with restaurants, a 97-bed hotel, music venue and apartment hotel . The planning permission was renewed in 2012, and a €90 million redevelopment was expected to begin in spring 2015 and finish in 2017. In January 2018, the city council announced that it would repossess
306-553: A British record until the death of Sir John Ellerman in 1933. Although probate was sought in Britain, a part of the death duties was paid to the new Irish Free State . His will bequeathed Kenwood House in Hampstead to the nation as a museum for his art collection, known as the "Iveagh Bequest". In 1936 his family installed the "Iveagh Window" in his memory, in the north transept of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin . The window
357-555: A loss of sales, employment and profits. In the event, the new Free State increased the tax on sales within Ireland, but not on exports. On land, Iveagh's favourite hobby was to drive a coach-and-four (horses), a very physical activity, occasionally driving from Dublin to the Punchestown Racecourse about 20 miles away, and back. He also was a keen yachtsman , and in 1897 he won a race between England and Kiel that
408-473: A meaningful way. Some styles, while not uniquely Victorian, are strongly associated with the 19th century owing to the large number of examples that were erected during that period: During the 18th century, a few English architects emigrated to the colonies, but as the British Empire became firmly established during the 19th century, many architects emigrated at the start of their careers. Some chose
459-640: A spokesman that they intended for the site to be developed "in a manner conforming with the wishes of the First Earl ". In September 2023, it was announced that the government would provide €9 million in funding for conservation works to the market. In October 2023, Dublin City Council, Keane and Lord Iveagh all appeared before the High Court claiming ownership of the property. Victorian architecture Although Victoria did not reign over
510-481: Is more prominent in Ireland than Victorian architecture. The cities of Dublin, Limerick, and Cork are famously dominated by Georgian squares and terraces . Though Victorian architecture flourished in certain quarters. Particularly around Dublin's Wicklow Street and Upper Baggot Street and in the suburbs of Phibsboro , Glasnevin , Rathmines , Ranelagh , Rathgar , Rathfarnham , and Terenure . The colourful Italianate buildings of Cobh are excellent examples of
561-537: Is the "largest surviving example" is debated, with numerous qualifications. The Distillery District in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America. Cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex , Parkdale , and Rosedale . In
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#1732791180142612-1176: The David Sasoon Library are some examples of Victorian Architecture in Mumbai. In Kolkata (Formerly called Calcutta) buildings like the Victoria Memorial , Calcutta High Court , St Paul's Cathedral , The Asiatic Society of Bengal are some examples of Victorian Architecture in Kolkata. In Chennai (Formerly called Madras) some examples include Madras High court , State Bank of Madras and St. Mary's Church . Many churches and colleges such as Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Kochi , University College Trivandrum , Government College of Fine Arts Trivandrum , Napier Museum , State Central Library of Kerala , Government Victoria College Palakkad , CMS College Kottayam and SB College Changanasserry are some of finest examples of Victorian architecture in Kerala. Efforts to preserve landmarks of Victorian architecture are ongoing and are often led by
663-592: The Royal Dublin Society from 1906 to 1927. In 1910 he was appointed GCVO . In 1919, he was created Earl of Iveagh and Viscount Elveden , of Elveden in the County of Suffolk . Lord Iveagh was managing director of the Guinness partnership and company, from his father's death in 1868 until 1889, running the largest brewery in the world - it spanned 64 acres (26 ha). He later became chairman of
714-519: The Victorian Society . A recent campaign the group has taken on is the preservation of Victorian gasometers after utility companies announced plans to demolish nearly 200 of the now-outdated structures. Edward Cecil Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh Edward Cecil Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh , KP , GCVO , FRS (10 November 1847 – 7 October 1927) was an Anglo-Irish businessman and philanthropist. A member of
765-527: The architecture of Aberdeen . While Scottish architects pioneered this style it soon spread right across the United Kingdom and remained popular for another forty years. Its architectural value in preserving and reinventing the past is significant. Its influences were diverse but the Scottish architects who practiced it were inspired by unique ways to blend architecture, purpose, and everyday life in
816-674: The Irish Parliamentary Party candidate. Given his wealth he preferred to effect social improvements himself, and preferred a seat in the House of Lords, which he achieved in 1891. He supported the Irish Unionist Alliance . In 1913 he refused to lock out his workforce during the Dublin Lockout . In 1917–18, he took part in the ill-fated Irish Convention that attempted find a moderate solution to
867-664: The Irish nationalists' demands. Though opposed to Sinn Féin , he had a personal friendship with W. T. Cosgrave who emerged as the first leader of the Irish Free State in 1922. Like many others in the Irish business world, he had feared that Irish Home Rule would result in new taxes or customs duties between Dublin and Britain, his largest market. The existing free trade within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland would likely turn protectionist , causing
918-732: The US, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country. Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky , also claims to be the nation's largest Victorian neighborhood. Richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan . The Fan district is best known locally as Richmond's largest and most 'European' of Richmond's neighborhoods and nationally as
969-710: The United States, and is an example of an intact 19th-century urban neighborhood. According to National Register of Historic Places, Cape May Historic District has one of the largest collections of late 19th century frame buildings left in the United States. The photo album L'Architecture Americaine by Albert Levy published in 1886 is perhaps the first recognition in Europe of the new forces emerging in North American architecture. Canada's chief dominion architects designed numerous federal buildings over
1020-543: The United States, 'Victorian' architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900. A list of these styles most commonly includes Second Empire (1855–85), Stick-Eastlake (1860– c. 1890 ), Folk Victorian (1870–1910), Queen Anne (1880–1910), Richardsonian Romanesque (1880–1900), and Shingle (1880–1900). As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period and are therefore sometimes called Victorian. Some historians classify
1071-498: The United States, and others went to Canada, Australia , New Zealand, and South Africa. Normally, they applied architectural styles that were fashionable when they left England. By the latter half of the century, however, improving transport and communications meant that even remote parts of the Empire had access to publications such as the magazine The Builder , which helped colonial architects keep informed about current fashion. Thus,
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#17327911801421122-421: The United States, the term is often used for American styles and buildings from the same period, as well as those from the British Empire . During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic Revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism , and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built. By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology , construction
1173-459: The board for life. By the age of 29 he had taken over sole ownership of the Dublin brewery after buying out the half-share of his older brother Lord Ardilaun for £600,000 in 1876. Over the next 10 years, Guinness brought unprecedented success to St James's Gate , multiplying the value of his brewery enormously. By 1879 he was brewing 565,000 hogsheads of stout . Seven years later, in 1886, he
1224-485: The city council's budget. On 8 December 2020, it was revealed that The 4th Earl of Iveagh had commissioned a security team to gain occupancy and forcibly repossess the site in the early hours of that morning, citing the provisions in the 1901 Act that ownership would revert to the Guinness family if the site was not actively developed as a market. Lord Iveagh and the Iveagh Trustees Ltd. reported through
1275-858: The course of the Victorian era. Thomas Fuller's completion of the Canadian Parliament Buildings in 1866, in particular, established a High Victorian Gothic influence over Canadian architectural design for several consecutive decades, producing many public buildings, churches, residences, industrial buildings, and hotels. Because India was a colony of Britain, Victorian Architecture is prevalent in India, especially in cities like Mumbai , Kolkata, Kerala and Chennai. In Mumbai (Formerly called Bombay) buildings like Municipal Corporation Building , Bombay University , Bombay High Court , Asiatic Society of Mumbai Building (Former Town Hall) and
1326-455: The door and window frames and architraves are of imported Portland stone . By the 1980s, the market had become rundown. In 1993, the council announced plans for a IR£ 1.25 million refurbishment. Over the following years, the sum was determined to be inadequate and the council announced in 1996 that it was seeking a private developer to redevelop the market. In 1997, hotelier Martin Keane secured
1377-2190: The elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another. Notable Victorian-inspired cities during this era include, Astoria in Oregon ; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania ; Washington, D.C. ; Boston in Massachusetts ; Alameda , Eureka , San Francisco , and Midtown Sacramento in California ; The Brooklyn Heights and Victorian Flatbush sections of New York City , Garden City on Long Island , and Albany , Troy , Buffalo , and Rochester in Upstate New York ; Asbury Park / Ocean Grove , Cape May , Deal , Flemington , Freehold , Hackettstown , Jersey City / Hoboken , Metuchen , Montclair , Ridgewood , Plainfield , Summit , and Westfield in New Jersey ; Chicago , Galena , and Winnetka in Illinois ; Detroit and Grand Rapids in Michigan ; Cincinnati and Columbus in Ohio ; Galveston in Texas ; Baltimore in Maryland ; Louisville in Kentucky ; Atlanta in Georgia ; Milwaukee in Wisconsin ; New Orleans in Louisiana ; Richmond in Virginia ; St. Louis in Missouri ; and Saint Paul in Minnesota . Los Angeles grew from
1428-518: The influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including William Butterfield ( St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide ) and Jacob Wrey Mould (Chief Architect of Public Works in New York City ). The Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw
1479-508: The large back garden of his house at 80 Stephens Green in central Dublin, known as the " Iveagh Gardens ", to the new University College Dublin , which is now a public park. Previously he had bought and cleared some slums on the north side of St Patrick's Cathedral and in 1901 he created the public gardens known as "St. Patrick's Park". In nearby Francis Street he built the Iveagh Market to enable street traders to sell produce out of
1530-638: The largest contiguous Victorian neighborhood in the United States. The Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio is recognized as the largest collection of late Victorian and Edwardian homes in the United States, east of the Mississippi . Summit Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota , has the longest line of Victorian homes in the country. Over-The-Rhine in Cincinnati, Ohio , has the largest collection of early Victorian Italianate architecture in
1581-511: The later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. Stick-Eastlake , a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick and Queen Anne, is sometimes considered a distinct style. On the other hand, terms such as " Painted Ladies " or " gingerbread " may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles (as well as their adaptations) varied between countries. Many homes combined
Iveagh Markets - Misplaced Pages Continue
1632-412: The market site and refund Keane's €2 million tender due to his failure to redevelop the site. In September 2019, an architectural condition report commissioned by the city council found that the market was "unsafe" and in an "advanced state of dereliction". The report estimated that essential repairs would cost approximately €13 million , which the city council's head of planning said cannot be covered by
1683-584: The market was opened in June 1906 by George William Addison as a representative of the then Viscount Iveagh. Maintenance of the market was entrusted to Dublin Corporation (now Dublin City Council ). The market building was built in the Edwardian style . The market was split into a dry market facing Francis Street and a wet market in the rear facing John Dillon Street. The dry market sold clothes while
1734-438: The park north of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1901, hundreds of street traders had stalls in the neighbourhood. Lord Iveagh (who was later advanced in the peerage as The 1st Viscount Iveagh, in 1905, and as The 1st Earl of Iveagh , in 1919) obtained an Act of Parliament to build and gift the markets, subject to the condition that they be run by Dublin Corporation as public markets or the title would revert to his heirs. A site
1785-613: The prominent Guinness family , he was the head of the family's eponymous brewing business , making him the richest man in Ireland. A prominent philanthropist, he is best remembered for his provision of affordable housing in London and Dublin through charitable trusts. Born at St. Anne's in Clontarf, Dublin , Guinness was the third son of Sir Benjamin Guinness, 1st Baronet , and younger brother of Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun . He
1836-770: The rain. Iveagh was portrayed as "Guinness Trust" in a "Spy" cartoon in July 1891. Iveagh also donated £250,000 to the Lister Institute in 1898, the first medical research charity in the United Kingdom (to be modelled on the Pasteur Institute , studying infectious diseases). In 1908, he co-funded the Radium Institute in London. He also sponsored new physics and botany buildings in Trinity College Dublin in 1903, and part-funded
1887-755: The regional Victorian style in Ireland. Further examples of Victorian architecture in the country include Dublin's George's Street Arcade , the Royal City of Dublin Hospital on Baggot Street and the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital on Adelaide Road. During the British colonial period of British Ceylon: Sri Lanka Law College , Sri Lanka College of Technology , Galle Face Hotel and the Royal College Main Building. In
1938-723: The still popular English Renaissance styles. New methods of construction were developed in this era of prosperity, but ironically the architectural styles, as developed by such architects as Augustus Pugin , were typically retrospective. In Scotland , the architect Alexander Thomson who practised in Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with Egyptian and Oriental themes to produce many truly original structures. Other notable Scottish architects of this period are Archibald Simpson and Alexander Marshall Mackenzie , whose stylistically varied work can be seen in
1989-597: The stock. The amount can be compared to the 1886 GDP of the UK , which was £116 million. By 1914 the brewery's output had doubled again from the 1886 level, to 1,877,000 hogsheads. In 1902 he commissioned the Guinness Storehouse , that is today one of Ireland's main tourist attractions. Like his father and brother, Lord Iveagh was a generous philanthropist and contributed almost £1 million to slum clearance and housing projects, among other causes. In London this
2040-613: The students' residence at Trinity Hall, Dartry, in 1908. Iveagh helped finance the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09) and Mount Iveagh , a mountain in the Supporters Range in Antarctica , is named for him. Interested in fine art all his life, from the 1870s Guinness amassed a distinguished collection of Old Master paintings, antique furniture and historic textiles. In the late 1880s he
2091-477: The wet market sold fish, fruit and vegetables. An adjoining building housed laundry, disinfecting and delousing facilities. This was an innovation in the Dublin market world, and was influenced by Iveagh's sponsorship of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in London a decade earlier. The building was constructed in red brick mainly from the Portmarnock brickworks and granite from Newry . Many of
Iveagh Markets - Misplaced Pages Continue
2142-430: Was a client of Joe Duveen buying screens and furniture; Duveen realised that he was spending much more on fine art at Agnews , and refocused his own business on art sales. He later recalled Guinness as a: "stocky gentleman with a marked Irish brogue ". While he was furnishing his London home at Hyde Park Corner , after he had retired, he began building his art collection in earnest. Much of his collection of paintings
2193-508: Was able to incorporate metal materials as building components. Structures were erected with cast iron and wrought iron frames. However, due to being weak in tension, these materials were effectively phased out in place for more structurally sound steel . One of the greatest exponents of iron frame construction was Joseph Paxton , architect of the Crystal Palace . Paxton also continued to build such houses as Mentmore Towers , in
2244-659: Was appointed a Knight of St Patrick (KP) in 1895, and ten years later was advanced in the Peerage of the United Kingdom to Viscount Iveagh . He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Dublin City Artillery Militia in 1899. Elected to the Royal Society in 1906, he was two years later elected nineteenth Chancellor of the University of Dublin in 1908–1927, he served as a vice-president of
2295-458: Was chosen on the old Sweetman's brewery which had earlier been acquired by Lord Iveagh. The site was cleared by 1900, with the objective of the new indoor market offering local traders a dry place to sell vegetables, fish, and clothes. It was built by the Iveagh Trust , which was initially a component of the Guinness Trust , founded in 1890 by Lord Iveagh. The building was designed and built by Frederick G. Hicks. Construction started in 1902 and
2346-417: Was designed and made by Sir Frank Brangwyn . In 1939 Iveagh's sons gave his Dublin home at 80 St. Stephen's Green to the Irish Free State, and it was renamed Iveagh House . Since then it has been the home of the Department of Foreign Affairs , and "Iveagh House" has become the metonym of the department. In 1873, Iveagh married his third cousin Adelaide Maria Guinness (1844–1916), nicknamed "Dodo". She
2397-441: Was donated to the nation after his death in 1927 and is housed at the Iveagh Bequest at Kenwood , Hampstead, north London. While this lays claim to much of his collection of paintings, it is Farmleigh that best displays his taste in architecture as well as his tastes in antique furniture and textiles. Iveagh was also a patron of then-current artists such as the British portraitist Henry Keyworth Raine Iveagh's father had sat as
2448-428: Was educated by private tutor before entering Trinity College Dublin , where he graduated with BA in 1870 and MA in 1872. He was High Sheriff of Dublin City in 1876 and of the county in 1885. That same year, he was created a baronet of Castleknock , County Dublin , for helping with the visit of the then Prince of Wales to Ireland . In 1891, Guinness was created Baron Iveagh , of Iveagh in County Down . He
2499-422: Was selling 635,000 hogsheads in Ireland, 212,000 in Britain, and 60,000 elsewhere, a total of 907,000 hogsheads. He then became the richest man in Ireland after floating two-thirds of the company in 1886 on the London Stock Exchange for £6 million before retiring a multi-millionaire at the age of 40. He remained chairman of the new public company Guinness , and was its largest shareholder, retaining about 35% of
2550-463: Was sponsored by Kaiser Wilhelm . A member of several clubs including the Royal St. George Yacht Club , his main boat was the 204-ton schooner " Cetonia " which he bought in 1880, making frequent appearances at Cowes Week until 1914. After his death in 1927 at Grosvenor Place , London, Iveagh was buried at Elveden , Suffolk. His estate was assessed for probate at £13,486,146 16s. 2d. (roughly equivalent to £1,016,797,647 in 2023). This remained
2601-425: Was the ' Guinness Trust ', founded in 1890, that at present manages "over 66,000 homes". Most of his aesthetic and philanthropic legacy to Dublin is still intact. The Dublin branch of the Guinness Trust became the Iveagh Trust in 1903, by a private Act of Parliament, which funded the largest area of urban renewal in Edwardian Dublin, and still provides over 10% of the social housing in central Dublin. In 1908 he gave
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