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77-420: The SAE maintains the general physical, electrical, communication protocol, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler. The intent is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector. The J1772 5-pin standard supports

154-454: A diode bridge . A "delta" (Δ) connected transformer winding is connected between phases of a three-phase system. A "wye" (Y) transformer connects each winding from a phase wire to a common neutral point. A single three-phase transformer can be used, or three single-phase transformers. In an "open delta" or "V" system, only two transformers are used. A closed delta made of three single-phase transformers can operate as an open delta if one of

231-415: A high-leg delta supply is sometimes used where one winding of a delta-connected transformer feeding the load is center-tapped and that center tap is grounded and connected as a neutral as shown in the second diagram. This setup produces three different voltages: If the voltage between the center tap (neutral) and each of the top and bottom taps (phase and anti-phase) is 120  V (100%), the voltage across

308-494: A 350 kW DC charger, IONIQ 5 can charge from 10 percent to 80 percent in just 18 minutes. According to WLTP cycle, IONIQ 5 users only need to charge the vehicle for five minutes to get 100 km of range." These vehicles are capable of accepting up to 230kW until about 50% State of charge , allowing these vehicles to recharge much quicker than similar EVs with lower voltage batteries. Some EVs have extended J1772 to allow AC Level 1 (120   V) charging at greater than 16 amps. This

385-790: A 66-kWh lithium-ion battery and a 7.2-kW onboard charging module; with an EPA range of 259 miles (417 km) and energy efficiency of 118 mpg‑e (29 kW⋅h/100 mi; 17.7 kW⋅h/100 km), it can use its portable charge cord to charge at AC Level 1 (120   V, 12   A) to get up to 4 mi (6.4 km) of range per hour or go off an AC Level 2 charging unit (240   V, 32   A) to get up to 25 mi (40 km) of range per hour. Using an optional DC fast charging (DCFC) port, this model can also charge at up to 55   kW to get up to 90 mi (140 km) of range per half hour. Other EVs utilizing an 800v battery architecture (such as those on Hyundai's E-GMP platform) can charge much faster. According to Hyundai, "With

462-654: A J1772/CCS Combo Coupler variant of the J1772-2009 connector in order to also support the Combined Charging System standard for direct current (DC) fast charging, which includes the standard 5-pin J1772 connector along with an additional two larger pins to support fast DC charging. Combo 1 accommodates charging at 200–920 volts DC and up to 350 kW. [1] The combination coupler will also use power-line communication technology to communicate between

539-399: A cable is hooked up to the charging station, which activates the wave generator. The charging is activated by the vehicle by adding parallel 1.3 kΩ resistor resulting in a voltage drop to +6 V or by adding a parallel 270 Ω resistor for a required ventilation resulting in a voltage drop to +3 V. Hence the charging station can react by only checking the voltage range present on

616-485: A formula based on the 1 ms full cycle (of the 1 kHz signal) with the maximum continuous ampere rating being 0.6 A per 10 μs up to 850 μs (with the lowest (100 μs/10 μs) × 0.6 A = 6 A). Above 850 μs, the formula requires subtraction of 640 μs and multiplying the difference by 2.5. For example ((960 μs − 640 μs)/10 μs) × 2.5 A = 80 A. The proximity pin, PP (also known as plug present ), as shown in

693-420: A four-wire secondary and a three-wire primary, while allowing unbalanced loads and the associated secondary-side neutral currents. Wiring for three phases is typically identified by colors that vary by country and voltage. The phases must be connected in the correct order to achieve the intended direction of rotation of three-phase motors. For example, pumps and fans do not work as intended in reverse. Maintaining

770-456: A grounding transformer (usually a zigzag transformer ) may be connected to allow ground fault currents to return from any phase to ground. Another variation is a "corner grounded" delta system, which is a closed delta that is grounded at one of the junctions of transformers. There are two basic three-phase configurations: wye (Y) and delta (Δ). As shown in the diagram, a delta configuration requires only three wires for transmission, but

847-703: A new standard that mandated the usage of the new connector beginning with the 2010 model year; this was approved in 2012. The Yazaki plug that was built to the new SAE J1772 plug standard successfully completed certification at UL . The standard specification was subsequently voted upon by the SAE committee in July 2009. On January 14, 2010, the SAE J1772 REV 2009 was adopted by the SAE Motor Vehicle Council. The companies participating in or supporting

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924-713: A paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin . Two months later Nikola Tesla gained U.S. patent 381,968 for a three-phase electric motor design, application filed October 12, 1887. Figure 13 of this patent shows that Tesla envisaged his three-phase motor being powered from the generator via six wires. These alternators operated by creating systems of alternating currents displaced from one another in phase by definite amounts, and depended on rotating magnetic fields for their operation. The resulting source of polyphase power soon found widespread acceptance. The invention of

1001-531: A rectangular connector capable of delivering up to 6.6 kW of electrical power. The California regulations mandated the usage of SAE J1772-2001 beginning with the 2006 model year. CARB would later ask for higher current delivery than the 6.6 kW that the 2001 J1772 (Avcon) standard supported. This process led to the proposal of a new round connector design by Yazaki which allowed for an increased power delivery of up to 19.2 kW delivered via single phase 120–240 V AC at up to 80 amps. In 2008, CARB published

1078-413: A set of three AC electric currents , one from each coil (or winding) of the generator. The windings are arranged such that the currents are at the same frequency but with the peaks and troughs of their wave forms offset to provide three complementary currents with a phase separation of one-third cycle ( 120° or 2π ⁄ 3 radians ). The generator frequency is typically 50 or 60 Hz , depending on

1155-802: A single- and three-phase coupler with shutters. After a 2016 approval by the IEC for a small modification to the Mennekes connector optionally allowing shutters, Type 3 has been deprecated. Tokyo Electric Power Company has developed a specification solely for automotive high-voltage DC fast charging using the JARI DC connector and formed the CHAdeMO ( charge de move , equivalent to "charge for moving") association with Japanese automakers Mitsubishi , Nissan and Subaru to promote it. Single-phase electric power Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1232-460: A temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. Control Pilot (Mode) : The charging station sends a 1 kHz square wave on the control pilot that is connected back to the protective earth on the vehicle side by means of a resistor and a diode (voltage range ±12.0±0.4 V). The live wires of public charging stations are always dead if the CP–PE ( Protective Earth ) circuit is open, although

1309-523: A waterfall at a distance was explored at the Grängesberg mine. A 45  m fall at Hällsjön, Smedjebackens kommun, where a small iron work had been located, was selected. In 1893, a three-phase 9.5  kV system was used to transfer 400 horsepower (300 kW) a distance of 15 km (10 miles), becoming the first commercial application. In a symmetric three-phase power supply system, three conductors each carry an alternating current of

1386-463: A wide range of single-phase (1φ) alternating current (AC) charging rates. They range from portable devices that can connect to a household NEMA 5-15 outlet that can deliver 1.44 kW (12 A @ 120 V) to hardwired equipment that can deliver up to 19.2 kW (80 A @ 240 V). These connectors are sometimes informally referred to as chargers, but they are " electric vehicle supply equipment " (EVSE), since they only supply AC power to

1463-414: A wye (star) configuration may have a fourth wire. The fourth wire, if present, is provided as a neutral and is normally grounded. The three-wire and four-wire designations do not count the ground wire present above many transmission lines, which is solely for fault protection and does not carry current under normal use. A four-wire system with symmetrical voltages between phase and neutral is obtained when

1540-455: Is 3 = 1.732 … {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}=1.732\ldots } times the amplitude of the voltage of the individual phases. The symmetric three-phase systems described here are simply referred to as three-phase systems because, although it is possible to design and implement asymmetric three-phase power systems (i.e., with unequal voltages or phase shifts), they are not used in practice because they lack

1617-417: Is √ 3 times greater than the line-to-neutral voltage delivered to a load in the wye configuration. As the power transferred is V / Z , the impedance in the delta configuration must be 3 times what it would be in a wye configuration for the same power to be transferred. Except in a high-leg delta system and a corner-grounded delta system, single-phase loads may be connected across any two phases, or

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1694-466: Is a 32 A maximum and a 90% PWM flags a fast charge option. The PWM duty cycle of the 1 kHz CP signal indicates the maximum allowed mains current. According to the SAE it includes socket outlet, cable and vehicle inlet. In the US, the definition of the ampacity (ampere capacity, or current capacity) is split for continuous and short term operation. The SAE defines the ampacity value to be derived by

1771-421: Is a type of polyphase system employing three wires (or four including an optional neutral return wire) and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. Three-phase electrical power was developed in the 1880s by several people. In three-phase power, the voltage on each wire is 120 degrees phase shifted relative to each of the other wires. Because it is an AC system, it allows

1848-441: Is called phase voltage . For example, for a 208/120-volt service, the line voltage is 208 volts, and the phase voltage is 120 volts. Polyphase power systems were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris , Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky , Jonas Wenström , John Hopkinson , William Stanley Jr. , and Nikola Tesla in the late 1880s. Three phase power evolved out of electric motor development. In 1885, Galileo Ferraris

1925-622: Is considered a “Type 1” implementation providing a single phase coupler. The SAE J1772-2009 was adopted by electric vehicle manufacturers in the Chevrolet Volt and the Nissan Leaf . The connector became standard equipment in the U.S. market due to the availability of charging stations supporting it in the nation's electric vehicle network (helped by funding such as the ChargePoint America program drawing grants from

2002-482: Is designed for single phase alternating current electrical systems with 120 V or 240 V such as those used in North America and Japan. The round 43-millimetre (1.7 in) diameter connector is keyed and has five pins (viewed from outside of the plug): The connector is designed to withstand 10,000 mating cycles (a connection and a disconnection) and exposure to the elements. With 1 mating cycle per day,

2079-459: Is essential for the CCS implementation where the connector is not designed to break the heavy DC charging current. The SAE J1772-2017 standard defines four levels of charging: AC Level 1 , AC Level 2 , DC Level 1 , and DC Level 2 . Earlier released revisions of J1772 also listed a never-implemented AC Level 3 , which was considered but never implemented. For example, the 2020 Chevrolet Bolt has

2156-406: Is mainly used directly to power large induction motors , other electric motors and other heavy loads. Small loads often use only a two-wire single-phase circuit, which may be derived from a three-phase system. The conductors between a voltage source and a load are called lines, and the voltage between any two lines is called line voltage . The voltage measured between any line and neutral

2233-410: Is not necessarily 0 and depends on the type of load impedance, Z y . Inductive and capacitive loads will cause current to either lag or lead the voltage. However, the relative phase angle between each pair of lines (1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 1) will still be −120°. By applying Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) to the neutral node, the three phase currents sum to the total current in the neutral line. In

2310-441: Is possible with any number of phases greater than one. However, two-phase systems do not have neutral-current cancellation and thus use conductors less efficiently, and more than three phases complicates infrastructure unnecessarily. Additionally, in some practical generators and motors, two phases can result in a less smooth (pulsating) torque. Three-phase systems may have a fourth wire, common in low-voltage distribution. This

2387-403: Is the neutral wire. The neutral allows three separate single-phase supplies to be provided at a constant voltage and is commonly used for supplying multiple single-phase loads. The connections are arranged so that, as far as possible in each group, equal power is drawn from each phase. Further up the distribution system , the currents are usually well balanced. Transformers may be wired to have

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2464-404: Is the phase of delta impedance ( Z Δ ). Inspection of a phasor diagram, or conversion from phasor notation to complex notation, illuminates how the difference between two line-to-neutral voltages yields a line-to-line voltage that is greater by a factor of √ 3 . As a delta configuration connects a load across phases of a transformer, it delivers the line-to-line voltage difference, which

2541-676: Is useful, for example, at RV parks where TT-30 ("Travel Trailer" - 120   V, 30   A) receptacles are common. These allow charging at up to 24 amps. However, this level of 120   V charging has not been codified into J1772. Another extension, supported by the North American Charging System , is Level 2 charging at 277   V. Like 208   V, 277   V is commonly found in North American commercial three-phase circuits. The J1772 standard includes several levels of shock protection, ensuring

2618-590: The General Motors EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV used Magne Charge (SAE J1773), an inductive system. CARB rejected the inductive technology in favor of conductive coupling to supply electricity for recharging. In June 2001, CARB adopted the SAE J1772-2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California. This early version of the connector was made by Avcon and featured

2695-582: The UK may supply one phase and neutral at a high current (up to 100  A ) to one property, while others such as Germany may supply 3 phases and neutral to each customer, but at a lower fuse rating, typically 40–63 A per phase, and "rotated" to avoid the effect that more load tends to be put on the first phase. Based on wye (Y) and delta (Δ) connection. Generally, there are four different types of three-phase transformer winding connections for transmission and distribution purposes: In North America,

2772-629: The smart grid , without requiring an additional pin; SAE and the IEEE Standards Association are sharing their draft standards related to the smart grid and vehicle electrification. P1901 communication is compatible with other 802.x standards via the IEEE 1905 standard, allowing arbitrary IP-based communications with the vehicle, meter or distributor, and the building where chargers are located. P1905 includes wireless communications. In at least one implementation, communication between

2849-508: The "neutral" and either of the center-tapped phase points. In the perfectly balanced case all three lines share equivalent loads. Examining the circuits, we can derive relationships between line voltage and current, and load voltage and current for wye- and delta-connected loads. In a balanced system each line will produce equal voltage magnitudes at phase angles equally spaced from each other. With V 1 as our reference and V 3 lagging V 2 lagging V 1 , using angle notation , and V LN

2926-538: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act). The European versions were equipped with a SAE J1772-2009 inlet as well until the automotive industry settled on the IEC Type 2 “Mennekes” connector as the standard inlet – since all IEC connectors use the same SAE J1772 signaling protocol the car manufacturers are selling cars with either a SAE J1772-2009 inlet or an IEC Type 2 inlet depending on

3003-539: The CP–PE loop. Note that the diode will only make for a voltage drop in the positive range; any negative voltage on the CP–PE loop is blocked by D1 in the vehicle, any significant current that does flow in the CP–PE loop during the negative period will shut off the current as being considered a fatal error (like touching the pins). For IEC62196-2 male plugs the Control Pilot pin is made shorter to prevent untethered cables being used as "extension leads", This prevents

3080-595: The SAE J1772 example pinout, describes the switch, S3, as being mechanically linked to the connector latch release actuator. During charging, the EVSE side connects the PP–PE loop via S3 and a 150 Ω R6; when opening the release actuator a 330 Ω R7 is added in the PP–PE loop on the EVSE side which gives a voltage shift on the line to allow the electric vehicle to initiate a controlled shut off prior to actual disconnection of

3157-626: The SAE specification for DC charging and the HomePlug Green PHY PLC protocol. In 2019 Tesla introduced the Model 3 with a CCS Combo 2 plug in Europe, but has not introduced models with CCS in the US. With the introduction of the Model 3 in Europe, Tesla added CCS charging cables to V2 Superchargers (supporting both CCS Combo 2 and Tesla DC Type 2). European V3 Tesla Superchargers include only a CCS charging cable. The J1772-2009 connector

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3234-534: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 245164256 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:58:35 GMT Three-phase electric power Three-phase electric power (abbreviated 3ϕ ) is a common type of alternating current (AC) used in electricity generation , transmission , and distribution . It

3311-531: The balanced case: In the delta circuit, loads are connected across the lines, and so loads see line-to-line voltages: (Φ v1 is the phase shift for the first voltage, commonly taken to be 0°; in this case, Φ v2 = −120° and Φ v3 = −240° or 120°.) Further: where θ is the phase of delta impedance ( Z Δ ). Relative angles are preserved, so I 31 lags I 23 lags I 12 by 120°. Calculating line currents by using KCL at each delta node gives and similarly for each other line: where, again, θ

3388-523: The cable is exceeded as detected by the measurement of the Rc (shown as R6 in the J1772 signaling circuit above), as defined by the values for the recommended interpretation range. Rc is placed between the PP and PE, within the detachable cable assembly. In an updated standard due in 2012, SAE proposes to use power line communication , specifically IEEE 1901 , between the vehicle, off-board charging station , and

3465-444: The car owner via remote control. If the car locks or releases its plug, the charger will follow suit according to the PP signal. In addition, the charge port on many modern cars with a J1772 connector have an extendable pin that blocks the J1772 latch from being raised. By making extending this pin, it becomes impossible to raise the release latch. In this way, the vehicle can prevent a plugged-in J1772 connector from being removed. This

3542-462: The charge power pins. However, many low-power adapter cables do not offer that locking actuator state detection on the PP pin. Under IEC 62196 the Proximity Pin is also used to indicate the cable capacity – this is relevant for non-tethered EVSEs. The resistor is coded to the maximum current capability of the cable assembly. The EV interrupts the current supply if the current capability of

3619-467: The connector's lifespan should exceed 27 years. The SAE J1772 or Type 1 plug is locked into the car with a hook that is manually operated, mostly by pressing a button with the thumb, which interrupts power. This allows anybody to stop charging and even theft of the cable. To prevent this, the European IEC 62196 Type 2 connector has openings on the side for automatic locking and release, operated by

3696-399: The country. At the power station, transformers change the voltage from generators to a level suitable for transmission in order to minimize losses. After further voltage conversions in the transmission network, the voltage is finally transformed to the standard utilization before power is supplied to customers. Most automotive alternators generate three-phase AC and rectify it to DC with

3773-461: The distribution network so the loads are balanced as much as possible, since the same principles that apply to individual premises also apply to the wide-scale distribution system power. Hence, every effort is made by supply authorities to distribute the power drawn on each of the three phases over a large number of premises so that, on average, as nearly as possible a balanced load is seen at the point of supply. For domestic use, some countries such as

3850-553: The growth of power-transmission network grids on continents around the globe. Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky developed a three-phase electrical generator and a three-phase electric motor in 1888 and studied star and delta connections . His three-phase three-wire transmission system was displayed in 1891 in Germany at the International Electrotechnical Exhibition , where Dolivo-Dobrovolsky used

3927-528: The identity of phases is required if two sources could be connected at the same time. A direct connection between two different phases is a short circuit and leads to flow of unbalanced current. As compared to a single-phase AC power supply that uses two current-carrying conductors (phase and neutral ), a three-phase supply with no neutral and the same phase-to-ground voltage and current capacity per phase can transmit three times as much power by using just 1.5 times as many wires (i.e., three instead of two). Thus,

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4004-441: The most important advantages of symmetric systems. In a three-phase system feeding a balanced and linear load, the sum of the instantaneous currents of the three conductors is zero. In other words, the current in each conductor is equal in magnitude to the sum of the currents in the other two, but with the opposite sign. The return path for the current in any phase conductor is the other two phase conductors. Constant power transfer

4081-426: The neutral (which is common to the three phases). When a group of customers sharing the neutral draw unequal phase currents, the common neutral wire carries the currents resulting from these imbalances. Electrical engineers try to design the three-phase power system for any one location so that the power drawn from each of three phases is the same, as far as possible at that site. Electrical engineers also try to arrange

4158-497: The neutral is connected to the "common star point" of all supply windings. In such a system, all three phases will have the same magnitude of voltage relative to the neutral. Other non-symmetrical systems have been used. The four-wire wye system is used when a mixture of single-phase and three-phase loads are to be served, such as mixed lighting and motor loads. An example of application is local distribution in Europe (and elsewhere), where each customer may be only fed from one phase and

4235-524: The off-board DC EVSE and PEV occurs on the pilot wire of the SAE J1772 connector via HomePlug Green PHY power line communication (PLC). A competing proposal known as the Mennekes connector initiated by RWE and Daimler was standardized in 2011's IEC 62196 as its Type 2 connector. It has been widely adopted as the European Union's standard single- and three-phase coupler. The connector adopted

4312-419: The other conductors and one third of a cycle before the remaining conductor. This phase delay gives constant power transfer to a balanced linear load. It also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor and generate other phase arrangements using transformers (for instance, a two-phase system using a Scott-T transformer ). The amplitude of the voltage difference between two phases

4389-401: The phase and anti-phase lines is 240 V (200%), and the neutral to "high leg" voltage is ≈ 208 V (173%). The reason for providing the delta connected supply is usually to power large motors requiring a rotating field. However, the premises concerned will also require the "normal" North American 120 V supplies, two of which are derived (180 degrees "out of phase") between

4466-531: The polyphase alternator is key in the history of electrification, as is the power transformer. These inventions enabled power to be transmitted by wires economically over considerable distances. Polyphase power enabled the use of water-power (via hydroelectric generating plants in large dams) in remote places, thereby allowing the mechanical energy of the falling water to be converted to electricity, which then could be fed to an electric motor at any location where mechanical work needed to be done. This versatility sparked

4543-433: The power grid and use a split-phase system to the panelboard from which most branch circuits will carry 120 V. Circuits designed for higher powered devices such as stoves, dryers, or outlets for electric vehicles carry 240 V. In Europe, three-phase power is normally delivered to the panelboard and further to higher powered devices. At the power station , an electrical generator converts mechanical power into

4620-566: The ratio of capacity to conductor material is doubled. The ratio of capacity to conductor material increases to 3:1 with an ungrounded three-phase and center-grounded single-phase system (or 2.25:1 if both use grounds with the same gauge as the conductors). That leads to higher efficiency, lower weight, and cleaner waveforms. Three-phase supplies have properties that make them desirable in electric power distribution systems: However, most loads are single-phase. In North America, single-family houses and individual apartments are supplied one phase from

4697-488: The regional market. There are also (passive) adapters available that can convert J1772-2009 to IEC Type 2 and vice versa. The only difference is that most European versions have an on-board charger that can take advantage of three-phase electric power with higher voltage and current limits even for the same basic electric vehicle model (such as the Chevrolet Volt/Opel Ampera ). In 2011, SAE developed

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4774-490: The revised 2009 standard include smart , Chrysler , GM , Ford , Toyota , Honda , Nissan , Rivian , and Tesla . The SAE J1772-2009 connector specification was subsequently added to the international IEC 62196-2 standard (“Part 2: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for a.c. pin and contact-tube accessories”) with voting on the final specification slated to close in May 2011. The SAE J1772 connector

4851-419: The safety of charging even in wet conditions. Physically, the connection pins are isolated on the interior of the connector when mated, ensuring no physical access to those pins. When not mated, J1772 connectors have no power at the pins; they are not energized until commanded by the vehicle. The proximity detection pin is connected to a switch in the connector release button. Pressing the release button causes

4928-399: The same frequency and voltage amplitude relative to a common reference, but with a phase difference of one third of a cycle (i.e., 120 degrees out of phase) between each. The common reference is usually connected to ground and often to a current-carrying conductor called the neutral. Due to the phase difference, the voltage on any conductor reaches its peak at one third of a cycle after one of

5005-518: The same protocols for the pilot pin as J1772's J-Plug. The IEC specification allows for up to 63 A and 43.6 kW. In 2018, the SAE J3068 committee released an enhancement to the EU connector tailored for the North American industrial market allowing up to 160 A / 166 kW on 3φ power . The same IEC 62196-2 standard also specified a pair of Type 3 connector from Scame Global providing

5082-501: The standard allows a charging current as in Mode 1 (maximum 16 A). If the circuit is closed, the charging station can also verify that the protective earth is functional. The vehicle can request a certain charging function by setting the resistance between the CP and PE pins; 2.7 kΩ announces a Mode 3 compatible vehicle ( vehicle detected ) which does not require charging. 880 Ω says

5159-440: The system to transmit electric power at the distance of 176 km (110 miles) with 75% efficiency . In 1891 he also created a three-phase transformer and short-circuited ( squirrel-cage ) induction motor . He designed the world's first three-phase hydroelectric power plant in 1891. Inventor Jonas Wenström received in 1890 a Swedish patent on the same three-phase system. The possibility of transferring electrical power from

5236-456: The transformers has failed or needs to be removed. In open delta, each transformer must carry current for its respective phases as well as current for the third phase, therefore capacity is reduced to 87%. With one of three transformers missing and the remaining two at 87% efficiency, the capacity is 58% ( 2 ⁄ 3 of 87%). Where a delta-fed system must be grounded for detection of stray current to ground or protection from surge voltages,

5313-400: The use of downstream cables that may have a lower current capability being connected to a cable of a higher current rating. Control Pilot (Current limit) : The charging station can use the wave signal to describe the maximum current that is available via the charging station with the help of pulse-width modulation : a 16% PWM is a 10 A maximum, a 25% PWM is a 16 A maximum, a 50% PWM

5390-492: The vehicle is ready to be charged, and 240 Ω requests with ventilation charging, in which case the charging stations supplies charging power only if the area is ventilated (i.e., outdoors). The Control Pilot line circuitry examples in SAE J1772:2001 show that the current loop CP–PE is connected permanently on the vehicle side via a 2.74 kΩ resistor, making for a voltage drop from +12 V to +9 V when

5467-448: The vehicle to stop drawing current. As the connector is removed, the shorter control pilot pin disconnects first, causing the EVSE to drop power to the plug. This also ensures that the power pins will not be disconnected under load, causing arcs and shortening their life. The ground pin is longer than the other pins, so it breaks last. The signaling protocol has been designed for the following charging sequence. The technical specification

5544-484: The vehicle's on-board charger, which then converts it to the direct current (DC) needed to recharge the battery. The Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 1 connector builds on the standard, adding two additional pins for DC fast charging up to 350 kW. The main stimulus for the development of SAE J1772 came from the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Early electric vehicles like

5621-784: The vehicle, off-board charger, and smart grid. Seven car makers (Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai, Porsche, Volvo, and Volkswagen) agreed in late 2011 to introduce the Combined Charging System in mid-2012. The first vehicles using the SAE Combo plug were the BMW i3 released in late 2013, and the Chevrolet Spark EV released in 2014. In Europe, the combo coupler is based on the Type 2 (VDE) AC charging connector (Combo 2) maintaining full compatibility with

5698-501: The voltage between the line and the neutral we have: These voltages feed into either a wye- or delta-connected load. The voltage seen by the load will depend on the load connection; for the wye case, connecting each load to a phase (line-to-neutral) voltages gives where Z total is the sum of line and load impedances ( Z total = Z LN + Z Y ), and θ is the phase of the total impedance ( Z total ). The phase angle difference between voltage and current of each phase

5775-403: The voltages to be easily stepped up using transformers to high voltage for transmission and back down for distribution, giving high efficiency. A three-wire three-phase circuit is usually more economical than an equivalent two-wire single-phase circuit at the same line-to-ground voltage because it uses less conductor material to transmit a given amount of electrical power. Three-phase power

5852-522: Was described first in the 2001 version of SAE J1772 and subsequently the IEC 61851 -1 and IEC TS 62763:2013. The charging station puts 12 V on the Control Pilot (CP) and the Proximity Pilot (AKA Plug Present: PP) measuring the voltage differences. This protocol does not require integrated circuits, which would be required for other charging protocols, making the SAE J1772 robust and operable through

5929-426: Was doing research on rotating magnetic fields . Ferraris experimented with different types of asynchronous electric motors . The research and his studies resulted in the development of an alternator , which may be thought of as an alternating-current motor operating in reverse, so as to convert mechanical (rotating) power into electric power (as alternating current). On 11 March 1888, Ferraris published his research in

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