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135-428: Alejandro González Iñárritu ( / ɪ ˈ n j ɑːr ɪ t uː / ; American Spanish: [aleˈxandɾo ɣonˈsales iˈɲaritu] ; credited since 2014 as Alejandro G. Iñárritu ; (born 15 August 1963) is a Mexican filmmaker. He is primarily known for making modern psychological drama films about the human condition . His projects have garnered critical acclaim and numerous accolades including five Academy Awards with

270-696: A Special Achievement Award , three Golden Globe Awards , three BAFTA Awards , two Directors Guild of America Awards . His most notable films include Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), Babel (2006), Biutiful (2010), Birdman (2014), The Revenant (2015), and Bardo (2022). Iñárritu's films, Amores Perros (2000), and Biutiful (2010) each received Academy Award for Best International Feature Film nominations. He earned critical and commercial success for his films 21 Grams (2003), and Babel (2006). He won three Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Original Screenplay for Birdman (2014). The following year, he received

405-476: A code , i.e. a sign system that is able to express the idea, for instance, through visual or auditory signs. The message is sent to a destination, who has to decode and interpret it to understand it. In response, they formulate their own idea, encode it into a message, and send it back as a form of feedback. Another innovation of Schramm's model is that previous experience is necessary to be able to encode and decode messages. For communication to be successful,

540-562: A fuzzy concept that manifests in degrees. In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators: group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types. Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication,

675-440: A military salute . Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status. Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands, kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking

810-498: A central contrast is between verbal and non-verbal communication . Verbal communication involves the exchange of messages in linguistic form, including spoken and written messages as well as sign language . Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a linguistic system , for example, using body language , touch, and facial expressions. Another distinction is between interpersonal communication , which happens between distinct persons, and intrapersonal communication , which

945-551: A channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language. The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines

1080-480: A consecutive Best Director Oscar for The Revenant (2015). Iñárritu was awarded a Special Achievement Academy Award for his virtual reality installation Carne y Arena (2017). Iñárritu is the first Mexican filmmaker to be nominated for either director or producer in the history of the Academy Awards, the first to win an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and for Best Picture, the first to receive

1215-405: A conversation, where the listener may respond to a speaker by expressing their opinion or by asking for clarification. Interaction models represent the process as a form of two-way communication in which the communicators take turns sending and receiving messages. Transaction models further refine this picture by allowing representations of sending and responding at the same time. This modification

1350-492: A daughter, Maria Eladia, and a son, Eliseo. In 2009, Iñárritu, along with several filmmakers and actors, signed a petition in support of director Roman Polanski , who had been detained while traveling to a film festival following his arrest in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges , which the petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open

1485-473: A different sense, the term communication refers to the message that is being communicated or to the field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena . The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings. The issue of

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1620-465: A dying horse was a reference to Yılmaz Güney and his film Yol , because there was a similar scene in that film. He has noted that these early travels as a young man have had a great influence on him as a filmmaker, and the settings of his films have often been in the places he visited during this period. After his travels, Iñárritu returned to Mexico City and majored in communications at Universidad Iberoamericana . Iñárritu began his career in 1984 as

1755-577: A girl from a wealthy family to Acapulco , having been influenced by the Miloš Forman film Hair , but returned to Mexico City after a week. Soon after, Iñárritu left home and worked as a sailor on cargo boats, taking two trips at the ages of 16 and 18, sailing through the Mississippi River and then visiting Europe and Africa. With $ 1,000 supplied by his father, Iñárritu stayed in Europe for

1890-462: A given context". This means that the speaker is aware of the social and cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation. For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer. To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in

2025-555: A language but rather non-verbal communication. It includes many forms, like gestures, postures, walking styles, and dance. Facial expressions, like laughing, smiling, and frowning, all belong to kinesics and are expressive and flexible forms of communication. Oculesics is another subcategory of kinesics in regard to the eyes. It covers questions like how eye contact, gaze, blink rate, and pupil dilation form part of communication. Some kinesic patterns are inborn and involuntary, like blinking, while others are learned and voluntary, like giving

2160-479: A long history and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems , the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet. The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the exchange of data between computers . The word communication has its root in

2295-439: A person may verbally agree with a statement but press their lips together, thereby indicating disagreement non-verbally. There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include kinesics , proxemics , haptics , paralanguage , chronemics , and physical appearance. Kinesics studies the role of bodily behavior in conveying information. It is commonly referred to as body language , even though it is, strictly speaking, not

2430-522: A person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when diagrams or maps employ labels to include additional linguistic information. Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence. For example, many judgments about

2565-522: A production company, with Raul Olvera in Mexico. Under Z Films, he started writing, producing and directing short films and advertisements. Making the final transition into TV and film directing, he studied under well-known theater director Ludwik Margules , as well as Judith Weston in Los Angeles. In 1995, Iñárritu wrote and directed his first TV pilot for Z Films, called Detrás del dinero , or Behind

2700-458: A radio host at the Mexican radio station WFM , the country's most popular rock music station, where he "pieced together playlists into a loose narrative arc". He worked with and interviewed artists like Robert Plant, David Gilmour, Elton John, Bob Geldof and Carlos Santana. He also wrote and broadcast small audio stories and storytelling promos. He later became the youngest producer for Televisa ,

2835-570: A secluded, dusty space and centers around LADP dancer Julia Eichten. Iñárritu embarked on his third and last film that formed the "Death Trilogy", Babel (2006), written again by Arriaga. Babel comprises four interrelated stories set in Morocco , Mexico, the United States, and Japan, in four different languages. The film stars Brad Pitt , Cate Blanchett , Adriana Barraza , Gael Garcia Bernal, Rinko Kikuchi and Kōji Yakusho . The rest of

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2970-464: A shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking." Based on its role in self-regulation , some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication

3105-473: A single shot. It was the first time a Mexican Filmmaker received Best Picture at the Academy Awards. He also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay , a DGA Award and a PGA Award for the film. Iñárritu was also set to direct and produce the tv series One Percent, an organic farming drama which he co-created with Alexander Dinelaris , Nicolas Giacobone, and Armando Bo for Starz . Starz gave

3240-439: A teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style. This underlines the role of a media-adequate approach. Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation. It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it. It further includes

3375-477: A thumb . It often happens simultaneously with verbal communication and helps optimize the exchange through emphasis and illustration or by adding additional information. Non-verbal cues can clarify the intent behind a verbal message. Using multiple modalities of communication in this way usually makes communication more effective if the messages of each modality are consistent. However, in some cases different modalities can contain conflicting messages. For example,

3510-435: A transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes

3645-419: A way that follows social standards and expectations. Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features. Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as empathy , control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge. It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in

3780-536: A whole psychological process during the film, even a metamorphosis. It often overlaps with other genres such as crime , fantasy , dark comedy , mystery and science fiction , and it is closely related with the psychological horror and psychological thriller genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' tropes to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone, nearly similar to melodrama . The difference between "drama" and " psychological drama " that places emphasis

3915-498: A wider sense, encompassing any form of linguistic communication, whether through speech, writing, or gestures. Some of the challenges in distinguishing verbal from non-verbal communication come from the difficulties in defining what exactly language means. Language is usually understood as a conventional system of symbols and rules used for communication. Such systems are based on a set of simple units of meaning that can be combined to express more complex ideas. The rules for combining

4050-520: A year on the second trip. Around this time, Iñárritu had the opportunity to watch the Palme d'Or -winning film Yol by world-famous Kurdish director Yılmaz Güney . Iñárritu was very impressed by Yol and later said in interviews that this film was the reason he turned to cinema. According to some Turkish journalists, the scene in The Revenant (2015) where Leonardo DiCaprio enters the belly of

4185-534: Is Iñárritu's first film in his native Spanish since his debut feature Amores perros . The film was nominated at the 2011 Golden Globes for Best Foreign Language Film , and at the BAFTA Awards for Best Film Not in the English Language and Best Actor . For the second time in his career, Iñárritu's film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards; Javier Bardem's performance

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4320-439: Is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and finding a suitable spouse. Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's well-being . The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems. Barriers to effective communication can distort

4455-415: Is another influential linear transmission model. It is based on the idea that a source creates a message, which is then translated into a signal by a transmitter. Noise may interfere with and distort the signal. Once the signal reaches the receiver, it is translated back into a message and made available to the destination. For a landline telephone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone

4590-401: Is another negative factor. It concerns influences that interfere with the message on its way to the receiver and distort it. Crackling sounds during a telephone call are one form of noise. Ambiguous expressions can also inhibit effective communication and make it necessary to disambiguate between possible interpretations to discern the sender's intention. These interpretations depend also on

4725-520: Is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication. The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal. Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions. Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, semiotics , anthropology , and social psychology . Interpersonal communication

4860-617: Is based on five fundamental questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?", and "With what effect?". The goal of these questions is to identify the basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the channel , the receiver , and the effect. Lasswell's model was initially only conceived as a model of mass communication, but it has been applied to other fields as well. Some communication theorists, like Richard Braddock, have expanded it by including additional questions, like "Under what circumstances?" and "For what purpose?". The Shannon–Weaver model

4995-633: Is best known of creating anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion , a notorious example of the subgenre, delves into heavy psychological elements in its latter half of the entire series. The anime series was the subject to acclaim and controversy, especially for the latter centered on its final two episodes; this was resulted to reboot a feature film as an alternative ending . Additionally, some anime series employed in psychological elements including Akagi , The Flowers of Evil , The Fruit of Grisaia , Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai , Scum's Wish , The Tatami Galaxy , Welcome to

5130-624: Is between natural and artificial or constructed languages . Natural languages, like English , Spanish , and Japanese , developed naturally and for the most part unplanned in the course of history. Artificial languages, like Esperanto , Quenya , C++ , and the language of first-order logic , are purposefully designed from the ground up. Most everyday verbal communication happens using natural languages. Central forms of verbal communication are speech and writing together with their counterparts of listening and reading. Spoken languages use sounds to produce signs and transmit meaning while for writing,

5265-423: Is closely related to efficiency , the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process. Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations. Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in

5400-410: Is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is dyadic communication , i.e. between two people, but it can also refer to communication within groups . It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call. Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as

5535-664: Is communication that takes place within an organism below the personal level, such as exchange of information between organs or cells. Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations. It can help regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking. External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making

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5670-400: Is communication with oneself. Communicative competence is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them. Non-human forms of communication include animal and plant communication . Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that

5805-835: Is especially relevant for parent-young relations, courtship, social greetings, and defense. Olfactory and gustatory communication happen chemically through smells and tastes, respectively. There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate. Common functions include the fields of courtship and mating, parent-offspring relations, social relations, navigation, self-defense, and territoriality . One part of courtship and mating consists in identifying and attracting potential mates. This can happen through various means. Grasshoppers and crickets communicate acoustically by using songs, moths rely on chemical means by releasing pheromones , and fireflies send visual messages by flashing light. For some species,

5940-428: Is less intuitive and often does not result in the same level of linguistic competence . The academic discipline studying language is called linguistics . Its subfields include semantics (the study of meaning), morphology (the study of word formation), syntax (the study of sentence structure), pragmatics (the study of language use), and phonetics (the study of basic sounds). A central contrast among languages

6075-459: Is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use egocentric speech while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective. A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once

6210-575: Is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes. For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from evolutionary biology and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of natural selection . The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both

6345-455: Is needed to describe how the listener can give feedback in a face-to-face conversation while the other person is talking. Examples are non-verbal feedback through body posture and facial expression . Transaction models also hold that meaning is produced during communication and does not exist independently of it. All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models. Lasswell's model , for example,

6480-412: Is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness. Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly stated in

6615-413: Is one of only three directors to ever win consecutive Oscars, and the first to do it in 65 years. He was also nominated for four Golden Globe Awards , winning three, including Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director; received nine Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director; five BAFTAs including Best Picture and Best Director; and a DGA Award, making history as

6750-532: Is set to star. Iñarritu's cinematic influences include Max Ophüls , Robert Altman , Sidney Lumet , Ingmar Bergman , Federico Fellini , Luis Buñuel , Andrei Tarkovsky , Sergio Leone , Martin Scorsese , Yılmaz Güney , and John Cassavetes . However, his influences are not limited to film and come from a variety of sources. Iñárritu has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . He is married to Maria Eladia Hagerman, an editor and graphic designer. They have

6885-499: Is that human communication is frequently linked to the conscious intention to send information, which is often not discernable for animal communication. Despite these differences, some theorists use the term " animal language " to refer to certain communicative patterns in animal behavior that have similarities with human language. Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory , and gustatory communication. Visual communication happens in

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7020-408: Is that humans and many animals express sympathy by synchronizing their movements and postures. Nonetheless, there are also significant differences, like the fact that humans also engage in verbal communication, which uses language, while animal communication is restricted to non-verbal (i.e. non-linguistic) communication. Some theorists have tried to distinguish human from animal communication based on

7155-485: Is that in the latter scenario, the focus is more on the psychological character of the characters and on existentialism in general, and not on the context of the narrative itself. So, the end is not necessarily tragic: the main character can doubt himself and sometimes overcome his intimate problems. Psychological drama can be very clearly distinguished from dramedy , as there is no to minimal humor in it like Good Will Hunting (1997) and The Truman Show (1998) but since

7290-474: Is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection. Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred. Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals. The field studying animal communication is called zoosemiotics . There are many parallels to human communication. One

7425-503: Is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized. This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another. Effectiveness

7560-821: Is the first Mexican director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing , and the first to win the Best Director Award at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2015, Iñárritu won, among many other accolades, the Directors Guild Award for Outstanding Directing, the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture , and

7695-694: Is the most notable example of animated psychological drama films, confronted with bitterness and human conditions. His films included Harvie Krumpet (2003), Mary and Max (2009), and Memoir of a Snail (2024). Communications This is an accepted version of this page Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information . Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include

7830-514: Is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new behavioral cues as a response. There are many forms of human communication . A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between interpersonal and intrapersonal communication . Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or

7965-409: Is the transmitter. The transmitter translates the message into an electrical signal that travels through the wire, which acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver. The Shannon–Weaver model includes an in-depth discussion of how noise can distort the signal and how successful communication can be achieved despite noise. This can happen by making

8100-403: Is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models. Linear transmission models focus on how a sender transmits information to a receiver. They are linear because this flow of information only goes in a single direction. This view is rejected by interaction models, which include a feedback loop. Feedback is needed to describe many forms of communication, such as

8235-516: The 2007 Cannes Film Festival . Chacun son cinéma , a collection of 33 short films by 35 renowned film directors representing 25 countries, was produced for the 60th anniversary of the film festival. In 2012, Iñárritu made the experimental short film Naran Ja: One Act Orange Dance , inspired by L.A Dance Project's premiere performance, featuring excerpts from the new choreography Benjamin Millepied crafted for Moving Parts . The story takes place in

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8370-473: The 76th Academy Awards , Del Toro and Watts received nominations for their performances. From 2001 to 2011, Iñárritu directed several short films . In 2001, he directed an 11-minute film segment for 11'09"01 September 11 - which is composed of several short films that explore the effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks from different points of view around the world. In 2007, he made ANNA , part of French anthology film Chacun son cinéma , which screened at

8505-475: The 79th Venice International Film Festival where it competed for the Golden Lion and was later distributed by Netflix . The film polarized critics and received mixed reviews. Film critic Wendy Ide of The Guardian called the film "occasionally brilliant" but noted, "It’s audacious, bold film-making, a highly personal work that is cluttered with symbolism and bloated with self-regard". Iñárritu described

8640-530: The Academy Award for Best Picture , Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing for Birdman , becoming the first Mexican to win three Academy awards. In 2016, Iñárritu won the Academy Award for Best Director for his work on The Revenant , marking the first time in 65 years that a director has won the award in two consecutive years. Iñárritu is the third director to accomplish this feat, following John Ford and Joseph L. Mankiewicz . In 2006, Iñárritu

8775-596: The Latin verb communicare , which means ' to share ' or ' to make common ' . Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information: a message is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations. In

8910-708: The National Autonomous University of Mexico . In 2016, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the University of Southern California. In 2019, he was also made Commander of the Order of the Arts and Letters in France. Psychological drama (film genre) The roots of the subgenre can be traced back to the early 20th century, emerging from a rich tapestry of literature that focused on

9045-561: The cultural background of the participants . Significant cultural differences constitute an additional obstacle and make it more likely that messages are misinterpreted. Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like biocommunication and biosemiotics . There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it

9180-462: The senses used to perceive the message, i.e. hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting. But in the widest sense, channels encompass any form of transmission, including technological means like books, cables, radio waves, telephones, or television. Naturally transmitted messages usually fade rapidly whereas some messages using artificial channels have a much longer lifespan, as in the case of books or sculptures. The physical characteristics of

9315-477: The Academy's 9th Annual Governors Awards. In 2020, it was reported that Iñárritu would write, direct, and produce a new film in Mexico, his first film made there since Amores Perros 20 years previously, and his third Spanish-Language film after Amores Perros and Biutiful . The film entitled Bardo, False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths starred Daniel Giménez Cacho and Griselda Siciliani and premiered at

9450-585: The Best Director Award at Cannes, and the first to win a DGA Award for Outstanding Directing. In 2019, Iñárritu became the first Latin American to serve as president of the jury for the 72nd Cannes Film Festival . Iñárritu and Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro are known in the film industry as "The Three Amigos." Iñárritu was born on 15 August 1963 in Mexico City ,

9585-697: The Cannes Gold Lion Advertising Award. After the success of Amores Perros , Iñárritu and Arriaga revisited the intersected-stories structure of Amores perros in Iñárritu's second feature film, 21 Grams (2003). The film starred Benicio del Toro , Naomi Watts and Sean Penn . It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival , where Penn received the Volpi Cup for Best Actor . At

9720-657: The Cuckoo's Nest (1975), The Ninth Configuration (1980), Pink Floyd - The Wall , Sophie's Choice (both 1982) Heavenly Creatures (1994), Breaking the Waves (1996), I Stand Alone (1998), Magnolia (1999), Requiem for a Dream (2000), The Piano Teacher (2001), Elephant (2003), Enter the Void (2009), Biutiful (2010), Shame (2011), Jagten and The Master (both 2012), Nymphomaniac (2013), Whiplash (2014), The Power of

9855-526: The DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials. On 4 October 2012, Facebook released an Iñárritu-directed brand film titled The Things That Connect Us to celebrate the social network reaching one billion users. In December 2013, Warner Bros. hired Iñárritu to direct a live-action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's 1894 book The Jungle Book . Eventually, Andy Serkis directed

9990-451: The Dog (2021), and Blonde and The Whale (both 2022). Films have some thematically-linked franchises or trilogies to focus on aspects of human condition and psychological elements, notably Iñárritu 's Death trilogy (consists Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003) and Babel (2006)) and Krzysztof Kieślowski 's Three Colours trilogy . Asian films have contributed

10125-485: The End of History (both 2013), Black Stone (2015), Last Night (2017), and Family History and John Denver Trending (both 2019). Animated series are examples of this subgenre only focuses on characters' experience with mental health and psychological trauma ; these included Bojack Horseman , Morel Orel , Steven Universe Future , and Undone . Japanese filmmaker and animator Hideaki Anno , who

10260-533: The Iñárritu-produced Mexican film Rudo y Cursi . Amores perros was the first installment in Iñárritu's and Arriaga's thematic "Death trilogy", and nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . In 2002, Iñárritu directed "Powder Keg", an episode for the BMW short film series The Hire , starring Clive Owen as the driver and Stellan Skarsgård as a war photographer. It won

10395-717: The Money , starring Miguel Bosé . In 2000, Iñárritu directed his first feature film Amores perros , written by Guillermo Arriaga . Amores perros explored Mexican society in Mexico City told via three intertwining stories. In 2000, Amores perros premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and won the Critics' Week Grand Prize . It was the film debut of actor Gael García Bernal , who would later appear in Babel and

10530-523: The N.H.K. , and Wonder Egg Priority . A Silent Voice , Anomalisa , It's Such a Beautiful Day , Inside Out (and its sequel ), The Missing , Puss in Boots: The Last Wish , and When Marnie Was There are among the examples of animated films used in the subgenre, usually having the characters' portrayal dealt with several themes such as anxiety attack , fear of abandonment and death , and society. Adam Elliot

10665-539: The Wilderness (1971) and starred Leonardo DiCaprio , Tom Hardy , and Domhnall Gleeson . It is a "gritty" 19th-century period drama -thriller about fur trapper Hugh Glass , a real person who joined the Rocky Mountain Fur Company on a "journey into the wild" and was robbed and abandoned after being mauled by a grizzly bear. The film considers the nature and stresses on relationships under

10800-503: The ability to receive and understand messages. Competence is often contrasted with performance since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence. However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances. Two central components of communicative competence are effectiveness and appropriateness. Effectiveness

10935-471: The actual message from what was originally intended. A closely related problem is whether acts of deliberate deception constitute communication. According to a broad definition by literary critic I. A. Richards , communication happens when one mind acts upon its environment to transmit its own experience to another mind. Another interpretation is given by communication theorists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver , who characterize communication as

11070-507: The audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for entertainment or personal enjoyment. Verbal communication further helps individuals conceptualize

11205-421: The auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter. The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance,

11340-407: The behavior of others. On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done. Research on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on

11475-410: The cast comprised non-professional actors. The film competed at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival , where Iñárritu received the Best Director Award (Prix de la mise en scène) , becoming the first Mexican-born director to win the award. Babel was a critical and box office success. It received seven nominations at the 79th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . Gustavo Santaolalla ,

11610-456: The characters’ minds. It can be explore thematic elements include: denialism , depression , disability , distorted sequences , dysfunctional relationships , existential crisis , human sexuality , identity crisis , mass hysteria , mood swings , odd behaviors , post-traumatic stress disorder , psychological abuse , psychedelic art , and social issues . Psychological drama films have generally rooted with traditional drama genre in

11745-426: The child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior. For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The channel is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed. Channels are often understood in terms of

11880-650: The claim that animal communication lacks a referential function and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However, various observations seem to contradict this view, such as the warning signals in response to different types of predators used by vervet monkeys , Gunnison's prairie dogs , and red squirrels . A further approach is to draw the distinction based on the complexity of human language , especially its almost limitless ability to combine basic units of meaning into more complex meaning structures. One view states that recursion sets human language apart from all non-human communicative systems. Another difference

12015-503: The communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information. Appearance is an important factor for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable. Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags. Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual media like paintings and drawings . They can express what

12150-543: The communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other. Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself. In some cases this manifests externally, like when engaged in a monologue , taking notes, highlighting a passage, and writing a diary or a shopping list. But many forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally in the form of an inner exchange with oneself, like when thinking about something or daydreaming . Closely related to intrapersonal communication

12285-441: The door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects." Iñárritu has been recognized with multiple awards for his films, including five Academy Awards , two Directors Guild of America Awards , a Producers Guild of America Award , three British Academy Film Awards , three AACTA Awards , three Golden Globe Awards , two Independent Spirit Awards , two American Film Institute Awards , and three Cannes Film Festival Award . He

12420-443: The duress of the wilderness, and issues of revenge and pardon via Glass's pursuit of the man who was responsible for his hardship. The Revenant took nine months to shoot. With The Revenant being a critical and commercial success, Iñárritu won a second consecutive Oscar for Best Director and was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, winning Best Director, Best Cinematography and Best Actor. Iñárritu

12555-789: The earliest years of 20th century, with these examples cited The Whispering Chorus (1918) and Greed (1924). Additionally, early examples of popular subgenre films in 1930s to 1950s include La vuelta al nido (1938), Death of a Salesman (1951), Johnny Belinda (1948), A Place in the Sun (1951), and The Snake Pit (1948) Several films generally used the subgenre have employed controversially social issues and/or psychosexual themes, most notably Stanley Kubrick 's Lolita (1962), A Clockwork Orange (1971), and Eyes Wide Shut (1999). Other acclaimed films with similar themes including Last Tango in Paris (1972), One Flew Over

12690-410: The emotional intensity and draw audiences deeper into the psychological experience. These primary themes in the subgenre related to depiction of mental illness , psychological trauma , and society , but not limited to; other themes like alienation , self-doubt , and the quest for identity are common, with narratives often blurring the lines between reality and illusion to reflect the turmoil within

12825-465: The existence of a socially shared coding system that is used to interpret the meaning of non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal communication has many functions. It frequently contains information about emotions, attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations, and private thoughts. Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like sweating or blushing , but there are also conscious intentional forms, like shaking hands or raising

12960-409: The fields of experience of source and destination have to overlap. The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist Dean Barnlund in 1970. He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared understanding . This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding

13095-505: The film titled Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018). In 2014, Iñárritu won three Academy Awards for directing, co-writing and co-producing Best Picture winner Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) , starring Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts , Zach Galifianakis , and Andrea Riseborough . The film is an existential dark comedy exploring the ego of a forgotten superhero actor, experienced as if filmed on

13230-481: The film's composer, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama in 2007. Iñárritu became the first Mexican director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Directing and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing . After this third feature film collaboration with writing partner Arriaga, Iñárritu and he professionally parted ways, following Iñárritu's barring of Arriaga from

13365-444: The first person to ever win two in a row. The One Percent , originally planned as an upcoming American television drama series created and written by Iñárritu, Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , Nicolás Giacobone and Armando Bó , was eventually postponed on early March 2017 due to Alejandro feeling burnt out after the production of The Revenant . The quartet, who also collaborated on Birdman , were to serve as executive producers. Iñárritu

13500-434: The form of diagrams showing the basic components and their interaction. Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of mass communication . One influential way to classify communication

13635-806: The form of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and colors. Examples are movements seen during mating rituals , the colors of birds, and the rhythmic light of fireflies . Auditory communication takes place through vocalizations by species like birds, primates , and dogs. Auditory signals are frequently used to alert and warn. Lower-order living systems often have simple response patterns to auditory messages, reacting either by approach or avoidance. More complex response patterns are observed for higher animals, which may use different signals for different types of predators and responses. For example, some primates use one set of signals for airborne predators and another for land predators. Tactile communication occurs through touch, vibration , stroking, rubbing, and pressure. It

13770-465: The idea that a source uses a coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies . A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication,

13905-404: The inner workings of the mind. As cinema evolved, filmmakers began to see the potential for the medium to explore complex psychological themes and narratives. Similar with these psychological genres, but rather than using imagery to provoke fear, suspense or terror, they utilize dramatic settings to elicit a strong, emotional value from audiences. Psychological dramas commonly deal directly with

14040-468: The largest mass media company in Latin America . From 1987 to 1989, he composed music for six Mexican feature films. During this time, Iñárritu became acquainted with Mexican writer Guillermo Arriaga , beginning their screenwriting collaborations. Iñárritu has stated that he believes music has had a bigger influence on him as an artist than film itself. In the early 1990s, Iñárritu created Z Films,

14175-415: The location of nectar to bees through their colors and shapes. Other definitions restrict communication to conscious interactions among human beings. Some approaches focus on the use of symbols and signs while others stress the role of understanding, interaction, power, or transmission of ideas. Various characterizations see the communicator's intent to send a message as a central component. In this view,

14310-406: The medium used to transmit messages. The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics. Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in linguistic form, i.e., by means of language . In colloquial usage, verbal communication is sometimes restricted to oral communication and may exclude writing and sign language. However, in academic discourse, the term is usually used in

14445-418: The message partially redundant so that decoding is possible nonetheless. Other influential linear transmission models include Gerbner's model and Berlo's model . The earliest interaction model was developed by communication theorist Wilbur Schramm . He states that communication starts when a source has an idea and expresses it in the form of a message. This process is called encoding and happens using

14580-414: The message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs, or because it contains too little or too much information. Distraction, selective perception , and lack of attention to feedback may also be responsible. Noise

14715-411: The nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal cues. It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood. These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like Ray Birdwhistell , to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way. It has also been suggested that human communication

14850-431: The participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response. Models of communication are conceptual representations of

14985-445: The participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like courtship and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example, maple trees release so-called volatile organic compounds into the air to warn other plants of a herbivore attack. Most communication takes place between members of

15120-493: The parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time. This happens when one person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said. Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express

15255-451: The process of communication. Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test predictions . Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in

15390-624: The process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence. Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading. There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its phonology , orthography , syntax, lexicon , and semantics. Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships. Communicative competence

15525-519: The psychological state and mental health, emphasize on emotional conflicts and often serve as a portrait of introspective personal struggle. It can be also characterized as primary character-driven , in which attention will be particularly paid to the psychology of the characters, to their intimate problems more than to the storyline context. The characters are confronted with doubts, dilemmas or inner personality conflicts. The challenges they encounter will often force them to react, making them go through

15660-456: The response from critics as being "racist" saying, "You can like it or not — that's not the discussion. But for me, there's a kind of racist undercurrent where because I'm Mexican, I'm pretentious". It earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the 85th Academy Awards . In February 2024, it was announced that he is making a new film distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , with Legendary Pictures co-producing. Tom Cruise

15795-471: The right definition affects the research process on many levels. This includes issues like which empirical phenomena are observed, how they are categorized, which hypotheses and laws are formulated as well as how systematic theories based on these steps are articulated. Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human behavior . Under a broad definition, many animals communicate within their own species and flowers communicate by signaling

15930-461: The same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species. Interspecies communication happens mainly in cases of symbiotic relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where nectar is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with pets and working animals . Human communication has

16065-629: The set during filming. Arriaga told the Los Angeles Times in 2009, "It had to come to an end, but I still respect [González Iñárritu]." In 2010, Iñárritu directed and produced Biutiful , starring Javier Bardem , written by Iñárritu, Armando Bó Jr. , and Nicolás Giacobone . The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. Bardem went on to win Best Actor (shared with Elio Germano for La nostra vita ) at Cannes. Biutiful

16200-410: The show a straight-to-series order, but dropped out in 2017 as the U.S. broadcaster of the series, with production company MRC shopping the project to other networks or streaming platforms. In 2015, Iñárritu directed The Revenant , initially adapted by Mark L. Smith , before joined the writing process, based on Michael Punke 's novel of the same name . The film is a remake of the film Man in

16335-412: The signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange". According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach

16470-416: The signs are physically inscribed on a surface. Sign languages , like American Sign Language and Nicaraguan Sign Language , are another form of verbal communication. They rely on visual means, mostly by using gestures with hands and arms, to form sentences and convey meaning. Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make

16605-422: The speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants. Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act

16740-506: The subgenre is rather devoid of humor. Each films utilize a range of techniques to mirror the psychological landscape of their characters. Close-ups and subjective camera angles invite viewers into the character’s personal space, while disjointed editing and surreal imagery can reflect fragmented states of mind. The use of symbolism is also prevalent, with objects, settings, and colors imbued with psychological significance. Music and sound design play crucial roles, often used to heighten

16875-437: The subgenre, often employs several psychological and social elements. For example: Akira Kurosawa , a Japanese renowned filmmaker, known for his landmark filmography with the subgenre, notably Drunken Angel (1948) and Ikiru (1952). Each films including The Demon (1978), Batch '81 (1982), Silip (1986), Taare Zameen Par (2007), Himizu (2011), Aparisyon (2012), Like Father, Like Son and Norte,

17010-451: The transmission of information is not sufficient for communication if it happens unintentionally. A version of this view is given by philosopher Paul Grice , who identifies communication with actions that aim to make the recipient aware of the communicator's intention. One question in this regard is whether only successful transmissions of information should be regarded as communication. For example, distortion may interfere with and change

17145-565: The units into compound expressions are called grammar . Words are combined to form sentences . One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to concrete objects in the here-and-now but also to spatially and temporally distant objects and to abstract ideas . Humans have a natural tendency to acquire their native language in childhood . They are also able to learn other languages later in life as second languages . However, this process

17280-399: The use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables. Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information; crying indicates that an infant is distressed, and babbling conveys information about infant health and well-being. Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting. The physical appearance of

17415-456: The verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness. For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like

17550-410: The way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly. A closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events. Other explanations understand it in terms of the needs it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing

17685-475: The world around them and themselves. This affects how perceptions of external events are interpreted, how things are categorized, and how ideas are organized and related to each other. Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions, gestures , and postures . However, not every form of non-verbal behavior constitutes non-verbal communication. Some theorists, like Judee Burgoon , hold that it depends on

17820-531: The youngest of seven siblings, to Luz María Iñárritu and Héctor González Gama. His maternal grandfather, Alfredo Iñárritu y Ramírez de Aguilar, was a prominent lawyer, judge, and justice of the Supreme Court of Mexico with partial Basque origins. Héctor was a banker who owned a ranch, but went bankrupt when Iñárritu was five. A poor student, Iñárritu was expelled from high school at the age of 16 or 17 due to poor grades and misbehavior. He briefly ran off with

17955-733: Was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . In 2010, Iñárritu directed " Write the Future ", a football-themed commercial for Nike ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , which went on to win the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions Advertising Festival . In 2012, he directed Procter & Gamble 's "Best Job" commercial spot for the 2012 Olympic Ceremonies . It won the Best Primetime Commercial Emmy at Creative Arts Emmy Awards and

18090-706: Was honored at the Gotham Awards ' World Cinema Tribute, alongside fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro . In 2011, he was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at Zurich Film Festival . In 2015, Iñárritu received the Sundance Institute 's Vanguard Leadership Award for the "originality and independent spirit" of his films. He was also honored by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art at its Art + Film Gala . That year, he received an honorary doctorate from

18225-555: Was set to direct the first two episodes and set the visual style of the show. Iñárritu's virtual reality project Carne y Arena was the first ever VR installation presented at the Cannes Film Festival in 2017. Carne y Arena was also presented, at LACMA, Washington, D.C., and featured at the Prada Foundation in Milan . Additionally, Carne y Arena was awarded the first Special Achievement Academy Award in over 20 years at

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