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61-1070: JRuby is an implementation of the Ruby programming language atop the Java Virtual Machine , written largely in Java . It is free software released under a three-way EPL / GPL / LGPL license. JRuby is tightly integrated with Java to allow the embedding of the interpreter into any Java application with full two-way access between the Java and the Ruby code (similar to Jython for the Python language). JRuby's lead developers are Charles Oliver Nutter and Thomas Enebo , with many current and past contributors including Ola Bini and Nick Sieger . In September 2006, Sun Microsystems hired Enebo and Nutter to work on JRuby full-time. In June 2007, ThoughtWorks hired Ola Bini to work on Ruby and JRuby. In July 2009,

122-578: A multi-paradigm programming language : it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or functional programming (it has anonymous functions , closures , and continuations ; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for introspection , reflective programming , metaprogramming , and interpreter-based threads . Ruby features dynamic typing , and supports parametric polymorphism . According to

183-435: A sigil . When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between expressions and statements . Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant. One of the differences from Python and Perl is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to

244-549: A Java JFrame with a JLabel: JRuby also allows the user to call Java code using the more Ruby-like underscore method naming and to refer to JavaBean properties as attributes: JRuby can just as easily be called from Java, using either the JSR 223 Scripting for Java 6 or the Apache Bean Scripting framework. According to some benchmarks, JRuby is faster than alternatives. Since implementations vary in how much code

305-559: A compaction GC, and separation of positional and keyword arguments. Ruby 3.0.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2020. It is known as Ruby 3x3 which means that programs would run three times faster in Ruby 3.0 comparing to Ruby 2.0. and some had already implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3. To achieve 3x3, Ruby 3 comes with MJIT, and later YJIT, Just-In-Time Compilers, to make programs faster, although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default (enabled by flags at runtime). Another goal of Ruby 3.0

366-626: A process, which Ruby MRI cannot achieve despite leveraging OS threads. In a real Mongrel web server application tested in 2007, JRuby performance is better than Ruby MRI 1.8, after the Java Virtual Machine had been instantiated. In a 2007 benchmark of Ruby implementations, JRuby was faster than Ruby MRI 1.8 in some tests, but YARV outperformed both of them. As of April 2014, in The Computer Language Benchmarks Game , JRuby 1.7.4 typically has

427-533: A standard library module, while the YJIT, a Rust -based JIT compiler now supports more architectures on Linux. Ruby 3.3 was released on December 25, 2023. Ruby 3.3 introduces significant enhancements and performance improvements to the language. Key features include the introduction of the Prism parser for portable and maintainable parsing, the addition of the pure-Ruby JIT compiler RJIT, and major performance boosts in

488-401: A suffix of the form _ n , where n is a number from 0–3 for load and store . The maximum n for const differs by type. The const instructions push a value of the specified type onto the stack. For example, iconst_5 will push an integer (32 bit value) with the value 5 onto the stack, while dconst_1 will push a double (64 bit floating point value) with the value 1 onto

549-665: A surrounding do-end block (less need for extra begin-end blocks), method-chaining with yield_self , support for branch coverage and method coverage measurement, and easier Hash transformations with Hash#slice and Hash#transform_keys On top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing (3 times faster), faster Mutexes, faster ERB templates and improvements on some concatenation methods. A few notable changes in Ruby 2.6.0 include an experimental just-in-time compiler (JIT), and RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree (experimental). A few notable changes in Ruby 2.7.0 include pattern Matching (experimental), REPL improvements,

610-423: Is object-oriented : every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers , Booleans, and " null "). Because everything in Ruby is an object, everything in Ruby has certain built-in abilities called methods. Every function is a method and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of

671-434: Is both a stack machine and a register machine . Each frame for a method call has an "operand stack" and an array of "local variables". The operand stack is used for operands to computations and for receiving the return value of a called method, while local variables serve the same purpose as registers and are also used to pass method arguments. The maximum size of the operand stack and local variable array, computed by

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732-440: Is composed of one byte that represents the opcode , along with zero or more bytes for operands. Of the 256 possible byte-long opcodes , as of 2015 , 202 are in use (~79%), 51 are reserved for future use (~20%), and 3 instructions (~1%) are permanently reserved for JVM implementations to use. Two of these ( impdep1 and impdep2 ) are to provide traps for implementation-specific software and hardware, respectively. The third

793-644: Is designed to work as a mixed-mode virtual machine for Ruby, where code can be either interpreted directly, just-in-time compiled at runtime to Java bytecode, or ahead-of-time compiled to Java bytecode before execution. Until October 2007, only the interpreted mode supported all Ruby's constructs, but a full AOT/JIT compiler is available since version 1.1. The compiler design allows for interpreted and compiled code to run side-by-side, as well as decompilation to reoptimize and outputting generated bytecode as Java class files. JRuby has built-in support for Rails, RSpec, Rake , and RubyGems. It embeds an FFI subsystem to allow

854-471: Is loaded before execution, different methods of measuring speed can lead to biased interpretations of performance advantages. The time it takes for a Java Virtual Machine itself to load is often excluded from execution times when calculating benchmarks. JRuby has the significant architectural advantage to be able to leverage JVM threads without being constrained by a global interpreter lock (similarly to Rubinius ), therefore achieving full parallelism within

915-818: Is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9. Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a Japanese government agency) for submission to the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and then to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It

976-444: Is the instruction set of the Java virtual machine (JVM), the language to which Java and other JVM-compatible source code is compiled . Each instruction is represented by a single byte , hence the name bytecode , making it a compact form of data . Due to the nature of bytecode, a Java bytecode program is runnable on any machine with a compatible JVM; without the lengthy process of compiling from source code. Java bytecode

1037-453: Is to improve concurrency and two more utilities Fibre Scheduler, and experimental Ractor facilitate the goal. Ractor is light-weight and thread-safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects. Ruby 3.0 introduces RBS language to describe the types of Ruby programs for static analysis . It is separated from general Ruby programs. There are some syntax enhancements and library changes in Ruby 3.0 as well. Ruby 3.1

1098-466: Is used at runtime either interpreted by a JVM or compiled to machine code via just-in-time (JIT) compilation and run as a native application. As Java bytecode is designed for a cross-platform compatibility and security, a Java bytecode application tends to run consistently across various hardware and software configurations. In general, a Java programmer does not need to understand Java bytecode or even be aware of it. However, as suggested in

1159-499: Is used for debuggers to implement breakpoints. Instructions fall into a number of broad groups: There are also a few instructions for a number of more specialized tasks such as exception throwing, synchronization, etc. Many instructions have prefixes and/or suffixes referring to the types of operands they operate on. These are as follows: For example, iadd will add two integers, while dadd will add two doubles. The const , load , and store instructions may also take

1220-503: The IBM developerWorks journal, "Understanding bytecode and what bytecode is likely to be generated by a Java compiler helps the Java programmer in the same way that knowledge of assembly helps the C or C++ programmer." The bytecode comprises various instruction types, including data manipulation, control transfer, object creation and manipulation, and method invocation, all integral to Java's object-oriented programming model. The JVM

1281-617: The principle of least astonishment (POLA) to the design of Ruby; in a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard. Matsumoto defined it this way in an interview: Everyone has an individual background. Someone may come from Python, someone else may come from Perl, and they may be surprised by different aspects of

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1342-512: The JRuby developers left Sun to continue JRuby development at Engine Yard . In May 2012, Nutter and Enebo left Engine Yard to work on JRuby at Red Hat . JRuby was originally created by Jan Arne Petersen, in 2001. At that time and for several years following, the code was a direct port of the Ruby 1.6 C code. With the release of Ruby 1.8.6, an effort began to update JRuby to 1.8.6 features and semantics. Since 2001, several contributors have assisted

1403-610: The Java virtual machine, such as: There are several Java virtual machines available today to execute Java bytecode, both free and commercial products. If executing bytecode in a virtual machine is undesirable, a developer can also compile Java source code or bytecode directly to native machine code with tools such as the GNU Compiler for Java (GCJ). Some processors can execute Java bytecode natively. Such processors are termed Java processors . The Java virtual machine provides some support for dynamically typed languages . Most of

1464-716: The JavaTM Platform ) proposes: The Sun Open source project Multi Language Virtual Machine aims to prototype this JSR. The first working prototype, developed as a patch on OpenJDK , was announced and made available on end of August 2008. The JRuby team has implemented dynamic invocation into their codebase. Dynamic invocation initially shipped with the 1.1.5 release in a primitive form. Version 1.7.0 enabled it by default on Java 8 builds. This table presents only releases that present significant steps in JRuby history, aside from versions that mainly fixed bugs and improved performance. Performance improvements are also not shown in

1525-546: The Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch , mixins and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single instance rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support multiple inheritance , classes can import modules as mixins. Ruby has been described as

1586-469: The Ruby FAQ, the syntax is similar to Perl 's and the semantics are similar to Smalltalk's , but the design philosophy differs greatly from Python 's. The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of Perl and Python . Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with

1647-1002: The Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license. Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party gems to be rewritten. Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series. Examples include: Ruby 2.0 was intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities. Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including: Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy changed to be more similar to semantic versioning . Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling – an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and

1708-436: The YJIT compiler. Additionally, improvements in memory usage, the introduction of an M:N thread scheduler, and updates to the standard library contribute to a more efficient and developer-friendly Ruby ecosystem. Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good user interface design. At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 he said, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in

1769-408: The class and only exposes them through accessor methods ( attr_writer , attr_reader , etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like C++ or Java , accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via metaprogramming ; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of C++ and Java. As invocation of these methods does not require

1830-411: The compiler, is part of the attributes of each method. Each can be independently sized from 0 to 65535 values, where each value is 32 bits. long and double types, which are 64 bits, take up two consecutive local variables (which need not be 64-bit aligned in the local variables array) or one value in the operand stack (but are counted as two units in the depth of the stack). Each bytecode

1891-497: The core JRuby developers at Sun Microsystems, Charles Oliver Nutter , Thomas Enebo and Nick Sieger , joined Engine Yard to continue JRuby development. In May 2012, Nutter and Enebo left Engine Yard to work on JRuby at Red Hat . JRuby has supported compatibility with Ruby MRI versions 1.6 through 1.9.3. JRuby 1.0 supported Ruby 1.8.6, with JRuby 1.4.0 updating that compatibility to Ruby 1.8.7. JRuby 1.6.0 added simultaneous support for Ruby 1.9.2, with JRuby 1.7.0 making Ruby 1.9.3

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1952-403: The default execution mode (Ruby 1.8.7 compatibility is available via a command-line flag). JRuby 9.0.0.0 added support for Ruby 2.2. The current version of JRuby (9.4.3.0) targets Ruby 3.1, though some 3.1 features are still in work. JRuby has been able to run the Ruby on Rails web framework since version 0.9 (May 2006), with the ability to execute RubyGems and WEBrick . Since the hiring of

2013-582: The extant JVM instruction set is statically typed - in the sense that method calls have their signatures type-checked at compile time , without a mechanism to defer this decision to run time , or to choose the method dispatch by an alternative approach. JSR 292 ( Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the Java Platform ) added a new invokedynamic instruction at the JVM level, to allow method invocation relying on dynamic type checking (instead of

2074-589: The first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer. In 1998, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby. In 1999, the first English language mailing list ruby-talk began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan. In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote

2135-569: The first book on Ruby, The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese. By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan. In September 2000, the first English language book Programming Ruby was printed, which was later freely released to

2196-409: The implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare set and get methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses

2257-485: The internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response. The original Ruby interpreter is often referred to as Matz's Ruby Interpreter or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific virtual machine . The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 implementation was written in C , as a single-pass interpreted language . Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above,

2318-453: The language. Initially two names were proposed: " Coral " and " Ruby ". Matsumoto chose the latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka. Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby"–it was the birthstone of one of his colleagues. The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic newsgroups on December 21, 1995. Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days. The release coincided with

2379-603: The language. Then they come up to me and say, 'I was surprised by this feature of the language, so Ruby violates the principle of least surprise.' Wait. Wait. The principle of least surprise is not for you only. The principle of least surprise means principle of least my surprise. And it means the principle of least surprise after you learn Ruby very well. For example, I was a C++ programmer before I started designing Ruby. I programmed in C++ exclusively for two or three years. And after two years of C++ programming, it still surprises me. Ruby

2440-556: The launch of the Japanese-language ruby-list mailing list, which was the first mailing list for the new language. Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including object-oriented design, classes with inheritance, mixins , iterators , closures , exception handling and garbage collection . After the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in these years: In 1997,

2501-438: The machine will something something something." They are focusing on machines. But in fact we need to focus on humans, on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines. We are the masters. They are the slaves. Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied

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2562-616: The official Ruby interpreter has been YARV ("Yet Another Ruby VM"), and this implementation has superseded the slower virtual machine used in previous releases of MRI. As of 2018 , there are a number of alternative implementations of Ruby, including JRuby , Rubinius , and mruby . Each takes a different approach, with JRuby and Rubinius providing just-in-time compilation and mruby also providing ahead-of-time compilation . Ruby has three major alternative implementations: Other Ruby implementations include: Other now defunct Ruby implementations were: Java bytecode Java bytecode

2623-1076: The option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using vfork (2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7.0 specification. Since version 2.2.1, Ruby MRI performance on PowerPC64 was improved. Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions. Ruby 2.3.0 includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib. Other notable changes include: Ruby 2.4.0 includes performance improvements to hash table, Array#max, Array#min, and instance variable access. Other notable changes include: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.5.0 include rescue and ensure statements automatically use

2684-413: The project, leading to the current (2012) core team of around six members. JRuby 1.1 added Just-in-time compilation and Ahead-of-time compilation modes to JRuby and was already faster in most cases than the then-current Ruby 1.8.7 reference implementation. JRuby packages are available for most platforms; Fedora 9 was among the first to include it as a standard package at JRuby 1.1.1. In July 2009,

2745-548: The public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language ruby-talk mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language ruby-list , demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the non-Japanese speaking world. Ruby 1.8 was initially released August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013. Although deprecated, there

2806-539: The same concepts, including object-oriented programming , and dynamic typing as Ruby. The key difference is that JRuby is tightly integrated with Java, and can be called directly from Java programs. Java has significant footing in the development of web applications. One powerful feature of JRuby is its ability to invoke the classes of the Java Platform . To do this, one must first load JRuby's Java support, by calling "require 'java'". The following example creates

2867-457: The same performance as Ruby MRI 2.1.0, but uses more memory. Ruby (programming language) Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation . It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural , object-oriented , and functional programming . According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl , Smalltalk , Eiffel , Ada , BASIC , Java , and Lisp . Matsumoto has said that Ruby

2928-464: The specifications for Java bytecode are now available, other parties have supplied compilers that produce Java bytecode. Examples of other compilers include: Some projects provide Java assemblers to enable writing Java bytecode by hand. Assembly code may be also generated by machine, for example by a compiler targeting a Java virtual machine . Notable Java assemblers include: Others have developed compilers, for different programming languages, to target

2989-436: The stack. There is also an aconst_null , which pushes a null reference. The n for the load and store instructions specifies the index in the local variable array to load from or store to. The aload_0 instruction pushes the object in local variable 0 onto the stack (this is usually the this object). istore_1 stores the integer on the top of the stack into local variable 1. For local variables beyond 3

3050-452: The suffix is dropped and operands must be used. Consider the following Java code: A Java compiler might translate the Java code above into bytecode as follows, assuming the above was put in a method: The most common language targeting Java virtual machine by producing Java bytecode is Java. Originally only one compiler existed, the javac compiler from Sun Microsystems , which compiles Java source code to Java bytecode; but because all

3111-577: The table below, as every release has usually brought such improvements. Fully ported encoding/transcoding logic from MRI Fixed several keyword argument issues Fixed several parser issues Reduced memory use of the JIT Update Psych to 2.2.2 Update jruby-openssl to 0.9.18 72 issues fixed Since early 2006, the current JRuby core team has endeavored to move JRuby beyond being a simple C port, to support better performance and to aid eventual compilation to Java bytecode . To support this end,

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3172-406: The team set an ambitious goal: to be able to run Ruby on Rails unmodified using JRuby. In the process of achieving this goal, the JRuby test suite expanded to such extent that the team gained confidence in the "correctness" of JRuby. As a result, toward the end of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007, they began to commit much more complicated redesigns and refactorings of JRuby's core subsystems. JRuby

3233-595: The two lead developers by Sun, Rails compatibility and speed have improved greatly. JRuby version 1.0 successfully passed nearly all of Rails's own test cases. Since then, developers have begun to use JRuby for Rails applications in production environments. On February 27, 2008, Sun Microsystems and the University of Tokyo announced a joint-research project to implement a virtual machine capable of executing more than one Ruby or JRuby application on one interpreter. JSR 292 ( Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on

3294-559: The use of C libraries bundled as gems. It also allows launching the Interactive Ruby Shell (irb) as Ruby MRI does. The Netbeans Ruby Pack , available in NetBeans 6, allows IDE development with Ruby and JRuby, as well as Ruby on Rails for the two implementations of Ruby. It is no longer included in NetBeans 7.0 and later. JRuby is similar to the standard Ruby interpreter except written in Java . JRuby features some of

3355-429: The use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to C# and VB.NET property members. Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a trade-off in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes

3416-400: The world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language." He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs: Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively. By doing this,

3477-667: Was a true object-oriented language – OO features appeared to be add-on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it. Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions , and practical utility like that of Perl. The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for

3538-411: Was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011 and an international standard (ISO/IEC 30170) in 2012. Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with Ruby on Rails , a web framework written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby. Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011, Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under

3599-469: Was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the ruby-talk mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language: I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had the smell of a toy language (it still has). The object-oriented language seemed very promising. I knew Python then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it

3660-406: Was released on December 25, 2021. It includes YJIT, a new, experimental, Just-In-Time Compiler developed by Shopify , to enhance the performance of real world business applications. A new debugger is also included. There are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release. Network libraries for FTP , SMTP , IMAP , and POP are moved from default gems to bundled gems. Ruby 3.2

3721-571: Was released on December 25, 2022. It brings support for being run inside of a WebAssembly environment via a WASI interface. Regular expressions also receives some improvements, including a faster, memoized matching algorithm to protect against certain ReDoS attacks, and configurable timeouts for regular expression matching. Additional debugging and syntax features are also included in this release, which include syntax suggestion, as well as error highlighting. The MJIT compiler has been re-implemented as

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