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30-458: The 262-square-kilometre (101 sq mi) municipality is the 279th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Iveland is the 307th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,344. The municipality's population density is 5.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (14/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.8% over the previous 10-year period. The municipality

60-455: A little less than the land area of Puerto Rico , 8,868 square kilometres (3,424 sq mi). Although the arithmetic density is the most common way of measuring population density, several other methods have been developed to provide alternative measures of population density over a specific area. Birkenes Birkenes is a municipality in Agder county, Norway . It is located in

90-511: Is 53/km (140/sq mi). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica . However, if Antarctica is excluded, then population density rises to over 58 per square kilometre (150/sq mi). The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has developed a suite of (open and free) data and tools named the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) to improve the science for policy support to

120-454: Is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans , but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by total land area , sometimes including seas and oceans, as appropriate. Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and further reduce fertility. This is called the Allee effect after

150-507: Is around 8,000,000,000 and the Earth 's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 km (200,000,000 sq mi). Therefore, the worldwide human population density is approximately 8,000,000,000 ÷ 510,000,000 = 16/km (41/sq mi). However, if only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km (58,000,000 sq mi) is taken into account, then human population density

180-428: Is canting since bjørk is similar to "birk-" in the name Birkenes). The three leaves symbolize the three main areas in the municipality: Birkenes in the south, Herefoss in the northeast, and Vegusdal in the northwest. The arms were designed by Daniel Rike who based it off an idea by Knut Øvensen. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. The Church of Norway has three parishes ( sokn ) within

210-534: Is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Birkenes is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show

240-425: Is home to many lakes, including Herefossfjorden , Nystølfjorden , Ogge , and Uldalsåna . The river Tovdalselva runs through the municipality as well. Birkenes Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality

270-548: Is now part of the village of Birketveit . The first element is the genitive case of the local river name Ífa which now called the Frøysåna . The river name is probably derived from the word ýr which means "yew" ( Taxus baccata ). The last element is land which means "land" or "district". The coat of arms was granted on 9 October 1987. The official blazon is " Vert , a hammer bendwise argent " ( Norwegian : I grønt en skråstilt sølv hammer ). This means

300-409: Is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality

330-445: Is the 183rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Birkenes is the 175th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,390. The municipality's population density is 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23/sq mi) and its population has increased by 9.2% over the previous 10-year period. The municipality (originally the parish ) is named after the old Birkenes farm ( Old Norse : Birkines ) since

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360-654: Is the largest river in the Sørlandet district. Towards the east it borders on lake Oggevatn . The municipality is bordered in the northwest by Evje og Hornnes , in the northeast and east by Birkenes , and in the south and west by Vennesla . The municipality has three population centers: Birketveit , Vatnestrøm , and Skaiå . The Iveland area includes several hundred old mines . These pegmatite mines and quarries yield more than 100 different minerals, including minerals containing rare-earth elements , beryllium , scandium , uranium , and thorium . Iveland Municipality

390-502: Is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Iveland is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Iveland (incomplete list): Population density Population density (in agriculture : standing stock or plant density )

420-654: The European Commission Directorate Generals and Services and as support to the United Nations system. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states , microstates and urban dependencies . In fact, 95% of the world's population is concentrated on just 10% of the world's land. These territories have a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside

450-479: The traditional district of Sørlandet . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Birkeland , where about half the municipal population lives. Other villages in Birkenes include Ås , Engesland , Flakk , Håbbesland , Herefoss , Mollestad , Oggevatn , Rugsland , Senumstad , Søre Herefoss , Svaland , Tveide , and Væting . The 637-square-kilometre (246 sq mi) municipality

480-729: The Lislevand farm area (population: 8) was transferred from Birkenes to the neighboring municipality of Evje og Hornnes . Then on 1 January 1991, the Dalen area of Birkenes (population: 60) was transferred to the neighboring municipality of Froland. On 1 January 2019, the Hovlandsdalen area (population: 27) was transferred from Birkenes municipality to the neighboring Evje og Hornnes municipality. The municipality borders Kristiansand , Vennesla , Iveland , Evje og Hornnes , Froland , Grimstad , and Lillesand municipalities. Birkenes

510-453: The area and was in use as early as the 9th century, and perhaps before. But the first written record of farms created by clearing the land goes back about 600 years. The Setesdalsbanen was a narrow-gauge steam railway built in 1896, which went across Iveland on its route between Vennesla and Byglandsfjord in Bygland . The Setesdal Line's operation was terminated in 1962, and the track

540-998: The area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation . Deserts have very limited potential for growing crops as there is not enough rain to support them. Thus, their population density is generally low. However, some cities in the Middle East, such as Dubai , have been increasing in population and infrastructure growth at a fast pace. Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Very densely populated cities are mostly in Asia (particularly Southeast Asia ); Africa's Lagos , Kinshasa , and Cairo ; South America's Bogotá , Lima , and São Paulo ; and Mexico City and Saint Petersburg also fall into this category. City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on

570-482: The arms have a green field (background) and the charge is a birch tree branch with three leaves. The branch and leaves have a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The green color in the field symbolizes the importance of agriculture in the municipality. The arms are a canting of the Norwegian word bjørk which means birch (it

600-498: The arms have a green field (background) and the charge is a stonemason's hammer . The hammer has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The green color in the field symbolizes the importance of forestry and agriculture in the municipality. The hammer was chosen to symbolize the importance of mining in the area (such as quartz and nickel ). The arms were designed by Ulf Skauge. The municipal flag has

630-589: The current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Birkenes (incomplete list): Agriculture and logging are important sources of employment, but the municipality also has a small industrial base with about 400 different work sites. The largest enterprise is Owens Corning with approximately 180 employees. Other larger businesses include Uldal Vinduer og Dører , Foss Bad , Scanflex , KOAB Industrier , and Birkeland Trykkeri . The Sørland Line provides rail service at Herefoss Station . Prior to 1953,

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660-547: The definition of "urban area" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the center only than when suburban settlements and intervening rural areas are included, as in the agglomeration or metropolitan area (the latter sometimes including neighboring cities). In comparison, based on a world population of 8 billion, the world's inhabitants, if conceptualized as a loose crowd occupying just under 1 m (10 sq ft) per person (cf. Jacobs Method ), would occupy an area of 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi)

690-487: The first Birkenes Church was built there. The first element is birki which means " birch wood". The last element is nes which means " headland ". This farm is located on the south side of what is now the village of Mollestad . The coat of arms was granted on 5 December 1986. The official blazon is " Vert , a birch branch with three leaves argent issuant from the base" ( Norwegian : I grønt en oppvoksende sølv bjørkekvist med tre blader ). This means

720-509: The municipality of Birkenes, creating a much larger municipality with a population of 3,050. On 1 January 1970, two uninhabited areas of Neset and Råbudal in the neighboring municipality of Froland were transferred to Birkenes (these areas were formerly in the municipality of Mykland prior to 1967). On 1 January 1979, the uninhabited area of Landheia in Froland was transferred to the control of Birkenes municipality. Later, on 1 January 1986,

750-564: The municipality of Birkenes. It is part of the Vest-Nedenes prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . The historic parish of Tveit had to be divided into two formannskapsdistrikts on 1 January 1838 because the main part of Tveit belonged to the county of Lister og Mandal and the annex of Birkenæs belonged to the county of Nedenæs and the new law said a municipality could only exist in one county, not two. Therefore,

780-602: The parish was split and Birkenæs municipality was created in Nedenæs county. On 1 January 1883, an uninhabited part of Birkenes was transferred to the control of neighboring Landvik municipality. Starting in the 1960s, Norway enacted many municipal reforms such as mergers and border adjustments stemming from the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1967, the neighboring municipalities of Herefoss (population: 585) and Vegusdal (population: 582) were merged into

810-603: The same design as the coat of arms. The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Iveland. It is part of the Otredal prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . Although nothing is found in written sources about Iveland before the 15th century, there is evidence of occupation for thousands of years prior to that. Stone Age implements have been found, which are 4000–5000 years old. A King's road ( Norwegian : Kongevegen ), which allowed horse travel, went in an east–west direction through

840-443: The scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes of reduced fertility in low population densities are: Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county , city , country , another territory or the entire world . The world's population

870-411: Was established on 1 January 1886, when the old municipality of Hornnes og Iveland was split into two municipalities: Iveland (population 1103) and Hornnes (population 1113). The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time. The municipality (originally the parish ) is named after the old Iveland farm ( Old Norse : Ífuland ) since the first Iveland Church was built there. This old farm

900-541: Was removed between Byglandsfjord and Beihølen. When it was constructed, it revived the lumber industry. Large quantities of planks, poles, and timbers were brought by horse to the Iveland station and forwarded by railroad to Kristiansand . This resulted in better prices, since it provided competition with the floated timber. Iveland is the smallest municipality in Setesdal . The Otra river, which flows through Iveland,

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