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66-400: Mexico's state-owned oil company Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos) was drilling a 3 km (1.9 mi) deep oil well when the drilling rig Sedco 135 lost drilling mud circulation. In modern rotary drilling, mud is circulated down the drillpipe and back up the wellbore to the surface. The goal is to equalize the pressure through the shaft and to monitor the returning mud for gas. Without

132-458: A V-shaped charge of high explosives to snuff the fire by the blast. This was known as the Munroe effect , which Adair knew was used with bazookas and the atom bomb. In 1959 he founded Red Adair Co. Inc. During the course of his career, Adair helped extinguish more than 2,000 land and offshore oil well, natural gas well, and similar spectacular fires. He gained global attention in 1962 when he fought

198-567: A binational investigation into smuggled oil that authorities expect to lead to more arrests and seizures. In 2010 the former president of Houston -based Trammo Petroleum was sentenced to three years of probation and fined $ 10,000 after pleading guilty to conspiracy to receive stolen goods. Pemex has a long history of alleged violation of human and labour rights regarding engineers, unrightfully considered to be "trusted workers" who have tried to unionize since 1995 and succeeded, after several repression episodes, in doing so in 2008 and 2009, although at

264-460: A bribe during times close to the 2012 elections. Soon after EPN won the elections in 2012, Lozoya became a director of Pemex and Odebrecht "won" huge contracts from Pemex and the Mexican government. The news of the controversy surfaced in 2017, revealing Lozoya bought a $ 38 million house with a single payment even before he was named a director of Pemex. Such a house did not fit with his salary at

330-546: A current project-specific investment setup known as "Proyectos de Inversión Diferida En El Registro del Gasto" (Deferred Investment Projects in the Expenditure Registry). The proposal, which intended to alleviate Pemex's tax burden and create a substantial budget increase, met opposition in Congress . President Felipe Calderón made clear at the beginning of his presidency that he would try his best to open up

396-543: A decade. These range from political contributions to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (over $ 200 million), "no show" jobs – individuals who receive a salary while performing no duties – various forms of fraud, embezzlement and even under-the-table fuel sales. It has been estimated these various forms of corruption contribute to the loss of over $ 1 billion a year. Odebrecht is a Brazilian conglomerate that like Pemex also operates in

462-406: A few percents of the normal populations about nine months after the spill. A study concluded that the most persistent problems were the coastal lagoons lining the bay, as well as the pollution of estuaries. Specifically, they had problematic effects on the breeding and growth of several different species of food fish species. The oil washed ashore, 30 cm (1 ft.) deep in some places, as it

528-637: A fire at the Gassi Touil gas field in the Algerian Sahara nicknamed the Devil's Cigarette Lighter , a 450-foot (140 m) pillar of flame that burned from 12:00 pm November 13, 1961, to 9:30 am on April 28, 1962. In December 1968, Adair sealed a large gas leak at an Australian gas and oil platform off Victoria 's southeast coast. In 1977, he and his crew, including Asger "Boots" Hansen and Manohar "Man" Dhumtara-Kejriwal, contributed to capping

594-541: A high human cost. This included the death of a person who was refused medical service at one of Pemex's hospitals because his son had just been sacked for belonging to this union, the Unión Nacional de Técnicos y Profesionistas (shorthand UNTyPP). It also included forcing union members to resign from the Union from their hospital beds, as happened to three cancer patients in 2009. Up to date and in spite of pressure by

660-418: A state-run company. On November 19th, 1984 , a series of BLEVE 's at a Pemex LPG storage facility occur in the heavily populated outskirts of San Juan Ixhuatepec , near Mexico City , resulting in the deaths of around 500-600 residents and up to 7000 injured by the explosions, ensuing fire and shrapnel from exploding tanks. It is considered among the deadliest industrial accidents in world history. Pemex

726-533: A state-run company. The oil slick surrounded Rancho Nuevo, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas , which is one of the few nesting sites for Kemp's ridley sea turtles . Thousands of baby sea turtles were airlifted to a clean portion of the Gulf of Mexico to help save the rare species. The oil that was lost during the blow-out polluted a considerable part of the offshore region in the Gulf of Mexico as well as much of

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792-474: Is equivalent to 159 liters (or 42 gallons) of liquid. In July 1979, the pumping of mud into the well reduced the flow to 20,000 barrels (3,000 m) per day, and early in August the pumping of nearly 100,000 steel, iron, and lead balls into the well reduced the flow to 10,000 barrels (2,000 m) per day. Pemex claimed that half of the released oil burned when it reached the surface, a third of it evaporated, and

858-569: The Constitution of 1917 , President Cárdenas embarked on the state-expropriation of all resources and facilities, nationalizing the United States and Anglo – Dutch operating companies. He is famous in saying in his speech addressing the nation, I ask the entire nation to furnish the necessary moral and material support to face the consequences of a decision which we, of our own free will, would neither have sought nor desired. Pemex

924-558: The Mexican Congress to increase regulatory oversight, has increased scrutiny over Pemex in 2012. As of July 2019, Pemex is the most indebted oil company in the world. In 1979, Pemex's Ixtoc 1 exploratory oil well in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history. Pemex spent $ 100 million to clean up the spill and avoided most compensation claims by asserting sovereign immunity as

990-507: The blowout preventer (BOP). These rams are designed to sever and seal off the well on the ocean floor; however, in this case, the drill collars had been brought in line with the BOP and the BOP rams were not able to sever the thick steel walls of the drill collars leading to a catastrophic blowout. The drilling mud was followed by a large quantity of oil and gas at a flow rate that was still increasing. The oil and gas fumes exploded on contact with

1056-417: The 128 Mexican senators were incompetent. [REDACTED] Media related to Pemex at Wikimedia Commons Red Adair Paul Neal " Red " Adair (June 18, 1915 – August 7, 2004) was an American oil well firefighter . He became notable internationally as an innovator in the specialized and hazardous profession of extinguishing and capping oil well blowouts , both land-based and offshore . Adair

1122-434: The Gulf of Mexico. In February 2015, the board approved a $ 4.16 billion spending cut, pulling the company's budget down 11.5 percent from the 2015 budget approved by Mexico's congress. The company also said it will delay deepwater exploration plans and cut jobs in response to weak oil prices. In December 2019, the company stated the discovery of a deposit in southeastern Mexico that could produce 500 million barrels of crude,

1188-466: The Gulf of Mexico. The incident was classified as "serious". There were 180 workers on the platform. Two people were killed, another was missing, several were injured. The platform personnel have been evacuated. On April 6, 2024, an explosion followed by a fire on the Akal Bravo oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The incident was classified as "serious". There were 28 workers on the platform. There

1254-762: The Mexican Congress, the International Labour Organization, the Global Compact, the Industrial Global Union and thousands of citizens all over the world, workers fired in 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 have not been all reinstated nor has there been any other reparation. Pemex has denied these accusations. On November 10, 2019, the institution suffered a cyber attack and its computers were infected with DoppelPaymer ransomware . In November 2021,

1320-749: The UK sector Piper Alpha oil platform fire in the North Sea. At age 75, Adair participated with extinguishing the oil well fires in Kuwait set by retreating Iraqi troops after the Gulf War in 1991. Adair retired in 1993, and sold The Red Adair Service and Marine Company to Global Industries. His top employees (Brian Krause, Raymond Henry, Rich Hatteberg) left in 1994 and formed their own company, International Well Control (IWC). Adair died in Houston in 2004 at

1386-649: The US Bureau of Land Management concluded concerning the spill's effect on US waters: Despite a massive intrusion of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants from the Ixtoc 1 event into the study region of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf during 1979-1980, no definitive damage can be associated with this or other known spillage events (e.g., Burmah Agate) on either the epibenthic commercial shrimp population (based on chemical evidence) or

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1452-542: The arrest of former CEO Carlos Trevino was ordered after he did not show for his hearing, in which he was being charged with criminal association and money laundering. Testimony was presented by other ex-CEO, Emilio Lozoya , who was initially placed in witness protection. In January 2022, Lozoya was formally charged with money laundering, bribery and criminal association, which could amount to 39 years in prison. There have been various allegations of corruption in Pemex for over

1518-464: The basement of an administrative center next door to the 52-story Pemex tower . On April 1, 2015, a fire occurred on platform Abkatun A in the southern Gulf of Mexico which killed 4 workers. On April 20, 2016, a large explosion and fire at the company's Chlorinate 3 plant in Coatzacoalcos killed at least 28 people. On September 24, 2016, a fire broke out on the oil tanker "Burgos", off

1584-836: The bays and lagoons formed by the barrier islands . Impacts of oil on the barrier island beaches were ranked as second in importance to protecting inlets to the bays and lagoons. This was done with the placement of skimmers and booms. Efforts were concentrated on the Brazos-Santiago Pass, Port Mansfield Channel, Aransas Pass, and Cedar Bayou which during the spill was sealed with sand. Economically and environmentally sensitive barrier island beaches were cleaned daily. Laborers used rakes and shovels to clean beaches rather than heavier equipment which removed too much sand. Ultimately, 71,500 barrels (11,000 m) of oil impacted 162 miles (260 km) of U.S. beaches, and over 10,000 cubic yards (8,000 m) of oiled material were removed. In

1650-480: The benthic infaunal community. Such conclusions have no bearing on intertidal or littoral communities, which were not the subject of this study. Pemex Pemex (a portmanteau of Petróleos Mexicanos , which translates to Mexican Petroleum in English; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpemeks] ) is the Mexican state-owned petroleum corporation managed and operated by the Mexican government . It

1716-682: The biggest oil well blowout to have occurred in the North Sea . At the time this was the largest offshore blowout worldwide, in terms of volume of crude oil spilled. This took place at the Ekofisk Bravo platform, located in the Norwegian sector and operated by Phillips Petroleum Company , now ConocoPhillips. In 1978, Adair's top lieutenants Hansen and Ed "Coots" Matthews left to found a competitor company, Boots & Coots International Well Control Inc. In 1988, Adair helped to extinguish

1782-480: The boycott to be dropped. In spite of the early boycott, Pemex developed into one of the largest oil companies in the world. In an interview on the oil news website in November 2005, a Pemex employee spoke anonymously of the company's inability to grow production, stating that the company and country is at Hubbert's Peak . The person interviewed believed export levels could not be recovered once peak had passed, as

1848-444: The chemical dispersant Corexit 9527 on the oil. A total of 493 aerial missions were flown, treating 1,100 square miles (2,800 km) of oil slick. Dispersants were not used in the U.S. area of the spill because of the dispersant's inability to treat weathered oil. Eventually the on-scene coordinator (OSC) requested that Mexico stop using dispersants north of 25°N. In Texas, an emphasis was placed on coastal countermeasures protecting

1914-424: The coast of Boca del Río, Veracruz , forcing all the crew (31 members) to be evacuated safely. The tanker was carrying 80,000 barrels of diesel and 70,000 barrels of gasoline. On January 18, 2019, an explosion occurred on a pipeline passing through the village of Tlauhuelilpan, Hidalgo killing at least 137 people. Several hundred people were gathering around an illegal pipe drain in order to get fuel. Images of

1980-531: The coastal zone, which consists primarily of sandy beaches and barrier islands often enclosing extensive shallow lagoons. The oil on Mexican beaches in early September was calculated to be about 6000 metric tons. Based on reports from various groups and individuals, five times that figure is thought to represent a fair estimate of what had landed on Mexican beaches. Investigations along the Texas coast show that approximately 4000 metric tons of oil or less than 1 percent

2046-431: The counter-pressure provided by the circulating mud, the pressure in the formation allowed oil to fill the well column, blowing out the well. The oil caught fire, and Sedco 135 was extensively burned then scuttled. At the time of the accident, Sedco 135 was drilling at a depth of about 3,600 metres (11,800 ft) below the seafloor . The day before Ixtoc suffered the blowout and resulting fire that caused her to sink,

Ixtoc I oil spill - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-490: The currency being weak against the dollar, Pemex still reported a net loss of $ 6.05 billion. In order to reduce the debt Pemex is working on a plan to domestically refine its oil and reduce exports by 2023. February 23, 2023, three major fires broke out at three different Mexico and U.S. operated Pemex facilities. In March 2023, Pemex and U.S. based, Talos Energy submitted to develop an offshore oil field. The two companies have been partnered since 2022. The platform that

2178-430: The drill bit hit a region of soft strata . Subsequently, the circulation of drilling mud was lost resulting in a loss of hydrostatic pressure . Rather than returning to the surface, the drilling mud was escaping into fractures that had formed in the rock at the bottom of the hole. Pemex officials decided to remove the bit, run the drill pipe back into the hole and pump materials down this open-ended drill pipe to seal off

2244-475: The equipment, technology and financial means to explore for new reserves in deep water or shale gas ; hence, a reform to Mexican law is needed. In addition to a failing infrastructure, dwindling reserves have created urgency in completing some type of reform. Only 20% of Mexico has been extensively explored for further reserves and it has been argued that Pemex will need the help of some form of foreign investment to successfully explore new reserves, including in

2310-485: The event shows people collecting fuel with buckets and small containers from a waterfall of gasoline. Military and police forces were present during the event for several hours before the explosion but were unable to stop the people from stealing fuel. The pipeline was not closed on time even after the fuel drain was reported. On July 2, 2021, a natural gas pipeline owned by Pemex burst in the Gulf of Mexico . The natural gas

2376-413: The fastest rate since 1942. His comments came after Petrobras and London-based BP said they made a "giant" oil find of as much as 3 billion barrels (480 × 10 ^  m ) in the Gulf of Mexico, southeast of Houston. According to Mexican Energy Minister Georgina Kessel , Mexico may seek to emulate Brazilian Oil rules that strengthened Petroleo Brasileiro SA as it considers regulation changes to revive

2442-484: The field of petroleum. Back in 2010–2012, Emilio Lozoya Austin was part of the PRI's team supporting Enrique Peña Nieto (EPN) in his presidential campaign. After EPN won the elections, Lozoya was promoted to director of Pemex, a role in which he served for most of EPN's presidency. In 2017, Brazilian newspaper O Globo claimed that Odebrecht helped finance EPN's presidential campaign, by giving $ 10 million to Emilio Lozoya as

2508-531: The finance ministry of Mexico's relationship was strengthened as the government decided to continue to support the company, but would not change the laws in order to directly reflect their debt. some speculation was made that the government may use International Monetary Fund (IMF) money to lighten Pemex's debt. Budget increases of 17% over 2021 amounts were proposed, with a 14% reduction of its profit-sharing duties, for 2022's exploration and production processes. An agreement between Pemex and Braskem (BRKM5.SA)

2574-421: The fractures that were causing the loss of circulation. During the removal of the pipe on Sedco 135 , the dancing mud suddenly began to flow up towards the surface; by removing the drillstring the well was swabbed (an effect observed when mud must flow down the annulus to replace displaced drill pipe volume below the bit) leading to a kick . Normally, this flow can be stopped by activating shear rams contained in

2640-441: The largest discovery in more than 30 years. Taxes on Pemex revenue provide about a third of all the tax revenues collected by the Mexican government. Pemex has a debt of $ 42.5 billion, including $ 24 billion in off-balance-sheet debt. The state-owned company pays out over 60% of its revenue in royalties and taxes. Mexico exports crude oil, but imports more expensive gasoline. National Hydrocarbons Commission , created in 2008 by

2706-423: The leak included lowering a cap over the well, plugging the leak with mud and "junk", use of dispersants, and spending months attempting to drill relief wells. Prevailing currents carried the oil towards the Texas coastline. The US government had two months to prepare booms to protect major inlets. Pemex spent $ 100 million to clean up the spill and avoided most compensation claims by asserting sovereign immunity as

Ixtoc I oil spill - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-459: The millions of eggs that shrimp lay. There is much less information on the impact of the Ixtoc 1 spill on benthic species (bottom dwellers). The best studies were on the Texas coast over 1000  km from the spill. Massive kills can occur when oil reaches the benthos in sufficient quantity. The only indication of a massive kill may be the remains of the dead organisms, but if they lack hard parts there will be little evidence. A report prepared for

2838-473: The next nine months, experts and divers including Red Adair were brought in to contain and cap the oil well. An average of approximately 10,000 to 30,000 barrels (2,000 to 5,000 m) per day were discharged into the Gulf until it was finally capped on 23 March 1980, nearly 10 months later. In similarity to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill 31 years later, the list of methods attempted to remediate

2904-445: The oil had reached the shore. Fishing was banned or restricted by Mexican authorities in contaminated areas north and south of the well. Fish and octopus catches dropped by 50 to 70% from the 1978 levels. Other species that had longer life spans took longer to recover, and it took until the late 1980s for the population of Kemp's ridley turtles to begin to recover. Ridley turtles only produce a few hundred eggs each year, in contrast with

2970-532: The oil industry. In January 2014, Pemex signed a cooperation agreement with the Russian oil company Lukoil focusing on oil production and field exploration as well as exchange of knowledge in the aforementioned areas, including actions for ecological preservation and environmental protection. In February 2016, Emilio Lozoya Austin stepped down as CEO of Pemex and was replaced by José Antonio González Anaya . On November 27, 2017, José Antonio González Anaya

3036-414: The ongoing debt accumulation. The government assistance from President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador is said to likely continue until the end of his term in 2024. In September 2023, it was announced that Pemex would receive capital allocations from the federal government of Mexico to assist in paying off over $ 11 million in accumulated debt. Proponents of Calderón's energy policy stated that Pemex lacks

3102-452: The operating pump motors, starting a fire which led to the collapse of the Sedco 135 drilling rig riser. The collapse caused damage to the BOP stack at the seafloor. The damage to the BOP led to the release of significant quantities of oil into the Gulf. In the initial stages of the spill, an estimated 30,000 barrels (5,000 m) of oil per day were flowing from the well. One barrel of oil

3168-587: The previous year. Pemex averaged 3.71 MMBPD in 2006. Pemex has never produced 4 MMBPD or higher for a yearly average. Pemex was replaced as Latin America's largest company by Petrobras, according to a Latin Business Chronicle ranking of Latin America's Top 500 companies. To help capitalize the company, former President Vicente Fox brought forward the possibility of making shares of Pemex available to Mexican citizens and pension funds, to complement

3234-433: The rest was contained or dispersed. Mexican authorities also drilled two relief wells into the main well to lower the pressure of the blowout, however, the oil continued to flow for three months following the completion of the first relief well. In total, around 138,600,000 US gallons (3,300,000 barrels) were spilled throughout the roughly 10 months it took for the oil to stop leaking. Pemex contracted Conair Aviation to spray

3300-618: The second quarter of 2021. Also in July 2021, the SENER appointed Pemex as the operator for the Zama oil field which was originally discovered by Talos Energy in 2017. The two companies shall work together for the final development of Zama. In September that year, Talos disputed the governments decision, since Pemex doesn't have the required $ 2 billion for the oil fields development. With debts still at over $ 100 billion by September 2021, Pemex and

3366-509: The sector to private investment. Pemex is Latin America's second-largest company measured by revenues, according to a ranking of the region's 500 largest companies by Latin Business Chronicle , behind Brazilian oil company Petrobras . In June 2009, Pemex has asked for an extra $ 1.5 billion state aid to finance oil fields investments, reported Bloomberg. President Calderón called for a change in Mexico's oil industry after output at Pemex fell at

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3432-413: The size of current fields that have been discovered or are coming online represent a fraction of the size of the oilfields going into terminal decline. Annual production has dropped each year between 2004 and 2007. Furthermore, it has been reported the 2005–2006 daily oil production was down by approximately 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m /d) (a large proportion of the country's 4,500,000 barrels) on

3498-736: The time of the Aztecs . Small quantities of oil were first refined into kerosene around 1876 near Tampico . By the early 20th century, commercial quantities of oil were being extracted and refined by subsidiaries of the British Pearson and American Doheny companies and had attracted the attention of the Mexican government who then claimed all mineral rights for the state as part of its Constitution . In 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40) sided with oil workers striking against foreign-owned oil companies for an increase in pay and social services. On March 18, 1938, citing Article 27 of

3564-587: The time. In October 2017, it was confirmed by the presidency that EPN himself also met with Odebrecht four times during his presidential campaign. This directly tied EPN into the scandal, albeit EPN claimed not to have received any bribes. A document from Brazil reported Lozoya received $ 5 million in November 2014. Santiago Nieto, in charge of the Fiscalía Especializada para la Atención de los Delitos Electorales  [ es ] (FEPADE), an office in charge of investigating electoral crimes,

3630-486: Was appointed to be the Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. Carlos Alberto Treviño Medina was appointed CEO, sequentially. In July 2021, it was announced that PEMEX.UL for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution was to be created. Even though Pemex is highly indebted, it is still determined to assist the poor that are affected by the rising energy prices. n a rare turn of events, Pemex saw profits of $ 719 million in

3696-735: Was blamed for a series of 1992 gas explosions in Guadalajara . On September 19, 2012, an explosion at the Pemex gas plant in Reynosa , Tamaulipas killed 30 and injured 46 people. Pemex Director Juan Jose Suarez said that there was "no evidence that it was a deliberate incident, or some kind of attack". On January 31, 2013, an explosion occurred at the administrative offices of Pemex in Mexico City . At least 37 people were killed and at least 126 were injured. The cause has not been confirmed. Local media reported that machinery exploded in

3762-509: Was born in Houston, Texas , the son of an Irish immigrant blacksmith and his wife. He attended Reagan High School . During World War II , Adair served with the US Army, in a bomb disposal unit. After the war ended, he started working in the oil industry. He started his career working for Myron Kinley , the "original" blowout/oil firefighting pioneer. They pioneered the technique of using

3828-574: Was controversially fired soon after the Odebrecht scandal began. He was said to be receiving too much pressure from EPN and Lozoya to stop the investigation. The firing was criticized by ex-president Felipe Calderon's wife and independent 2018 presidential candidate Margarita Zavala . President Peña Nieto said Santiago's restitution fate depended on the Mexican Senate. The organization Borde Politico had published weeks before that 116 out of

3894-411: Was deposited there. The rest of the oil, about 120,000 metric tons or 25 percent, sank to the bottom of the Gulf. The oil had a severe impact on the littoral crab and mollusk fauna of the beaches which were contaminated. The populations of crabs, e.g. the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata , was almost eliminated over a wide area. The crab populations on coral islands along the coast were also reduced to only

3960-565: Was established by Cárdenas's decree of June 7, 1938. He framed expropriation as a necessary national response to the injustice of the operations of foreign companies operating on Mexican soil. Expropriation was not outright confiscation since the Mexican government promised to compensate companies. However, in retaliation, many foreign governments closed their markets to Mexican oil until the Allies demand for petroleum in World War II caused

4026-599: Was formed in 1938 by nationalization and expropriation of all private oil companies in Mexico at the time of its formation. Pemex had total assets worth $ 101.8 billion in December 2019 and as of 2009 was Latin America 's second largest enterprise by annual revenue, surpassed only by Petrobras (the Brazilian national oil company). The company is the seventh most polluting in the world according to The Guardian . Asphalt and pitch had been worked in Mexico since

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4092-590: Was one person killed and at least 13 others were injured In 2009, the U.S. Justice Department reported that some U.S. refineries had bought millions of dollars' worth of oil stolen from Mexican government pipelines. Criminals, especially drug gangs, tap remote pipelines and sometimes build their own pipelines to siphon off hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of oil each year. One oil executive has been charged and has pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges. The U.S. Homeland Security Department will return $ 2.4 million to Mexico's tax administration—the first money seized during

4158-412: Was pushed north by prevailing winds and currents until it crossed the Texas border two months later and eventually coated almost 170 miles (270 km) of US beaches. The beach that caused most international concern in Mexico was Rancho Nuevo , a key nesting ground for critically endangered Kemp's ridley sea turtles which had already moved inland in their hundreds to lay eggs. By the time the eggs hatched,

4224-549: Was reached in September 2021 for a new gas supply agreement and also to build a $ 400 million ethane terminal to be located in Laguna de Pajaritos, in Coatzacoalcos , Veracruz . In October 2021, Pemex was in debt with a recorded loss of $ 3.7 billion in profits for the third quarter compared to the previous year. In the last quarter of 2021, production was 4.5% higher than that of the last quarter of 2020. Due to tax payments and

4290-529: Was submitted was for two offshore platforms and 46 wells with oil and gas from Zama would filter into the Pemex-run terminal at Dos Bocas . In June 2023, Pemex received bids for the renewal of the Dos Bocas wastewater treatment plant (PTE) which was originally built in 1970 and is no longer capable of treating the oily waters. Pemex's credit rating changed to from stable to negative in July 2023 due to

4356-510: Was then ignited, causing a "fireball" to appear on the water's surface. The blaze was extinguished with nitrogen after approximately five hours. With two explosions at offshore platforms during the summer of 2021, Pemex's security and maintenance procedures are being questioned. On August 24, 2021, an oil rig fire killed five workers. On July 7, 2023, an explosion followed by a fire on the Nohoch Alfa oil platform offshore Campeche in

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