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112-644: The Iwai Rebellion ( 磐井の乱 , Iwai no Ran ) was a rebellion against the Yamato court that took place in Tsukushi Province , Japan (now nearby Ogōri city in Fukuoka Prefecture ) in 527 AD. The rebellion was named after its leader, Iwai, who is believed by historians to have been a powerful governor of Tsukushi. The rebellion was quelled by the Yamato court, and played an important part in

224-539: A 2 t 3 k v ρ 1 3 ( c 4 + c 1 e − a 1 t + c 2 e − a 2 t ) 2 3 {\displaystyle \Delta L(t)=-{\frac {c_{1}e^{-a_{1}t}+c_{2}e^{-a_{2}t}}{3k_{v}\rho ^{\frac {1}{3}}\left(c_{4}+c_{1}e^{-a_{1}t}+c_{2}e^{-a_{2}t}\right)^{\frac {2}{3}}}}} where c 1 , c 2 , and c 4 are some coefficients,

336-535: A 1 and a 2 are positive constants. The formula is useful for correct approximation of samples data before data normalization procedure. The typical forms of the function Δ L ( t ) of annual growth of wood ring are shown in the figures. Dendrochronology allows specimens of once-living material to be accurately dated to a specific year. Dates are often represented as estimated calendar years B.P. , for before present, where "present" refers to 1 January 1950. Timber core samples are sampled and used to measure

448-549: A German professor of forest pathology, wrote a series of papers on the anatomy and ecology of tree rings. In 1892, the Russian physicist Fedor Nikiforovich Shvedov  [ ro ; ru ; uk ] (1841–1905) wrote that he had used patterns found in tree rings to predict droughts in 1882 and 1891. During the first half of the twentieth century, the astronomer A. E. Douglass founded the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at

560-530: A Japanese ally, was attacked from two sides by the kingdoms of Silla and Goguryeo, and sent 513 Confucian scholars to Yamato with a request for help. Before Yamato could send aid to Mimana and Baekje, Iwai, the governor of the Tsukushi region (semi-autonomous Kumaso region in northern Kyushu ), made a treacherous alliance with the Silla kingdom, thus blocking the Yamato kingdom's attempts to send aid to Korea. This

672-711: A book for the general public that multiple dynasties could have existed in the Kinki region at the time of the Iwai Rebellion , and that before the Emperor Keitai The term "Yamato Court" should be used only from the 6th century after Emperor Tsugitai, as "there may be cases where the Yamato Court is unrelated to the Emperor Keitai . Kazuhiko Seki said that "kingship" is "the political power of

784-399: A certain degree of social stratification and organization, such as differences in status between the governing nobles ( 大人 , taijin ) , commoners ( 下戸 , geko , lit.   ' lower households ' ) , and slaves of the state ( 生口 , seikō , lit.   ' living people ' ) ; a system of punishment and taxation ; and the establishment of an inspector-like office under

896-538: A community of privileged groups assembled as the king's vassals" is "the center of a hierarchical unity" of "a race of subordinates to the king, with the king as their apex authority", which "emerged clearly in the Kofun period . On the other hand, Taiichiro Shiraishi refers to the "coalition of political forces from all over the Japanese archipelago except for the north and south" and the "wide-area political coalition" as

1008-401: A gradual replacement of wooden panels by canvas as the support for paintings, which means the technique is less often applicable to later paintings. In addition, many panel paintings were transferred onto canvas or other supports during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The dating of buildings with wooden structures and components is also done by dendrochronology; dendroarchaeology is

1120-810: A layer of cells near the bark. A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons , or one year, in the tree's life. As of 2023, securely dated tree-ring data for Germany and Ireland are available going back 13,910 years. A new method is based on measuring variations in oxygen isotopes in each ring, and this 'isotope dendrochronology' can yield results on samples which are not suitable for traditional dendrochronology due to too few or too similar rings. Some regions have "floating sequences", with gaps which mean that earlier periods can only be approximately dated. As of 2024, only three areas have continuous sequences going back to prehistoric times,

1232-512: A much greater number have been analysed. A portrait of Mary, Queen of Scots in the National Portrait Gallery, London was believed to be an eighteenth-century copy. However, dendrochronology revealed that the wood dated from the second half of the sixteenth century. It is now regarded as an original sixteenth-century painting by an unknown artist. On the other hand, dendrochronology was applied to four paintings depicting

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1344-452: A precise date of the death of the tree a full sample to the edge is needed, which most trimmed timber will not provide. It also gives data on the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in wood found in archaeology or works of art and architecture, such as old panel paintings . It is also used as a check in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages . New growth in trees occurs in

1456-503: A reference for subsequent European naturalists. In the U.S., Alexander Catlin Twining (1801–1884) suggested in 1833 that patterns among tree rings could be used to synchronize the dendrochronology of various trees and thereby to reconstruct past climates across entire regions. The English polymath Charles Babbage proposed using dendrochronology to date the remains of trees in peat bogs or even in geological strata (1835, 1838). During

1568-480: A relative internal chronology, they cannot be dendro-matched with the main Holocene absolute chronology. However, 14C analyses performed at high resolution on overlapped absolute and floating tree-rings series enable one to link them almost absolutely and hence to extend the calibration on annual tree rings until ≈13 900 cal yr BP." Herbchronology is the analysis of annual growth rings (or simply annual rings) in

1680-597: A section against another chronology (tree-ring history) whose dates are known. A fully anchored and cross-matched chronology for oak and pine in central Europe extends back 12,460 years, and an oak chronology goes back 7,429 years in Ireland and 6,939 years in England . Comparison of radiocarbon and dendrochronological ages supports the consistency of these two independent dendrochronological sequences. Another fully anchored chronology that extends back 8,500 years exists for

1792-424: A small part of the radius of the trunk. Consequently, dating studies usually result in a terminus post quem (earliest possible) date, and a tentative date for the arrival of a seasoned raw panel using assumptions as to these factors. As a result of establishing numerous sequences, it was possible to date 85–90% of the 250 paintings from the fourteenth to seventeenth century analysed between 1971 and 1982; by now

1904-399: A sovereign title, and that it is inappropriate to use the term "Imperial Court" in a situation where the various governmental systems are not in place. For example, Kazuhiko Seki defines "imperial court" as "the political seat of the emperor" and argues that it is inappropriate to refer to the 4th century and 5th century regimes as the "Yamato Imperial Court" and Kito Kiyoaki also argued in

2016-465: A specific region had only a specific sub-region as their base, then phenomena such as the "successive relocations" in the Chronicles would not have occurred. 。 Yoshimura's view is that regardless of the early or late appearance of the anterior and posterior round burial mounds, there is a discrepancy of several decades between the time of the establishment of the Yamato kingship and the appearance of

2128-560: A stage where they can actually be called established techniques, and many researchers have pointed out shortcomings and problems with their accuracy and measurement methods of the Kofun period. 。 In this article, these "Yamato Imperial Court ( 大和朝廷 ) " and "Yamato Kingship ( ヤマト王権 ) " will be explained. In the first half of the Kofun period, terms such as "Yamato Kingship ( 倭王権 ) ," "Yamato Regime ( ヤマト政権 ) ," and "Yamato Government ( 倭政権 ) " have also been used in recent years (for details, see

2240-412: A topic in comprehensive ancient history research that also takes into account Chinese archival materials , or in archaeological research based on archaeological materials , the words "Yamato (Yamato) kingship" and "Yamato Court" are used interchangeably. In some cases, words such as "Yamato (Yamato) kingship" and "Yamato Imperial Court" are used interchangeably for chronological purposes. For example. In

2352-731: A watchful function, were built in high places unsuitable for rice cultivation, and that many of the bodies in the tombs, which were clearly killed or injured in the battle , were unearthed. In the Jōmon period , stone arrowheads were used exclusively as tools for hunting small animals, but in the Yayoi period , they had become larger and were transformed into weapons that could be used against humans. These archaeological evidences suggest that conflicts between small countries were fierce. The Wajinden states that Himiko came to prominence in Yamatai in

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2464-417: A wide ring, while a drought year may result in a very narrow one. Direct reading of tree ring chronologies is a complex science, for several reasons. First, contrary to the single-ring-per-year paradigm, alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid-summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. In addition, particular tree species may present "missing rings", and this influences

2576-691: Is a huge site comparable to the Fujiwara Palace at the end of the 7th century , which is about ten times larger than the Karako-Kagi site, one of the largest moat encircling settlements in Japan, and about six times larger than the Yoshinogari site . It is said to be a huge ruin, possibly surpassing the scale of Taga Castle ruins . 。Takemitsu Makoto states that the Garou site is the birthplace of

2688-636: Is a term used to designate a layer of deformed, collapsed tracheids and traumatic parenchyma cells in tree ring analysis. They are formed when air temperature falls below freezing during a period of cambial activity. They can be used in dendrochronology to indicate years that are colder than usual. Dates from dendrochronology can be used as a calibration and check of radiocarbon dating . This can be done by checking radiocarbon dates against long master sequences, with Californian bristle-cone pines in Arizona being used to develop this method of calibration as

2800-406: Is also confusion. The ancient historian Yukihisa Yamao explains that "Yamato kingship" "refers to the power structure of kings established in the central Kinki region in the 4th and 5th centuries, and is seen in the emperor genealogies of Kojiki and Nihon Shoki as corresponding roughly from Sujin to Yūryaku ". In another book, Yamao also defines "kingship" as "an organism of power in which

2912-504: Is appropriate to prevent confusion between the two. 。 On the other hand, there are researchers who use the "Yamato" notation, such as Takemitsu mentioned above. 。 According to Takemitsu, the ancients called the area at the foot of Mt. Miwa "Yamato," a name that distinguished it from other areas in the Nara Basin such as " Asuka " and "Ikaruga," and the current terminology of calling the entire Nara Prefecture "Yamato" did not appear until

3024-472: Is how the Kofun period began in most areas of the Japanese archipelago, and Kofun tombs were constructed in earnest. Below, the following three periods are set as the period division of the Kofun period, as is commonly accepted. This division is further subdivided into the first half of the early period (first half of the 4th century), the second half of the early period (second half of the 4th century),

3136-409: Is more uniform (complacent). In addition, some genera of trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. For instance, the bristlecone pine is exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, and has been used extensively for chronologies; still-living and dead specimens of this species provide tree-ring patterns going back thousands of years, in some regions more than 10,000 years. Currently,

3248-801: Is no mention of a queen in the extant Book of Jin , although the Siyi biography and the Wudieki do mention a Japanese tribute in 266. In addition, the location of the Kununokuni is to the south of the Yamatai Kingdom . In the Wajinden , there is another Japanese country a thousand miles across the sea to the east of the Yamatai Kingdom, and in the west of the Yamatai Kingdom is the Land of

3360-431: Is not necessarily strictly defined and there is no common understanding of the use of the word The term Yamato court has three meanings: In the pre-war period, the term was used in the sense of 1. but after the war, it came to mean simply "the government of the Yamato period or Kofun period " (2.). However, with the examination of the word "dynasty" and the progress of archaeology research on kofun , especially on

3472-513: Is not used for "Yamato", but 倭 is written. In the third century, the description about Yamataikoku is appeared in the Wajinden , in the Book of Wei . With the enactment of the Taiho Ritsuryō ( Taihō Code ) in 701, a name of country (as well as a name of county and village) was to be written in two characters, and accordingly, the expression of the country was changed to 大倭 (the reading

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3584-419: Is often referred to as an "emergence period tomb. However, due to the technical shortcomings of Radiocarbon dating and Dendrochronology , and the large discrepancy between the measured values and the written records, some argue for a fourth century appearance based on conventional pottery dating. The uniformity of the tumulus during the period of its appearance (the first half of the Kofun period) shows that

3696-423: Is problematic whether the construction of a burial mound implies the establishment of a regime or a state," and argues that the conventional viewpoint that ascribes a political foundation to the location of a burial mound needs to be reconsidered. He argues that we need to reconsider the conventional viewpoint that ascribes political bases to the location of ancient tombs. If a group of chiefs exercising influence over

3808-472: Is the same Yamato ). After the some change in 737 by Fujiwara no Nakamaro and other reasons, the expression of the country was changed to 大和 (Yamato) in around late 757. Since the expression 大和 was used widely from the enactment of the Yōrō Code , there is an opinion that it is not appropriate to use this kanji name ( 大和 ) for the political center or power before the seventh century. 。However, there are

3920-426: Is the science of determining past climates from trees primarily from the properties of the annual tree rings. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum latewood density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width. Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous. Dendrochronology has become important to art historians in

4032-400: Is why this regime is called the "Yamato regime" or the "Yamato kingdom. This regime is sometimes referred to as the "anterior-anterior-cylindrical tomb system" because the establishment of the regime is based on the appearance of uniform anterior-anterior-cylindrical tombs. Yukihisa Yamao writes: "It is highly probable that a 'kingship' was established in the Kinki region in the latter half of

4144-449: Is width of annual ring, t is time (in years), ρ is density of wood, k v is some coefficient, M ( t ) is function of mass growth of the tree. Ignoring the natural sinusoidal oscillations in tree mass, the formula for the changes in the annual ring width is: Δ L ( t ) = − c 1 e − a 1 t + c 2 e −

4256-616: The Record of the Three kingdoms ( 魏志倭人伝 ), which says "there are currently 30 countries with which our envoys can contact and communicate", it is likely that the state of separation of small countries continued until the third century. In addition, from the description in the Book of Later Han , which reports "During the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of Han , Wakoku was largely disturbed, and countries fought each other, and thus there

4368-708: The Empress Jingu period of the Chronicles of Japan mentions that in 266 (the second year of Tai-chou (an error in "Tai-shi")), an envoy of the Queen of Japan went to Luoyang , the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, to pay tribute to Luoyang , the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, and this queen is thought to be Taiyou. Therefore, it is possible that the "Nihon Shoki" assumes that the actions of Taeyo were those of Empress Jingu. In addition, there

4480-697: The Kibi region . Shiraishi Taichiro states that Kibi was an important ally of the Yamato, as special vessels and vases that were erected on top of mounds in Kibi were adopted. 。 However, according to the Wajinden , Yamatai is located in the south of Ito Province, which is compared to Itoshima, and it is said that the country was prosecuted with a major leader in Ito Province, and that it produced ironware and Silk , which have only been excavated in Kyushu. Furthermore,

4592-566: The Korean peninsula , which at the time was divided into three kingdoms : Goguryeo , Paekje , and Silla . On several occasions (391 and 404), Japanese troops as allies of the Paekje kingdom invaded Korea and fought against the Silla and Goguryeo kingdoms. At the beginning of the 6th century, the rising Silla kingdom began to threaten Japan's allies in Korea. At the same time, the kingdom of Baekje,

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4704-470: The Kununokuni coalition, is none other than the Yamato government from the latter half of the third century onward. 。 As a basis for this, it is claimed that the site of Nara Prefecture was the center of a federation of small states in the Kinai region at that time. 。This site is located at the foot of Mt. Miwa in the southeastern part of the Nara Basin, where the "Great City" is said to have been located in

4816-529: The University of Arizona . Douglass sought to better understand cycles of sunspot activity and reasoned that changes in solar activity would affect climate patterns on earth, which would subsequently be recorded by tree-ring growth patterns ( i.e. , sunspots → climate → tree rings). Horizontal cross sections cut through the trunk of a tree can reveal growth rings, also referred to as tree rings or annual rings . Growth rings result from new growth in

4928-550: The Vistula region via ports of the Hanseatic League . Oak panels were used in a number of northern countries such as England , France and Germany . Wooden supports other than oak were rarely used by Netherlandish painters. Since panels of seasoned wood were used, an uncertain number of years has to be allowed for seasoning when estimating dates. Panels were trimmed of the outer rings, and often each panel only uses

5040-510: The Yayoi period , as there is the description of "Wa-kokuō Suishō" ( 倭国王帥升 , Suishō the King of Wa) dated 107 in the "History of Tō-i (Eastern I)" ( 東夷伝 ) in the Book of the Later Han , we can see that there were a certain territory called " Wa " and its monarch called "King". However, the details of the political organization are not known, and since there is a report in the Wajinden , in

5152-438: The vascular cambium , a layer of cells near the bark that botanists classify as a lateral meristem ; this growth in diameter is known as secondary growth . Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the seasons of the year; thus, critical for the title method, one ring generally marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Removal of the bark of the tree in a particular area may cause deformation of

5264-462: The "Yamato Imperial Court". The unique scallop-shaped burial mounds (called "scallop-shaped burial mounds. These mounds, with a mound length of 90 meters, are much larger than those in other regions, and they are also said to have inherited the culture of each region in a comprehensive manner, such as the four-cornered protruding mound tombs in the San'in region (Izumo) and the shield-built mound tombs in

5376-456: The "Yamato government", and states that it is "the leader of the coalition of chiefs of the Kinai and the coalition of political forces from all over the Japanese archipelago . The "Yamato kingship" is the name given to the "Kinai kingship, which was both the leader of the Kinai confederation of chiefs and the ally of the Yamato government, which was a federation of political forces from all over

5488-473: The 7th century. Takemitsu, who considers Garthrace to be the birthplace of the "Yamato Court," calls the whole area "Yamato," the ancient city. 。 The term " Royal court " has its original meaning as a governmental office where the Son of Heaven conducted political affairs such as dynastic government and Ritual , collectively known as dynastic rites. Bureaucracy with a Centralised Government and Emperor as

5600-727: The Andonzan burial mound (present-day Sojinryo). 。 In addition to the Kyushu dynasty theory, there is another theory that advocates the coexistence of two dynasties the Multiple dynasty theory, the Yamataikoku in Kyushu and the Yamato kingdom in the Kinai region, as well as the multiple dynasties theory that believes there were certain forces in ancient Izumo and Kibi. There is also a theory of multiple dynasties that believes that there were certain forces in Izumo and Kibi in ancient times. In

5712-547: The Asuka Period. remains , which are said to be traces of urban planning , have been found, and civil engineering works such as canal have been carried out. As a political city, more than 30 pits for storing ritual tools, ritual halls, and temporary buildings for rituals were found, and the site was located in the Tōkai region , Hokuriku , Kinki , Asan Setouchi, Kibi , Izumo, and a small number of northern Kyushu pottery. It

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5824-697: The Garenguma site, and therefore, the active exchange with the peninsula and Korea shown in the " Wajinden " has not been proven, and the Garenguma site is not the site of the Yamatai Kingdom. 。 In addition, there is an excavation of a large mirror with a flower design in the same size and style as the Yata no Kagami of the Three Sacred Treasures from the Hirabaru site in Itoshima, which raises

5936-428: The Japanese archipelago. Also, according to Yamao. The term is used to describe the period from the time of the completion of the kingship to the time of the unification of the tribes by the kingship (from the 490s), and the construction of the early state (from around 530). The term was first used by Ishimoda Tadashi in his Iwanami Koza Nihon Rekishi in 1962. It is also used as a concept of classification, but it

6048-537: The Japanese archipelago. This is an issue that Japanese academia attaches great importance to. In the course of the development of the tribes from the state of separation to the direction of union between the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the Japanese royal power had become the center of the tribes. In order to establish its position as a united ally, the Japanese royal power attached importance to foreign relations, paid tribute to China's Eastern Jin and Liu Song dynasties, and made every effort to maintain close relations with

6160-400: The Kinki region and other parts of western Japan. All of these tombs were either anterior-ventral or posterior-ventral mounds, and the bodies were buried in split bamboo wooden coffins several meters long inside pit-type stone chambers, and the secondary funerary objects included numerous bronze mirrors with magical meanings and weapons. This is often referred to as the "emergence period". This

6272-580: The Nishidenozuka burial mound (234 meters) in Tenri, Nara . Kofun (280 meters) and the Nishidenozuka tumulus (234 meters) in Tenri City , which are concentrated in the southeastern part of the Nara Basin (Yamato in the narrowest sense) and are isolated in scale from the rest of the region. This indicates that this political coalition was led by the forces of the Kinki region, centered on Yamato. This

6384-578: The Otomo clan, but Gaya fell to the Silla kingdom in 562. Yamato Kingship The Yamato Kingship refers to the regime that emerged in the Nara region ( Yamato region ) since the 4th century . But the term does not imply the origin of Japan , which is disputed in Japanese history . At the same time as the rise of the Nara Kingship , there were probably several or even dozens of power centers in

6496-464: The Rising Sun. To the northwest of the Yamatai Kingdom is Obikata County , and to the north is Itokoku. Taiichiro Shiraishi states, "The political coalition of the wide area centered on the Yamataikoku, which was greatly revolutionized by the reorganization of the coalition order following the death of Himiko in the middle of the third century and the expansion of the map following the merger with

6608-450: The academic community. As of 2020, "regime ( 政権 ) " and "kingship ( 王権 ) " are also used in the media, but "imperial court ( 朝廷 ) " is also used and is not unified. In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , completed in the first half of the eighth century , as well as in other documents, metal and stone writings, and wooden tablets from the seventh century and earlier, the characters 大和

6720-529: The anterior and posterior tombs, the word is increasingly used in a more limited sense, as in 3. At present, researchers and authors who use the term "Yamato Court" in the sense of 1. include Takemitsu Makoto and Takamori Akinori. Takemitsu, in his Encyclopedia of the Kojiki and Nihonshoki (1999), lists the Jimmu expedition and Naganohiko's setsuwa as the "origin of the Yamato Court". When using "Yamato Court" as

6832-644: The artifacts excavated from the site of Garenguma are scarce in terms of Kyushu and Korean origin, and there are no traces of active trade with the continent as described in the Wajinden , and the site itself is located inland, far from the sea. According to Sekikawa Naokoh of the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, the large number of Han mirrors, later Han mirrors, and swords that indicate exchange with Korea have been excavated in Kitakyushu, while none have been excavated at

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6944-701: The bristlecone pine in the Southwest US ( White Mountains of California). The dendrochronological equation defines the law of growth of tree rings. The equation was proposed by Russian biophysicist Alexandr N. Tetearing in his work "Theory of populations" in the form: Δ L ( t ) = 1 k v ρ 1 3 d ( M 1 3 ( t ) ) d t , {\displaystyle \Delta L(t)={\frac {1}{k_{v}\,\rho ^{\frac {1}{3}}}}\,{\frac {d\left(M^{\frac {1}{3}}(t)\right)}{dt}},} where Δ L

7056-523: The consolidation of early Japan. The main record of the rebellion can be found in the Nihon Shoki , although it is also mentioned in Kojiki and other historical sources. The Yamato Kingdom was formed in the central areas of Honshu in the late 3rd or early 4th century, and by 350 this state had extended its rule to the western part of Honshu and the northern part of Kyushu . In 366, Yamato invaded

7168-440: The countries on the Korean peninsula ( Baekje and Gaya ), monopolizing various technologies imported by foreigners. In the second half of the 5th century, it was able to overwhelm the gentry in the capital and the local clans. Until the early 1970s, the " Yamato period ( 大和時代 , Yamato-jidai ) " was widely used as a time period from the 4th to the 6th century, and the name "Yamato court ( 大和朝廷 , Yamato chōtei ) "

7280-404: The database software Tellervo, which is based on the new standard format whilst being able to import lots of different data formats. The desktop application can be attached to measurement devices and works with the database server that is installed separately. Bard et al write in 2023: "The oldest tree-ring series are known as floating since, while their constituent rings can be counted to create

7392-491: The dating of panel paintings . However, unlike analysis of samples from buildings, which are typically sent to a laboratory, wooden supports for paintings usually have to be measured in a museum conservation department, which places limitations on the techniques that can be used. In addition to dating, dendrochronology can also provide information as to the source of the panel. Many Early Netherlandish paintings have turned out to be painted on panels of "Baltic oak" shipped from

7504-479: The early Yamato royal power and the Yamataikoku: "According to recent archaeological research, the possibility that the location of the Yamataikoku was in the Kinki region has become stronger. However, this has not been proven historically. However, this has not been proven historically, and the genealogical relationship with the early Yamato kingdom seems to be rather unconnected. 。 Yoshimura points out that "it

7616-623: The effects on tree rings of defoliation caused by insect infestations. By 1882, this observation was already appearing in forestry textbooks. In the 1870s, the Dutch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn (1851–1922) was using crossdating to reconstruct the climates of the Netherlands and Germany. In 1881, the Swiss-Austrian forester Arthur von Seckendorff -Gudent (1845–1886) was using crossdating. From 1869 to 1901, Robert Hartig (1839–1901),

7728-477: The first half of the Asuka Period as a political period name. Dendrochronology Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating ) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree. As well as dating them, this can give data for dendroclimatology , the study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from

7840-502: The first half of the 3rd century, and that the states (probably city-states ) "co-established" Himiko and made her queen , thus ending the strife and creating a federation of about 30 small countries. The Wajinden also states that the Emperor of the Wei awarded Himiko the seal of Shin-Gi Wa-ō ( 親魏倭王 , lit.   ' Subject of Wei, King of Wa ' ) . It also states that Yamatai had

7952-472: The first half of the middle period (end of the 4th century, first half of the 5th century), the second half of the middle period (second half of the 5th century), and the first half of the late period (first half of the 6th century to the latter half of the 7th century), and the following sections are based on this classification. The latter half of the Late Period (late 6th/early 7th century) corresponds to

8064-563: The foothills of the Northern Alps , the southwestern United States and the British Isles. Miyake events , which are major spikes in cosmic rays at known dates, are visible in trees rings and can fix the dating of a floating sequence. The Greek botanist Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC) first mentioned that the wood of trees has rings. In his Trattato della Pittura (Treatise on Painting), Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

8176-405: The history of building technology. Many prehistoric forms of buildings used "posts" that were whole young tree trunks; where the bottom of the post has survived in the ground these can be especially useful for dating. Examples: There are many different file formats used to store tree ring width data. Effort for standardisation was made with the development of TRiDaS. Further development led to

8288-759: The imperial Yamato State (2), "Yamato" which clearly implies 3 is more appropriate. Shiraishi further points out that from the Nara and Kyoto basins to the Osaka Plain , the Yodo River system in the north and the Yamato River system in the south have very different types of ancient tombs. Yamato" is rather the area of the Yamato River system, i.e., the combination of the later Yamato and Kawachi (including Izumi ). 。In other words, according to Shiraishi,

8400-426: The isotopes of carbon and oxygen in their spines ( acanthochronology ). These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archaeologists and paleoclimatologists . A similar technique is used to estimate the age of fish stocks through the analysis of growth rings in

8512-417: The katakana notation "Yamato" is used because it can comprehensively handle the meaning of the Yamato River system (Yamato and Kawachi) in addition to 1. to 3. On the other hand, Kazuhiko Seki states that "Yamato" was used from the 8th century , and before that, it was written as "Yamato" or "Daiwa", so that although "Yamato" or "Daiwa" is appropriate to describe the regime in the 4th and 5th century, "Yamato"

8624-419: The king" as opposed to "the court" which is the "political place of the emperor". "Government" is defined as "ultra-historical political power", and "state" is defined as "the entire power structure that embraces them". As for the inclusion of words, the scheme of imperial court < kingship < government < nation is presented, but in some cases, "royal court" is used to mean "nation". Point out that there

8736-552: The latter half of the nineteenth century, the scientific study of tree rings and the application of dendrochronology began. In 1859, the German-American Jacob Kuechler (1823–1893) used crossdating to examine oaks ( Quercus stellata ) in order to study the record of climate in western Texas. In 1866, the German botanist, entomologist, and forester Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg (1801–1871) observed

8848-458: The longevity of the trees (up to c.4900 years) in addition to the use of dead samples meant a long, unbroken tree ring sequence could be developed (dating back to c.  6700 BC ). Additional studies of European oak trees, such as the master sequence in Germany that dates back to c.  8500 BC , can also be used to back up and further calibrate radiocarbon dates. Dendroclimatology

8960-432: The maximum span for fully anchored chronology is a little over 11,000 years B.P. IntCal20 is the 2020 "Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve", which provides a calibrated carbon 14 dated sequence going back 55,000 years. The most recent part, going back 13,900 years, is based on tree rings. European chronologies derived from wooden structures initially found it difficult to bridge the gap in the fourteenth century when there

9072-519: The middle of the fourth century at the earliest, stylized kofun tombs had spread from the southern Tohoku region to the southern Kyushu region. This means that a vast area of eastern Japan was incorporated into a broad political union (Yamato kingship) with Yamato as its leader. However, in western Japan, most of the tombs that were considered to be tombs of chiefs in the early stages of their emergence were anterior and posterior round tombs, while in eastern Japan, most of them were anterior and posterior. This

9184-462: The period of Yusei and the establishment of royal lineage in the period of King Meiji", so a systematic study of the history of state formation including this perspective is required. Takehiko Yoshimura, in "Iwanami Lecture on the History of Japan, Volume 2: Ancient Times I," refers to "the royal power assumed after Emperor Sujin " as the "Yamato royal power," and describes the relationship between

9296-597: The precursor to the later Yamato court. Meanwhile, the Kyushu Theory holds that the coalition under Himiko was only a local regional group, unrelated to the Yamato court. In Japan, there was a war between the Yamataikoku and the Kununokuni , and in 247 (the eighth year of the Shosho Era), the director of the Obikata County , Zhang Zheng, who was sent to Japan to receive reports of the conflict between

9408-487: The question arises as to the relationship between the Yamataikoku and the Yamato government that developed in the Kinai region, and whether the Yamataikoku in Kyushu was destroyed or, as in the myth, moved eastward to the Kinai region and became the Yamato government. There is a prevailing view that the establishment of the Yamato kingship was based on the appearance and spread of the anterior and posterior round tombs. The date of its establishment varies slightly depending on

9520-459: The question of its relationship to the Yata no Kagami , which is a strong candidate for the Yamataikoku , is a burial site with a burial chamber. |The Gionyama burial mound, which has a large number of mass graves and jar coffins and is said to be similar in size and shape to those recorded, is also still a popular theory for the Kyushu region of the Yamatai Kingdom. In the case of this theory,

9632-542: The reigning age of Emperor Sujin . There is also an opinion that it spread because the ancient burial mounds appeared together, and the central lords were dispatched to various places as chiefs ( Kuni no miyatsuko ) instead of the regional coalition . The only emergence-period burial mounds with a mound length of more than 200 meters are the Hashihaka Kofun (280 meters) in Sakurai, Nara , Nara Prefecture , and

9744-406: The researcher, such as mid-3rd century, late third century, and early fourth century. The Yamato Kingdom is thought to have been a coalition government that included not only the Kinki region but also the powerful clans of various regions, while others believe that it was a centralized state led by an Okimi . Around the latter half of the third century, burial mounds with large mounds appeared in

9856-411: The researchers, such as Makoto Takemitsu, who use this name from the late third century. The word "Yamato" also means. It has three different meanings 、Yamato, the narrowest of the three, is the area where the emergence-period burial mounds are concentrated, and it is thought to be the place where the center of the royal administration existed. Rather than "Yamato," which is immediately associated with

9968-462: The rings as the plant overgrows the scar. The rings are more visible in trees which have grown in temperate zones , where the seasons differ more markedly. The inner portion of a growth ring forms early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid (hence the wood is less dense) and is known as "early wood" (or "spring wood", or "late-spring wood" ); the outer portion is the "late wood" (sometimes termed "summer wood", often being produced in

10080-454: The same locale, in overlapping fashion, chronologies can be built up—both for entire geographical regions and for sub-regions. Moreover, wood from ancient structures with known chronologies can be matched to the tree-ring data (a technique called 'cross-dating'), and the age of the wood can thereby be determined precisely. Dendrochronologists originally carried out cross-dating by visual inspection; more recently, they have harnessed computers to do

10192-482: The same subject, that of Christ expelling the money-lenders from the Temple . The results showed that the age of the wood was too late for any of them to have been painted by Hieronymus Bosch . While dendrochronology has become an important tool for dating oak panels, it is not effective in dating the poplar panels often used by Italian painters because of the erratic growth rings in poplar. The sixteenth century saw

10304-445: The secondary root xylem of perennial herbaceous plants . Similar seasonal patterns also occur in ice cores and in varves (layers of sediment deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake, and with the fineness of the sediment. Sclerochronology is the study of algae deposits. Some columnar cacti also exhibit similar seasonal patterns in

10416-528: The section "About Names"). After the Kofun period, from the Asuka period onward, the Japanese centralized organization led by a great king/emperor is commonly described as the "Imperial Court ( 朝廷 ) " both in historical research and in most of the world. However, Yamato Imperial Court ( 大和朝廷 ) is also used by some researchers. This reflects the fact that various views on the use of the terms "Yamato ( 大和 , ヤマト) " and "Imperial Court ( 朝廷 ) " exist side by side in

10528-536: The selection of trees for study of long time-spans. For instance, missing rings are rare in oak and elm trees. Critical to the science, trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period of chronological study. Researchers can compare and match these patterns ring-for-ring with patterns from trees which have grown at the same time in the same geographical zone (and therefore under similar climatic conditions). When one can match these tree-ring patterns across successive trees in

10640-455: The source of ships as well as smaller artifacts made from wood, but which were transported long distances, such as panels for paintings and ship timbers. Miyake events , such as the ones in 774–775 and 993–994 , can provide fixed reference points in an unknown time sequence as they are due to cosmic radiation. As they appear as spikes in carbon 14 in tree rings for that year all round the world, they can be used to date historical events to

10752-400: The summer, though sometimes in the autumn) and is denser. Many trees in temperate zones produce one growth-ring each year, with the newest adjacent to the bark. Hence, for the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern builds up that reflects the age of the tree and the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture and a long growing season result in

10864-413: The task, applying statistical techniques to assess the matching. To eliminate individual variations in tree-ring growth, dendrochronologists take the smoothed average of the tree-ring widths of multiple tree-samples to build up a 'ring history', a process termed replication. A tree-ring history whose beginning- and end-dates are not known is called a 'floating chronology'. It can be anchored by cross-matching

10976-477: The term for the application of dendrochronology in archaeology. While archaeologists can date wood and when it was felled, it may be difficult to definitively determine the age of a building or structure in which the wood was used; the wood could have been reused from an older structure, may have been felled and left for many years before use, or could have been used to replace a damaged piece of wood. The dating of building via dendrochronology thus requires knowledge of

11088-521: The theory of two dynasties in parallel, there is a theory that the Yamato Kingdom expanded its power after branching off from the Yamataikoku and destroyed the main Yamataikoku. The Japanese archipelago from the late third century to the first half of the 4th century therefore lacks almost all history , including gold and stone texts, and thus the political and cultural aspects of the period can only be examined from archaeological sources. By

11200-406: The third century, but whether it can be called a 'kingship' or not is left to future research. However, it is not clear whether this can be called a 'kingship' or not, and whether a 'royal lineage' already existed or not is left to future research." Yamao himself is cautious about using the term "Yamato kingship". Yamao himself is of the opinion that "the establishment of kingship can be recognized in

11312-587: The title of Ichidaisotsu ( 一大率 ) , which helped to oversee territories north of Yamatai itself. There are two theories about the location of the Yamatai Kingdom : the Honshu Theory , and the Kyushu Theory . According to the Honshu Theory, a political coalition covering a wide area from the Kinki region to northern Kyushu was already established in the third century, and this was likely

11424-410: The tumulus was created as a common grave system for the chiefs of each region, and the chiefs were also jointly funeralized. There is an opinion that the alliance between them was established and a wide-area political union was formed. The spread is from Tokai / Hokuriku to northern Kyushu centering on Kinki. On the other hand, as mentioned above, around the 4th century, it is thought that it overlaps with

11536-609: The two countries, admonished the queen with a proclamation. In addition, according to the Book of Records of the Wei Dynasty, after the death of Himiko, a male king took over but there was a civil war and a 13-year-old girl from Himiko's clan, Iyoyo (壹與, or Toyo (臺與) in later historical books), became king and ruled again. In the Empress Jingu period of the Chronicles of Japan , the Jin Ki-ui-note (no longer extant) cited in

11648-448: The view that it was not necessarily appropriate to use the words "Yamato" and "imperial court" to describe the period emerged, and this view became influential in historical societies in Japan, and thus the term "Yamato period" was replaced by " Kofun period " instead of "Yamato period" has become a common name in Japanese historical research and higher education in Japan. However, dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating have not yet reached

11760-405: The width of annual growth rings; by taking samples from different sites within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence. The techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent in areas where trees grew in marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity where the ring growth is more sensitive to the environment, rather than in humid areas where tree-ring growth

11872-478: The wood of old trees. Dendrochronology derives from the Ancient Greek dendron ( δένδρον ), meaning "tree", khronos ( χρόνος ), meaning "time", and -logia ( -λογία ), "the study of". Dendrochronology is useful for determining the precise age of samples, especially those that are too recent for radiocarbon dating , which always produces a range rather than an exact date. However, for

11984-592: The year. For example, wooden houses in the Viking site at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland were dated by finding the layer with the 993 spike, which showed that the wood is from a tree felled in 1021. Researchers at the University of Bern have provided exact dating of a floating sequence in a Neolithic settlement in northern Greece by tying it to a spike in cosmogenic radiocarbon in 5259 BC. Frost ring

12096-521: Was a building hiatus, which coincided with the Black Death . However, there do exist unbroken chronologies dating back to prehistoric times, for example the Danish chronology dating back to 352 BC. Given a sample of wood, the variation of the tree-ring growths not only provides a match by year, but can also match location because climate varies from place to place. This makes it possible to determine

12208-429: Was no Lord for a long period." ( 桓霊の間、倭国大いに乱れ更相攻伐して歴年主なし , Kan-Rei no kan, Wakoku ōini midare, komogomo ai-kōbatsu-shite, rekinen aruji nashi. ), it is clear that the political bond among the small countries was not necessarily strong. This description is also supported by the archaeological materials . They show that moated settlements with deep moats and earthworks , and highland settlements , which seem to have had

12320-412: Was the first person to mention that trees form rings annually and that their thickness is determined by the conditions under which they grew. In 1737, French investigators Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau and Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon examined the effect of growing conditions on the shape of tree rings. They found that in 1709, a severe winter produced a distinctly dark tree ring, which served as

12432-400: Was the first recorded rebellion against the ruling imperial dynasty . Mononobe no Arakabi , the leader of a warrior clan, was sent to quell the rebellion. In 528, Iwai was overthrown and executed, and the previous autonomy of his area ended with the establishment of Daizaifu Fortress, a government military stronghold on the island of Kyushu. Power in northern Kyushu passed into the hands of

12544-401: Was used unambiguously as the political power that ruled the main part of the Japanese archipelago during that period. However, since the 1970s, with the discovery of significant kofuns and excavations , the use of physical and chemical dating and dendrochronology became available. As the accuracy of these methods improved, research on the chronology of kofun tombs progressed remarkably, and

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