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60-456: Iver Huitfeldt was born in the Norwegian town of Halden . He lost his mother at the age of six and his father died six years later. Both his parents died in his childhood years and he was therefore later raised by his stepmother with whom he moved to the Norwegian area of Hurum . At the age of 16 he sent an application to Christian V of Denmark-Norway in which he applied to join the navy. It

120-654: A Baroque garden and an English landscape garden . The buildings have their oldest origins of the late 1600s, but were largely built during the last half of the 1700s. The main building contains authentic furnishings including period furniture, hunting trophies, an extensive collection of art and a large weapons collection. Rød Herregård was owned and inhabited by members of the Tank and Anker families from 1733 including Carsten Tank and Nils Otto Tank as well as Peter Martin Anker and Nils Anker . The manor house and estate complex

180-659: A city municipality ( Norwegian : herred ), and in 1928, the name was changed back to Halden. Tistedalen , which is 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Halden, was part of the city from 1686 to 1967, until it was separated from Halden. At the same time, the area of Halden, Tistedalen, and the rural municipalities of Berg and Idd , became the Halden municipality on 1 January 1967. The political situation in Halden has become infamous in Norway for conflicts between individual politicians and between local political parties. The municipality

240-461: A mortal struggle seemed to point to nothing but peace and friendship in the future. Charles's suspicion of Denmark-Norway led him to a further assault on his neighbor. Terror was the first feeling produced at Copenhagen by the landing of the main Swedish army at Korsør on Zealand on 17 July 1658. None had anticipated the possibility of such a sudden and brutal attack, and everyone knew that

300-519: A source of danger to Denmark-Norway . He felt that temperament and policy would combine to make Charles an aggressive warrior-king: the only uncertainty was in which direction he would turn his arms first. Charles's invasion of Poland in July 1655 came as a distinct relief to Frederick, even though the Polish War was full of latent peril to Denmark. Frederick was resolved upon a rupture with Sweden at

360-451: A steady influx of international guest scientists to the city, many of whom made Halden their permanent homes. Nexans has a large cable factory in Halden. The main products from this factory are submarine power cables , umbilical cables for subsea installations, and cable systems for heating of subsea pipelines . Rød Herregård in Halden is one of the best preserved manor houses in Norway. The property features well-preserved buildings,

420-669: A war, which was never formally declared. The Swedish king confounded all the plans of his enemies with the March across the Belts in January and February 1658. The effect of this unheard-of achievement of crossing the frozen sea to invade Danish territory was crushing. Frederick at once sued for peace. Yielding to the persuasions of the English and French ministers, Charles finally agreed to be content with mutilating, instead of annihilating,

480-565: A week at Halden Prison for the Netflix documentary Inside the World's Toughest Prisons (Season 3, Episode 4). Halden is twinned with: Frederick III of Denmark Frederick III ( Danish : Frederik ; 18 March 1609 – 9 February 1670 ) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death in 1670. He also governed under the name Frederick II as diocesan administrator (colloquially referred to as prince-bishop) of

540-543: A “reputation as the world's most humane prison.” The architectural design of this prison is not like other prisons. The conditions inside the prison have been made as much like life outside the walls as possible. It is in fact to create an environment “as unprisonlike as possible.” This reflects the flagship of the Norwegian justice system, which focuses on rehabilitation rather than punishment. To explore what makes incarceration in Norway different from being imprisoned in other countries, British journalist Raphael Rowe spent

600-458: Is both a town and a municipality in Østfold county , Norway . The municipality borders Sarpsborg to the northwest, Rakkestad to the north and Aremark to the east, as well as the Swedish municipalities Strömstad , Tanum and Dals-Ed respectively to the southwest, south and southeast. The seat of the municipality, Halden is a border town located at the mouth of the Tista river on

660-850: Is governed by the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party , the Christian Democratic Party , the Centre Party , and the Green Party . The slogan, Halden, IT- og Miljøbyen (Halden, IT and Environment City), is a reference to Halden's relatively large number of information technology companies. In the late 1960s, the most powerful mainframe computer in Norway at the time was located at the Institute for Energy Technology 's facilities in Halden. From

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720-442: Is host to East-Norway 1 division. In addition there is a separate amateur league with two divisions. Several curlers from Halden have won Norwegian championships and competed internationally. Halden's forests are a good place for orienteering ; and hiking , canoeing , boating, fishing , and gymnastics are also popular sports amongst Halden's population. Halden fengsel is one of Norway's highest-security jails. It has acquired

780-559: Is in Halden. Petroglyphs (rock carvings) dated from the Nordic Bronze Age are found around town, some locally, but more impressive are ones found along Oldtidsveien , the historical road between Halden and Fredrikstad some 20 km (12 mi) north, and around Tanum in Sweden, some 60 km (37 mi) to the south. Jellhaugen , a major tumulus (grave mound) is found west of town, situated only 120 feet away from

840-519: Is led by Christian L. Rødsrud of the Museum of Cultural History. It is estimated to be over 20 metres long, although only parts of the keel have survived. This would mean that the boat is of a similar size to the Gokstad ship . The identity of the boat's occupant has not yet been confirmed, but experts have speculated that it may have belonged to a king or queen. Outdoor concerts are frequently held at

900-527: Is located in Halden. The Halden Boiling Water Reactor is a research reactor located 100 metres (328 ft) within Månefjell, adjacent to the Saugbrugs paper mill. The OECD Halden Reactor Project is one of the world's longest running international research collaborations and is the largest international research project in Norway. While the reactor closed in 2018, safety-oriented research collaboration for

960-509: Is responsible for the manor house, buildings and gardens. Ankerske Foundation Collections ( Stiftelsen De Ankerske Samlinger ) is responsible for the contents and the rich archives related to the property. Halden sights include the Halden Canal system, the two Svinesund bridges, and Høiåsmasten , a partially guyed TV tower. The fortress of Fredriksten has historical museums, and the Østfold University College ( Høgskolen i Østfold )

1020-643: The 1660 state of emergency in Denmark . At the September 1660 gathering of the Estates, intended to solve the financial problems faced after the wars, Frederick played the different Estates against each other. He succeeded in gaining support for the hereditary monarchy, the annulment of the Haandfæstning , and the institution of absolute monarchical rule by decree. During the last ten years of his reign,

1080-568: The Iddefjord , the southernmost border crossing between Norway and Sweden . The town of Halden is located about 120 km (75 mi) south of Oslo , 190 km (120 mi) north of Gothenburg , and 12 km (7.5 mi) west of the border crossing at Svinesund . Evidence of early human settlements in this region of Norway have been found, particularly in the Svinesund area of the municipality where evidence of early settlements from

1140-544: The Netherlands and France . As a young man, he demonstrated an interest in theology , natural sciences , and Scandinavian history . He was a reserved and enigmatic prince who seldom laughed, spoke little, and wrote less, a striking contrast to Christian IV. Even though he lacked the impulsive and jovial qualities of his father, Frederick possessed the compensating virtues of moderation and self-control. On 1 October 1643 Frederick wed Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg ,

1200-412: The Nordic Bronze Age have been found. Named after a small farm Hallen (English: "rise" or "slope" ) first mentioned in 1629, "Halden", became the city of Fredrikshald in 1665, named after Frederick III of Denmark . The Gud med oss ( God be with us ) coat-of-arms created in 1665 shows a knight standing on a mountain, yellow on a blue background, and was inspired by the bravery of the citizens of

1260-659: The Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–29 and again 1634–44), and named coadjutor of the Bishopric of Halberstadt . Thus, from an early age, he had considerable experience as an administrator. At the age of eighteen, he was the chief commandant of the Bremian fortress of Stade . During the Torstenson War of 1643–45, Frederick lost control of his possessions within the empire. He was then appointed commander in

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1320-537: The Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–29 and again 1634–44), and the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–45). The second-eldest son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg , Frederick was only considered an heir to the throne after the death of his older brother Prince Christian in 1647. He instituted absolute monarchy in Denmark-Norway in 1660, confirmed by law in 1665 as

1380-527: The 1960s-1980s, Halden was infamous for high levels of industrial pollution , largely originating from the Norske Skog Saugbrugs paper mill (part of Norske Skog since 1989). As a result of projects initiated by both Norske Skog-Saugbrugs and the city authorities, the polluted fjords and rivers of Halden have been cleaned up and the city was dubbed Norway's Environment City in 1996. One of Norway's two nuclear reactors under decommissioning

1440-464: The Danish capital was very inadequately fortified and garrisoned. During this war, Frederick attained great popularity in the general public, as he rebuked the advice of his counsellors to flee Copenhagen with the memorable words "I will die in my nest" and actively led the defense of the city. On 8 August, representatives from all Estates in the capital urged the necessity of a vigorous resistance, and

1500-533: The Danish monarchy. The Treaty of Taastrup was signed on 18 February and the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658. The conclusion of peace was followed by a remarkable episode. Frederick expressed the desire to make the personal acquaintance of his conqueror and Charles X consented to be his guest for three days, 3 to 5 March, at Frederiksborg Palace . Splendid banquets lasting far into the night and intimate conversations between princes who had only just emerged from

1560-773: The Danish-Norwegian throne. However, this issue was still unsettled when Christian IV died on 28 February 1648. After long deliberation among the Danish Estates and in Rigsraadet (royal council), he was finally accepted as his father's successor. On 6 July, Frederick received the homage of his subjects, and he was crowned on 23 November. However, due to misgivings about the rule of Christian IV, as well as Frederick's previous confrontational administrations in Bremen and Verden and his quarrels with Anders Bille , he

1620-576: The Dutch-English navy was defeated by the French fleet under the command of admiral Tourville . An admiral he served under just two years later at the Battle of La Hogue , where the French navy was defeated by a Dutch-English fleet. In 1691 he got the title as captain in the Danish-Norwegian fleet and in 1704 he was appointed commander. This year the king also ordered Iver Huitfeldt to take charge of

1680-753: The Premier Division, and while the local ice hockey team Comet did play in the GET-league (Norway's highest ice hockey division) for some years, but they ran into some financial problems in 2008/2009, and is now in division 1. Halden also has many football clubs, the biggest of them, Kvik Halden FK , plays in the Norwegian Second Division. The two handball clubs, Tistedalens TIF in the first division and HK Halden , have teams for children, youth and adults. One of Norway's few curling centres lies in Halden. Halden Curling Center

1740-800: The Return Fleet from the Dutch East Indies from the English navy. The English had blocked the English Channel , forcing the Return Fleet to sail all around the British Isles. The Dutch took refuge in Bergen, Norway , pursued by English warships. There they were protected by the fortress at the harbor, whose commander treated them as Danish allies. The English urged Frederick to seize the Return Fleet for himself, claiming that it

1800-513: The Swedish fleet. Due to Dannebroge 's strategic position, this decision allowed the rest of the Danish-Norwegian fleet to escape, but led to the deaths of almost the entire crew. The corpse of Iver Huitfeldt was later found on the beach in Køge Bugt. According to the commander in chief of the Danish-Norwegian navy, Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve , the fire on Dannebroge was probably ignited by

1860-538: The University of Oslo has dated it to earliest AD 733. Originally interred beneath a burial mound , in the present day the ship lies 40 centimetres below the topsoil due to years of ploughing . Due to extensive fungus damage to the hull caused by field drainage, drought and exposure to the air, archaeologists called for an immediate dig to save the ship. Excavation of the ship at Gjellestad began in June 2020, and

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1920-594: The administrative structure from chancellery to resort colleges and replaced the administrative divisions of fiefs with amt counties. In 1665, the Kongeloven ( Lex Regia ) was introduced: the “constitution” of Danish-Norwegian absolute monarchy, and the first assertion of divine right underpinned by a written constitution in Europe. It decreed that the Monarch "shall from this day forth be revered and considered

1980-660: The age of ten, became an influential architect, whose works include seventy-eight churches (including Immanuel Church in Halden), the Bank of Norway , the Oslo Stock Exchange , and the original university buildings in Oslo. Current archaeological excavations includes Jellestadskipet (Gjellestadskipet) located a stone's throw from Jellhaugen ; it was first photographed in 2018. The Halden VBK volleyball club plays in

2040-412: The citizens of Copenhagen, headed by the mayor Hans Nansen , protested their unshakable loyalty to the king and their determination to defend Copenhagen to the uttermost. The Danes had only three weeks of warning of the approaching danger, and the vast and dilapidated line of defence had at first only 2,000 regular defenders. But the government and the people displayed a memorable and exemplary energy under

2100-603: The city in the Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660) . Swedish forces unsuccessfully attempted to invade the town six times between 1658 and 1814. As a reference to the town's citizens burning their own houses to prevent them being taken on 4 July 1716 by the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden, Halden is one of only two cities in Norway's national anthem . In 1718, the Great Northern War ended when Charles XII

2160-464: The common interests of the country and the dynasty. The traditional loyalty of the Danish middle classes was transformed into enthusiasm for the king personally, and for a brief period Frederick found himself the most popular man in his kingdom. He made use of his popularity by converting the elective monarchy into an absolute monarchy by the Revolution of 1660. To ensure this conversion he instituted

2220-433: The constant supervision of the king and queen and mayor Nansen. By the beginning of September, all the breaches were repaired, the walls bristled with cannons, and 7,000 men were under arms. So strong was the city by this time that Charles X, abandoning his original intention of carrying the place by assault, began a regular siege. This he also was forced to abandon when an auxiliary Dutch fleet reinforced and reprovisioned

2280-569: The daughter of George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , who had an energetic, passionate, and ambitious character. He was an enthusiastic collector of books and his collection became the foundation for the Copenhagen Royal Library . In his youth, Frederick became the instrument of his father's political schemes in the Holy Roman Empire . He was granted administration of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–45),

2340-515: The death of his father, Frederick III conceded significant influence to the nobility. As king, he fought losing wars against Sweden. He was defeated in the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658 , and in the Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660 . However, when it seemed like king Charles X Gustav of Sweden was about to suffer a catastrophic defeat in the Second Northern War , Frederick III declared war on Sweden. Unexpectedly, Charles X Gustav crossed

2400-454: The early autumn. Popular destinations for hikers and other nature lovers include Prestebakke and Kornsjø . Halden's meteorological station is at Buer. The Gjellestad ( Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈjɛ̂lːəˌstɑːd] ) ship, also spelt Jellestad, is the remains of a Viking Age longship found at the farm of Gjellestad in Halden municipality in Norway in 2018 by the archeologists Lars Gustavsen and Erich Nau. A 2019 examination by

2460-746: The festival was moved to Oslo in 2019) and a vegetarian food festival in August. Artists born in Halden that are represented in the Norwegian National Gallery in Oslo include Thomas Fearnley (1802–1842) and Jacob Mathias Calmeyer (1802–1883). Fearnley is locally exhibited at the manor house Rød Herregård. Other significant artists that lived in Halden, but were not born there, include Johannes Fintoe (1786–1870) and Heinrich August Grosch (1763–1843). Grosch's son, Christian Heinrich Grosch (1801–1865), who moved with his parents to Halden at

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2520-422: The first convenient opportunity. When Rigsdagen assembled on 23 February 1657, it willingly granted considerable subsidies for mobilization and other military expenses. On 23 April he received the assent of the majority of Rigsraadet to attack Sweden's German dominions . In the beginning of May, the still pending negotiations with that power were broken off, and on 1 June Frederick signed the manifesto justifying

2580-640: The first in Western historiography . He also ordered the creation of the Throne Chair of Denmark . After failed and costly aggressive wars under Christian IV, most Danes did not want to go to war again. According to Cathal Nolan, when Frederick III became king in 1648, he was excluded from the talks leading to the Peace of Westphalia and had to watch as Bremen was lost to rivaling Sweden , also freed from paying Oresund Tolls . In order to be elected king after

2640-543: The fortress while the local churches, pubs, and student union are regular venues for indoor concerts. Musicians recorded by the Hitsville and Athletic Sound studios in the Halden region include Motorpsycho , Madrugada , Morten Harket , and Kurt Nilsen . The city's intimate theatre hosts frequent plays by national and local theatre groups, and occasionally serves as a concert hall. Halden festivals include Tons of Rock (hard rock and metal) in June each year (from 2014 before

2700-483: The frozen Belts to Zealand and appeared with 5,000 men near Copenhagen. Frederick III was unprepared and forced to sign the Treaty of Roskilde . Frederick disbanded the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1814 in Norway and 1848 in Denmark. He married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg , with whom he fathered Christian V of Denmark . Frederick was born at Haderslev in Slesvig ,

2760-689: The garrison and defeated him on 29 October in the Battle of the Sound . The Dutch then assisted in the liberation of the Danish Isles in 1659. Thus, the Danish capital had saved the Danish monarchy. The war was ended by the Treaty of Copenhagen in May 1660, which confirmed the cession of Scania , Halland , and Blekinge from the Treaty of Roskilde, while Bornholm and parts of Schleswig reverted to Denmark. Frederick III profited by his spirited defense of

2820-549: The king again took a relative obscure position while the new monarchy was built up and the country tried to recover after the wars. New men came into government, which was marked by a rivalry between the ministers and councillors like Hannibal Sehested and the king's favourite Kristoffer Gabel . During the early and mid 1660s there was an influential circle around Sehested, Frederik Ahlefeldt , Peter Bülche , Hans Svane , Jacob Petersen and Theodor Lente , who became increasingly opposed to Gabel. Frederick concentrated on changing

2880-662: The most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone." This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm . In 1665, Frederick had an opportunity to repay the Netherlands for their support, by protecting

2940-653: The nuclear power industry has continued, focusing primarily on human-technology-organisation research. IFE's Man-Technology-Organisation Lab facility in Os Alle was opened by the Prince Regent in 2004 and houses the most recent incarnations of the Halden Man-Machine Laboratory (HAMMLAB) and Halden Virtual Reality Centre's (HVRC) VR laboratory. IFE also has advanced robotics and cybersecurity labs in Halden. The Halden Project at IFE has ensured

3000-584: The royal shares in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein by his father. His command was not successful, chiefly owing to his quarrels with the Earl-Marshal Anders Bille , who commanded the Danish forces. This was Frederick's first collision with the Danish nobility , who afterwards regarded him with extreme distrust. The death of his elder brother Christian in June 1647 opened the possibility for Frederick to be elected heir apparent to

3060-428: The ship's own cannons. Gyldenløve mentions this in his letter to the king, where Gyldenløve also regrets that a "brave and talented" officer should die in such a miserable way. Gyldenløve followed the battle from his ship Elephanten and wrote the letter at about 9 o'clock in the morning of October 5. Halden Halden ( pronounced [ˈhɑ̀ɫdn̩] ), between 1665 and 1928 known as Fredrikshald ,

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3120-490: The shipyard in Kristiansand , a position he held until 1707. Iver Huitfeldt was killed in action during the Great Northern War at a battle in Køge Bugt on 4 October 1710. The Danish-Norwegian fleet was engaged by the Swedish fleet, and Huitfeldt's ship Dannebroge exploded after a fire on deck reached the gunpowder depot. After the ship caught fire, Huitfeldt ordered his crew to remain onboard and continue firing at

3180-401: The site of the later discovered Gjellestad Ship . Halden is surrounded by forests and water, so hiking and fishing locations can easily be found. Deer and elk are a common sight, and wolves have also been observed in the district along the border with Sweden . Raspberries , blackberries , blueberries , wild cranberries , and many varieties of mushroom can be found in the woods in

3240-440: The son of Christian IV and Anne Catherine of Brandenburg . In his youth and early manhood, there was no prospect of his ascending the Danish-Norwegian throne, as his older brother Christian was elected heir apparent of Denmark in 1608, and was proclaimed as heir apparent of Norway in 1610. During his early childhood, he was raised under the supervision of Beate Huitfeldt . Frederick was educated at Sorø Academy and studied in

3300-442: The two most influential members of Rigsraadet from office in 1651: his brothers-in-law Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested . Ulfeldt went into exile in Sweden where he turned traitor, while Sehested was restored to favour in 1660. With all his good qualities, Frederick was not a man to recognize fully his own limitations and that of his country. But he rightly regarded the accession of Charles X of Sweden on 6 June 1654 as

3360-427: Was granted and he started the trainee programme of the Danish-Norwegian navy. As a part of the trainee period he first served in the Dutch fleet before later joining the French fleet. He returned to do service in the Danish-Norwegian fleet in 1689 as a 24-year-old lieutenant, but in the following year he returned to do service in the Dutch navy to get more experience. He participated in the Battle of Beachy Head , where

3420-584: Was more valuable than the whole of his kingdom. Instead of protecting the Dutch, Frederick agreed to collaborate with the English in seizing the Return Fleet. But before the Danish-Norwegian fleet or word of the deal reached Bergen, the English attacked, and were defeated in the Battle of Vågen by the Dutch, supported by the fortress. Frederick III died at Copenhagen Castle and is interred in Roskilde Cathedral . Frederick married Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Castle Glücksburg on 1 October 1643. The marriage had been arranged in 1640. Frederick was, at

3480-457: Was only elected after he had signed a Haandfæstning charter. The Haandfæstning included provisions curtailing the already diminished royal prerogative in favour of increased influence for the Rigsraadet . In the first years of his reign, Rigsraadet was the main power center of Danish politics. However, Frederick wielded more effective power than what the Haandfæstning officially granted. He eventually succeeded in removing

3540-437: Was owned by the Tank family through three generations, from 1733 to 1829. Both Danish Crown Prince regent Christian Frederik and Swedish Crown Prince and Regent Charles John were guests at the mansion. The estate was visited by English economist Thomas Robert Malthus during his European tour in 1799. In 1961, two foundations were established to maintain the historic property. Rød Manor Foundation ( Stiftelsen Rød Herregård )

3600-473: Was shot and killed at the Fredriksten fortress. The fortress had been erected in the 17th century as a replacement for the Bohus Fortress lost at the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 when Bohuslän was ceded to Sweden. Halden has never been captured by force by any invading army, although it was occupied by Nazi forces in WWII . In an 1835 census , Fredrikshald was the seventh largest town or city in Norway, with 4,921 inhabitants. In 1838, Fredrikshald became

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