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50-429: İzmit ( Turkish pronunciation: [ˈizmit] ) is a municipality and the capital district of Kocaeli Province , Turkey . Its area is 480 km, and its population is 376,056 (2022). The capital of Kocaeli Province, it is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea of Marmara , about 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul , on the northwestern part of Anatolia . Kocaeli Province (including rural areas) had

100-565: A Roman province , the boundaries of Bithynia changed frequently. During this period, Bithynia was commonly united for administrative purposes with the province of Pontus within the Roman Empire . This was the situation at the time of Emperor Trajan , when Pliny the Younger was appointed governor of the combined provinces (109/110 – 111/112), a circumstance which has provided historians with valuable information concerning

150-460: A history as a port city . As of 1913, the Turkish government had been working to privatize the port. At that time, Vickers built a temporary dock, bringing a small export business to the area. The British described the port as having little business as of 1920. During the sanjak period of İzmit, the forested regions of the area were devastated by deforestation . The wood in the region of İzmit

200-491: A large oil refinery and major paper and cement factories. Ford Motor Company has a plant here in a joint venture with Otosan , assembling the Transit/Tourneo (including the new V362 Transit/Tourneo Custom since late 2012) and Transit/Tourneo Connect vans. After Ford's Southampton Assembly Plant's closure scheduled for July 2013 was completed, and the launch of the new Otosan only V363 Transit in 2014, İzmit became

250-701: A large scale. Bithynia is named for the Thracian tribe of the Bithyni , mentioned by Herodotus (VII.75) alongside the Thyni . The " Thraco-Phrygian " migration from the Balkans to Asia Minor would have taken place at some point following the Bronze Age collapse or during the early Iron Age. The Thyni and Bithyni appear to have settled simultaneously in the adjoining parts of Asia, where they expelled or subdued

300-624: A population of 2,079,072 inhabitants in 2022, of whom approximately 1.2 million lived in the largely urban İzmit City metro area made up of Kartepe , Başiskele , Körfez , Gölcük , Derince and Sapanca (in Sakarya Province). Unlike other provinces in Turkey, apart from Istanbul, the whole province is included within the municipality of the metropolitan center. İzmit was known as Nicomedia ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Νικομήδεια ) and Ólbia ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ὀλβία ) in antiquity, and

350-435: A province is designated the central district ( merkez ilçe ) from which the district is administered. The central district is administered by an appointed provincial deputy governor and other non-central districts by an appointed sub-governor ( kaymakam ) from their district center ( ilçe merkezi ) municipality. In these central districts the district center municipality also serves as the provincial center municipality. Both

400-488: A record low of −18.0 °C (0 °F) in February 1929. Snowfall is fairly common, and İzmit's snow depth record is 90 cm (35 in) in February 1929. İzmit is twinned with: The city's main football club is Kocaelispor , with fans all across the province. The city is also home to women's football team Derince Belediyespor . The multi-sport club Kocaeli B.B. Kağıt S.K. has several sports sections covering

450-409: A small passenger ferry sailing between İzmit and Değirmendere sank due to lodos weather. 272 people died including 38 students and seven crew. 37 passengers and two crew survived the disaster. Rail First opened in 1873 and then sold to Chemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie until its reacqusition in 1927, İzmit railway station near the D.100 highway connects Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway ,

500-518: A wide range disciplines. Cycling is popular with local team Brisaspor and the Tour of Marmara is hosted. The city also hosted the following tournaments: Districts of Turkey The 81 provinces of Turkey are divided into 973 districts ( ilçeler ; sing. ilçe ). In the Ottoman Empire and in the early Turkish Republic, the corresponding unit was the kaza . Most provinces bear

550-510: Is around 30 °C (86 °F) in July and August, while winters are cool and wet, the average minimum temperature is between 0–4 °C (32–39 °F) in January. Precipitation is high and fairly evenly distributed the year round; it is heaviest in late fall and winter. İzmit has a record high temperature of 44.1 °C (111 °F) in July 2000, which is exceptionally high for the region, and

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600-553: Is between 40°-41° N and 29°-31° E, surrounded by the Gulf of İzmit at south, Istanbul and the Sea of Marmara at west, the Black Sea at north, and Sakarya at east. The city is mostly built on hill slopes because of the cramped area, while flat plains surround the gulf, near the sea. This topographic structure divided the city into two parts. The first was created on flat plains, where

650-469: Is clearly visible as far away as Istanbul (70 miles, 110 km). Its summits are covered with snow for a great part of the year. East of this the range extends for more than 100 miles (160 km), from the Sakarya to Paphlagonia . Both of these ranges are part of the border of mountains which bound the great tableland of Anatolia , Turkey . The broad tract which projects towards the west as far as

700-522: Is now known as Sea of Marmara ): Nicomedia , Chalcedon , Cius and Apamea . Bithynia also contained Nicaea , noted for being the birthplace of the Nicene Creed . According to Strabo , Bithynia was bounded on the east by the river Sangarius (modern Sakarya river ), but the more commonly received division extended it to the Parthenius , which separated it from Paphlagonia , thus comprising

750-474: Is one of the busiest in Turkey, built in 1977 to replace the original station. Kocaeli neighbours one of the world's largest metropolitan centers, Istanbul . Its vicinity to Istanbul's two international airports ( Sabiha Gökçen International Airport and Atatürk International Airport ) which are 45 and 80 km (28 and 50 mi) away, respectively, from İzmit's city center, provides national and international connections. On 1 March 1958, SS  Üsküdar ,

800-590: Is the capital) among the 25 European Regions of the Future for 2006–2007. The city was chosen along with Adana for Turkey, which scored the highest points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's wider infrastructure, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for human resources and quality of life. The famous Turkish traditional sweet Pişmaniye is a product of İzmit and the Kocaeli Province . There are 102 neighbourhoods in İzmit District: Located along

850-567: The Billaeus (Filyos), which rises in the Aladağ, about 50 miles (80 km) from the sea, and after flowing by modern Bolu (ancient Bithynion-Claudiopolis) falls into the Euxine, close to the ruins of the ancient Tium , about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Heraclea Pontica (the modern Karadeniz Ereğli ), having a course of more than 100 miles (160 km). The Parthenius (modern Bartın ),

900-529: The Black Sea ; and the Gulf of Mudanya or Gemlik (Gulf of Cius), about 25 miles (40 km) long. At its extremity is situated the small town of Gemlik (ancient Cius ) at the mouth of a valley, communicating with the lake of Iznik, on which was situated Nicaea . The principal rivers are the Sangarios which traverses the province from south to north; the Rhyndacus , which separated it from Mysia; and

950-645: The Mysians , Caucones and other minor tribes, the Mariandyni maintaining themselves in the northeast. Herodotus mentions the Thyni and Bithyni as settling side by side. No trace of their original language has been preserved, but Herodotus describes them as related to the tribes of Thracian extraction. Later the Greeks established on the coast the colonies of Cius (modern Gemlik); Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy ), at

1000-777: The Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus region as the province of Bithynia and Pontus . In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme . It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333 . Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which

1050-554: The kings of Bithynia had a considerable standing and influence among the minor monarchies of Anatolia . But the last king, Nicomedes IV , was unable to maintain himself in power against Mithridates VI of Pontus . After being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate , he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the Roman Republic (74 BC). The coinage of these kings show their regal portraits, which tend to be engraved in an extremely accomplished Hellenistic style. As

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1100-683: The British reported that the city had a population of about 13,000. In 1920–1921 atrocities were committed in the city and its surroundings during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) against the Greek civilian population. An Allied report (on 1 June 1921) stated that a large number of excesses were committed by both sides during the last year, while the Turkish atrocities in the Izmit peninsula "have been more considerable and ferocious than those on

1150-593: The Erasmus and Leonardo da Vinci student mobility schemes. With membership in the European University Association, KOU is aiming for greater international recognition of its academic work. The university, while focusing on technical and engineering subjects, offers an extensive selection of courses in social sciences and arts as well. Some steps toward certification by ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) are being taken by

1200-483: The Faculty of Engineering, such as adaptation of course content in engineering majors. İzmit has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa, Trewartha : Cf ), which is warmer than its surroundings – largely due to its sheltered location – and noticeably wetter during summers than other locations on the northern Sea of Marmara coast further to the west. Summers are hot and often muggy, the average maximum temperature

1250-715: The Roman provincial administration at that time. Under the Byzantine Empire , Bithynia was again divided into two provinces, separated by the Sangarius . Only the area to the west of the river retained the name of Bithynia. Bithynia attracted much attention because of its roads and its strategic position between the frontiers of the Danube in the north and the Euphrates in the south-east. To secure communications with

1300-533: The Tüpraş Petroleum Refinery Plant, is in Kocaeli, containing altogether 27% of the national chemical products industry, including petrochemical products. Eighteen of the 100 largest enterprises of Turkey are in Kocaeli and contribute to around 17%-18% of the national tax revenues. Financial Times affiliated Foreign Direct Investment magazine nominated Kocaeli (the province of which İzmit

1350-507: The city center is located. The railway and highway networks pass from this area which is close to the Sea of Marmara. The second part was built on hills, with many historic houses from the Ottoman period in the old quarters. In Antiquity, the city in Greek was called Astacus or Olbia (founded 712 BC). After being destroyed, it was rebuilt and founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under

1400-588: The commercially-active Black Sea and Marmara Sea shorelines, Kocaeli boasts 5 ports and 35 industrial docks, making it an important communications center, as well as Anatolia 's farthest inland contact point and a gateway to global markets. The main transportation routes, the D100 highway and the Trans European Motorway which connects Europe with Asia, along with railway lines, form an intercontinental passage network. İzmit Central railway station

1450-683: The countries up to the Hellespont and Bosporus. Even before the conquest by Alexander the Bithynians appear to have asserted their independence, and successfully maintained it under two native princes, Bas and Zipoites , the latter of whom assumed the title of king ( basileus ) in 297 BC. His son and successor, Nicomedes I , founded Nicomedia , which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign ( c.  278  – c.  255 BC), as well as those of his successors, Prusias I , Prusias II and Nicomedes II (149–91 BC),

1500-460: The deputy governor and sub-governors are responsible to the province governor ( vali ). Greater Municipalities, however, are administered differently where a separate seat of municipality exists for the entire province, having administrative power over all districts of the province. Municipalities ( belediye ) can be created in, and are subordinate to, the districts in which they are located. Each district has at least one municipality ( belde ) in

1550-454: The district center from which both the municipal government for that municipality and the district government is administered. A municipality is headed by an elected mayor ( belediye başkanı ) who administers the local government for defined municipal matters. More and more settlements which are outside district centers have municipalities as well, usually because their population requires one. A municipality's borders usually correspond to that of

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1600-414: The district inhabited by the Mariandyni . On the west and southwest it was separated from Mysia by the river Rhyndacus and on the south it adjoined Phrygia and Galatia . It is occupied by mountains and forests, but has valleys and coastal districts of great fertility. The most important mountain range is the (so-called) "Mysian" Olympus (8,000 ft, 2,400 m), which towers above Bursa and

1650-524: The eastern boundary of the province, is a much less considerable stream. The valleys towards the Black Sea abound in fruit trees of all kinds, such as oranges, while the valley of the Sangarius and the plains near Bursa and Iznik (Nicaea) are fertile and well cultivated. Extensive plantations of mulberry trees supply the silk for which Bursa has long been celebrated, and which is manufactured there on

1700-727: The eastern capital city of the Roman Empire, when he introduced the Tetrarchy system. Nicomedia remained as the eastern (and most senior) capital of the Roman Empire until Licinius was defeated by Constantine the Great in 324. Constantine mainly resided in Nicomedia as his interim capital city for the next six years; until in 330 he declared the nearby Byzantium as Nova Roma , which eventually became known as Constantinople (modern Istanbul ). Constantine died at an imperial villa in

1750-517: The entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite Byzantium (modern Istanbul ) and Heraclea Pontica (modern Karadeniz Ereğli), on the Euxine, about 120 miles (190 km) east of the Bosporus. The Bithynians were incorporated by king Croesus within the Lydian monarchy, with which they fell under the dominion of Persia (546 BC), and were included in the satrapy of Phrygia , which comprised all

1800-506: The fastest and highest-volume rail line in Turkey. Tram Operated by Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, Akçaray is operational since 2017. The second line was opened in 2019 and the whole system of 16 stations has over 8 million annual ridership. Kocaeli University (KOU) was established in the city in 1992. The university has more than 50,000 students. It has established a department of international relations that monitors Bologna developments closely and oversees KOU's participation in

1850-597: The first half of the 14th century. The city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1337. In the early 20th century, it remained the seat of a pasha , a Greek metropolitan , and an Armenian archbishop. İzmit was occupied by the United Kingdom on 6 July 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence . The British left it to Greece on 27 October 1920. İzmit was re-taken by the Turks on 28 June 1921. As of 1920,

1900-795: The late 11th century, when it was captured by Seljuk Turks . However, the city soon returned to Byzantine sovereignty as a consequence of the successes of the First Crusade . After the sack of Constantinople in 1204, during the Fourth Crusade , the city of Nicomedia, with most of the Bithynia province, became a part of the Latin Empire . It was recaptured by the Byzantines around 1235 and stayed within Byzantine borders until

1950-704: The name Nova Roma , before he soon renamed it as Constantinopolis (modern Istanbul ). Constantine died at a royal villa near Nicomedia in 337. During the Ottoman Empire , İzmit was the capital of the Sanjak of Kocaeli . " İzmit " derives from the Ancient Greek name of the city, Nicomedia ( Greek : Νικομήδεια ), prefixed with εἰς 'to' or 'into' (similarly to İstanbul ). Names used in English prior to official Turkish Latinization include Ismid , Iskimid , and Isnikmid . The geographical location of İzmit

2000-468: The name of Nicomedia . It remained one of the most important cities in northwestern Asia Minor . Carthaginian general and statesman Hannibal came to Nicomedia in his final years and committed suicide in nearby Libyssa (modern Gebze ), in a date between 183 and 181 BC. The historian Arrian was born in Nicomedia, which was the metropolis of Bithynia under the Roman Empire (see also Nicaea ). In 286 AD, Roman emperor Diocletian made Nicomedia

2050-499: The part of the Greeks". The 7.6 M w   earthquake of 17 August 1999 devastated the region with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The shock killed more than 17,000 people and left half a million homeless. It took several years for the city to recover from this disaster, and traces of the earthquake remain visible. There are numerous tourist attractions in the city center and its adjacent region, such as: İzmit has

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2100-399: The province. The districts and their populations (as of December 31, 2019) are listed below, by region and by province (with capital district in bold text). Bithynia Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 4th century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I of Bithynia . Bithynia was bequeathed to

2150-553: The same name as their respective provincial capital districts. However, many urban provinces, designated as greater municipalities, have a center consisting of multiple districts, such as the provincial capital of Ankara province , The City of Ankara , comprising nine separate districts. Additionally three provinces, Kocaeli, Sakarya, and Hatay have their capital district named differently from their province, as İzmit, Adapazarı, and Antakya respectively. A district may cover both rural and urban areas. In many provinces, one district of

2200-511: The shores of the Bosporus, though hilly and covered with forests—the Turkish Ağaç Denizi , or "The sea of Trees"—is not traversed by any mountain chain. The west coast is indented by two deep inlets, the northernmost, the Gulf of İzmit (ancient Gulf of Astacus), penetrating between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) into the interior as far as İzmit (ancient Nicomedia ), separated by an isthmus of only about 25 miles (40 km) from

2250-650: The sole producer of Ford Transit vans for Europe. It is also a transportation hub, being on the main highway and railway lines between Istanbul and Ankara and having a major port . In the past few years the province has developed into a growth point for the Turkish automotive industry , receiving investments from Ford , Hyundai , Honda and Isuzu . Tyre and rubber products are produced to world-class standard ( Goodyear , Pirelli , Lassa and Bridgestone ). As of today, Kocaeli province has attracted more than 1200 industrial investments, 108 of which have been established with international capital. Turkey's largest enterprise,

2300-451: The tasks, which are largely similar but are adapted to their locality. Greater municipalities ( büyükşehir belediyesi ) exist for large cities like Istanbul and İzmir that consist of an extra administrative layer run by an elected head mayor, who oversee the municipalities and mayors within the province. Currently, 30 provinces are administered by greater municipalities in addition to having separate municipalities for every district within

2350-505: The urban settlement it covers, but may also include some undeveloped land. Villages ( köy ) outside municipalities and quarters or neighborhoods ( mahalle ) within municipalities are the lowest level of local government, and are also the most numerous unit of local government in Turkey. They elect muhtars to care for specific administrative matters such as residence registration. The designation slightly differs ( köy muhtarı for village muhtar, mahalle muhtarı for quarter muhtar) and

2400-531: The vicinity of Nicomedia on 22 May 337. Owing to its position at the convergence of the Asiatic roads leading to the new capital, Nicomedia retained its importance even after the foundation of Constantinople. In 451, the local bishopric was promoted to a Metropolitan see under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . Nicomedia remained under Byzantine rule until

2450-502: Was the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire between 286 and 324, during the Tetrarchy introduced by Diocletian . Following Constantine the Great 's victory over co-emperor Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis in 324, Nicomedia served as an interim capital city for Constantine between 324 and 330, when he rebuilt and expanded the nearby city of Byzantium as the new Roman capital; formally dedicating it in 330 with

2500-466: Was used to produce charcoal , primarily. During the 1920s, the area was also known for manufacturing linen . Factories were rare during that time, so most linen was handmade. It was described as being "coarse" and as being in high demand in Turkey as of 1920. İzmit was the home of two Turkish Army and Navy uniform factories. One made fez hats and the other made cloth. The area made carpet and embroidery , made by mainly Christian women. İzmit has

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